all my sons a level essays

‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller Essay

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‘All My Sons’ was an Arthur Miller play written in 1947, based on a factual account which the writer’s at the time of mother-in-law outlined in an Ohio newspaper. This play is considered as the Arthur’s first marketable victorious play, which was released at the Coronet theatre in New York. Based on this, the play outlined how a woman informed on her father who had vended defective parts to the American armed forces during the World War II (Miller 6-56).

From this play, moral choices are portrayed by Dr. Jim Bayliss who was a neighborhood doctor. In this case, Jim portrays characters of a good person who usually believes in the responsibility of one man assisting another; but at the same time admitting to the accountability one has towards his family. From his character it can be seen that he is interested in helping people in terms of treatments but not because of money; which can be indicated by his lack of enthusiasm in worrying with a hypochondriac. Additionally, his liability can be seen from the instance where he left his wife for to attend medical research.

However, he ultimately went home since he put his duty to his family to the front of his responsibility to the society. In this case, Dr. Jim portrays his moral choice of responsibility both to his family and the society without the aim of material gain. Additionally, Dr. Jim showed his responsibilities by paying bills for the sick despite the fact that he shares Chris ideals (Miller 6-56).

On the other hand, Chris Keller is portrayed as a family man who is devoted to his parents. In this case it can be argued that he is painful with the achievement of his father’s commerce found during the war, when too many of his companions passed away senselessly. Further, he forwards his distress into romanticism and an approach of social consciousness that is strange to his family settings.

As a result of this, other characters supposed his idealism as cruel, requesting the sacrifices of others that he himself does not make as he thrives contentedly on his father’s dime. From this it can be argued that, Chris Keller’s moral choice is that he does not use others for his own gain and thus he is not happy with his father’s business success, while his friends had died senselessly. In this case, Chris is angry with the way men have been betraying their friends in the battle field and hence portrays the molar choice of not being selfish. Based on this it can be argued that, his hatred for egotism is depicted by his guiltiness in the act of making money out of a deal which is not significant to the men on whose labor it relies (Miller 6-56).

It can be argued that, Dr. Jim’s characters are appealing to the ethics of care theory and principle. In this case, the ethics of care is a moral theory developed by feminists where it highlights the significance of relationships. In this case it can be argued that, Dr. Jim was responsible both to his family and the society. From his characters it is well indicated that, he loved the Joe’s family despite the fact that he knew that Joe was guilty.

Based on this, because of his affiliation with the Keller’s family he attempted to save Joe from a conflict with George Deever. On the other hand, Dr. Jim appeals to the theory of ethics of care from his believe in the responsibility of one person to help another. Additionally, the principle of ethics of care is portrayed with his acknowledgements of ones responsibilities to his family. From this it can be argued that, Jim cares a lot about other people and takes the responsibility of helping them (Miller 6-56).

Additionally, Chris Keller’s characters are appealing to the theory of virtue ethics which stresses the character of the ethical agent, rather than the policies and outcomes. It can also be argued that, Chris is more devoted to his parents and feels guilty whenever he uses others for his own benefits. From this, Chris is not comfortable with his father’s business success; while his friends died senselessly during the war. On the other hand, Chris feels guilty for surviving the war while the others died during the war. Further, Chris believes that one should be directed by the noble principles and hence encourages Dr. Jim to further his research in medicine. It can be argued that, he hates selfishness and hence could not be pleased with the people who sell others out in the battle field (Miller 6-56).

It is of importance to note that, the theory of rational egotism is directly opposite to what Chris believed in. in this case, the theory of rational egotism states that an action is rational in the case that it maximizes one’s interests. Contrary to this, Chris does not believe in selfishness at the expense of others. This can be evident from the way he considers himself guilty for surviving the war while the others died. In another instance, when his father’s guiltiness was revealed; Chris had had him to prison because he did not believe in egotism. It is because Chris believed in moral agent and not selfishness; which made him encourages Dr. Jim to further his medical research studies (Miller 6-56).

On the other hand, Dr. Jim’s characters were against the principles of the theory of utilitarianism. In this case, this theory states that the ethical worth of an action is settled on exclusively by its usefulness in providing contentment and enjoyment as assumed among all conscious beings. In this case, Jim was responsible to his family and also to the whole society in terms of medicines but not for material gain. It can be argued that, Jim could pay hospital bills for the patients unable to pay them and at the same time he protected Joe because of his friendship with the Keller’s family. Based on this it can be seen that, whatever he did was not for material gain but because of his responsible nature (Miller 6-56).

From a personal perspective, Dr. Jim and Chris’s moral choices were right because they were not intending to benefit themselves at the cost of others. It can be argued that, Chris’ hatred for egotism was justifiable during the World War II since he cared for the others who did not survive the bullets. On the other hand, Jim’s acts of responsibility for his family and also the rest of the society showed senses of care and love.

For example in a real life situation, one should not be selfish to the extent that he uses other to get benefits; but should care for every one who they have a common goal with. Still on the same point, Jim portrayed the qualities of a good parent and neighbor in real life situation. When one has a problem he requires some one to help in solving the problem like Joe’s Problems and Jim’s help (Miller 6-56).

Miller, Arthur. “All My Sons”. New York: Dramatists Play Service Inc. (1999): P. 6-56.

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IvyPanda. (2021, December 23). ‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller. https://ivypanda.com/essays/all-my-sons-by-arthur-miller/

"‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller." IvyPanda , 23 Dec. 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/all-my-sons-by-arthur-miller/.

IvyPanda . (2021) '‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller'. 23 December.

IvyPanda . 2021. "‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller." December 23, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/all-my-sons-by-arthur-miller/.

1. IvyPanda . "‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller." December 23, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/all-my-sons-by-arthur-miller/.

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IvyPanda . "‘All My Sons’ by Arthur Miller." December 23, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/all-my-sons-by-arthur-miller/.

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All My Sons

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Family and Familial Obligation

Nearly all the characters in the play are concerned with the establishment and maintenance of family life. Joe Keller is the “head” of the Kellers: he has run a successful manufacturing business both during and after the Second World War. Joe cares primarily about the happiness of his wife Kate and his son Chris , who works with him in the family business. Larry , another son, was lost in a plane crash during the…

Loss and Memory

Many characters in the play wrestle with the memory of loved ones who are now gone: lost to them or dead. The most prominent “lost” character is Larry , one of Joe and Kate’s two sons. Joe believes, ironically, that Larry was more willing to “let slide” some of the small things that help a business to turn a profit. In fact, Larry committed suicide because of his father’s criminal negligence at the factory. Kate…

War, Morality, and Consequences

The Second World War is not just the immediate worldwide precursor to the play; it is inseparable from its action. Specifically, the war resulted in the death of Larry and caused the kind of difficult choices that forced Joe and Steve into their fateful decision to allow the production of cracked parts for American planes. But the war also provided Larry, Chris , and other American soldiers a clear set of black-and-white moral choices: democracy…

Wealth and Its Accumulation

The play dramatizes a common element of post-Second World War American society: the belief that the acquisition of wealth and material possessions was part of American power, following the defeat of fascism in Europe and Asia. Joe believes that he must acquire wealth in order to please his family and make something of himself in the world. He has very little by way of formal education, and therefore considers himself “self-made.” His shrewdness in business…

Liability, Culpability, and Guilt

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the play attempts to parse who is guilty for Larry’s death, Steve’s incarceration, and the deaths of the 21 airmen whose planes fell out of the sky. The tracing of these lines of guilt runs throughout the drama.

At first, it appears to everyone, except Annie , that Larry’s death was an accident, or that he was shot down in battle. But Annie finally reveals that Larry chose to commit…

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All My Sons Arthur Miller

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All My Sons Essays

Mother knows worst: kate's role in all my sons anonymous 11th grade, all my sons.

In the play All My Sons by Arthur Miller, Kate Keller - Joe’s wife, and Chris’ as well as Larry’s mother – shows the audience that, at the end of the day, she is still mainly concerned about her own family instead of about paying the rightful...

The Ethical Breach of the Business Man Anonymous College

Arthur Miller’s All My Sons explores the relationship between father and son, and the lengths a man will go to for his family and for himself. The main character, Joe Keller, is a father who believed his greatest achievement was his son, and the...

Off-Stage but Ever-Present: Larry in All My Sons Anonymous 10th Grade

In Arthur Miller’s All My Sons , Larry is the youngest member of the Keller family who passed away in World War II. Although he does not appear on stage for the duration of the play, he is still considered to be one of the most important roles. His...

Ordinary People Create Drama: A Comparison of All My Sons and The Importance of Being Earnest Anonymous 12th Grade

Traditionally, drama has been an outlet for the extraordinary; only fairly recently with more modernist plays have the focus been shifted onto more ordinary lives. Greek tragedy follows the fall of a noble protagonist; by comparison, domestic...

Society, Family, Catharsis: Male Protagonists in ‘All My Sons’ and ‘The Cement Garden’ Abigail Daniels 12th Grade

Ian McEwan’s controversial, macabre bildungsroman, ‘The Cement Garden’, and Arthur Miller’s Ibsen-inspired domestic tragedy, “All My Sons”, both profoundly explore societal and familial demands and expectations laid upon men in these epochs-1946...

Tension and Foreshadowing in Act One of All My Sons Meg Eve Day 11th Grade

Act One of Arthur Miller's All My Sons introduces themes of money and materialism and a reliance on the supernatural as sources of conflict. The tense beginning indicates escalating acrimony in the following act and foreshadows the tragic finale....

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All My Sons (A Level) - A* IDEAS

Subject: English

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Other

Last updated

22 January 2021

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I achieved an A* in AQA English Literature A Level - here is a booklet on All My Sons containing A* ideas on the play, its characters and a summary of each act. This is the perfect resource if you want TOP MARK ideas for your essays. I used 3 revision guides, my class notes and numerous academic essays on All My Sons to create this resource. I memorised this for my Paper 2 exam and was sorted.

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A Level English Lit - COMPLETE ALL MY SONS REVISION NOTES

I achieved an A* in AQA A Level English Literature - I have put together all of my 'All my Sons' revision notes, which cover every assessment objective and will guarantee you top marks in the exam! I have made a sheet for: key context, key quotations with in-depth analysis, language and structure, literary links, critical opinions and a general summary sheet of A* ideas! I have also thrown in a 25/25 A* All My Sons/Skirrid Hill comparison essay :)

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ALL MY SONS: CONTEXT

• English Literature
• All My Sons
• Created by: g3o456
• Created on: 10-05-18 20:33
• The way in which the story is told involves the audience in the fate of the characters
• Joe represents the small minded, unchanging past generation while Chris embodies the new socialist ideals of post war America
• 'Nothing is bigger [than family]' pg77
• While the tragic demise of Joe brings about the feelings of pity associated with catharsis, the ending is not so justified for kate...
• 3 acts, unity of time and place with a clear change from start to finish
• Suggests that the story does in fact reflect contemporary issues Miller faced
• Used this experience to write 'The Crucible', another commentary on societal issues
• Businessman who lost it all in the great depression
• Profiteering
• The world has grown a lot during their lifetimes
• Appearance and reality skewed as a result

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How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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Quotes from All My Sons

“I saw your factory on the way from the stations. It looks like general motors”p150

Allusion-Savy businessman        

“Well that’s only your business, Chris”p100

Inability to stand up to Kate

“in hopeless fury, looks at her, turns around, goes up the porch, and into the house slamming screen door violently behind him” p126

Shows he can be neurotic

“Chris… Chris, I did it for you…For you! A business for you.”p158

Keller deals with guilt by blaming others and unfortunately taints his love for his son

“A man can’t be a Jesus in this world”p169

Allusion He is realistic but slightly jaded you can try to fulfil your moral and social responsibility

“I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that I’ll put a bullet in my head!”p163

Dramatic irony and prolepsis- family is the most important thing for him commendable but leads to his downfall as he convinces himself that he shipped the cylinder heads for his family rather than himself

“(Chris with admiration) Joe McGuts”p116

He is very brave

“But I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were” p170

Recognition that he has social responsibility can’t live with the realisation

“I can’t sleep here; I’ll feel better if I go”p170

He shows determination there is a metaphorical recognition that he needs to die he is admirable even in death

“The…man who knows how many minutes a day his workers spend in the toilet” p59

He has worked hard to be successful he has tried to follow the American dream

“I’m surprised you remember his birthday, Frank. That’s nice.”p91

Exudes self-confidence and likeability

“I want a clean start for you, Chris” p124

Does love his son

“Joe wants to bring you into the business when you get out”p135

Emphaises his benign nature by referring to himself in the third person-When he gets scared he tries to buy people off

Kate Keller

“If I tell this to Mother and she has a fit about it” p100

Shows Kate is mentally unstable, has not accepted that Larry is dead and is protected by Joe and Chris. Adds to the tension of the play as we realise she might not be able to hold it together

“Your brother’s alive, darling, because if he’s dead, your father killed him…God does not let a son be killed by his father” p156

Dramatic irony Kate reveals her supposition and her desperation to keep Larry alive in her mind as her argument is not a good one

“(Mother smashes him across the face)”p155

Onomatopoeia-Shows she is capable of violence

“It takes a certain talent-for lying. You have it and I do. But not him” p160

Shows that Kate has known about Keller’s deceit all along. Highlights the theme of deceit

“(She finds herself reaching out for the glass of water and aspirin)” p109

From a Freudian view point her emotional turmoil is manifesting itself as physical illness

“ Be smart now, Joe. The boy is coming. Be smart” p126

Repetion-Shows that she wants to manipulate George

“(frightened at the thought you can’t say that to her)” p99

Shows she is a difficult character to understand and is neurotic as even her husband and son don’t know how she’s going to react

“He hasn’t been laid up in fifteen years” p152

Colloquial-Shows her careless side and shows she is a little bit stupid

“The minute there’s trouble you have no strength”p162

Uses illness to manipulate characters to act benignly towards her

“Forget now. Live”p171

Clearly loves Chris

“I ‘m smarter than any of you”p148

Shows she knows she can manipulate them

“I’ll find you a girl and put a smile on your face.. You remember Mr Macy’s daughter” p149

Clichéd-Shows her manipulation can be a benign force

Chris Keller

“Because sometimes I think you’re… ashamed of the money”p124

Hesitation dosen’t want to talk about crime Reveals Keller’s suspicion that Chris is aware of his crime. It shows that Chris is an idealist

“Oh, Chris, you’re a liar to yourself”p143

Shows Chris is self-deceiving

“Everytime I reach out for something I have to pull back because other people will suffer”p100

Shows he is selfless

“Oh Annie, I’m going to make a fortune for you!”p122

Hypocritical of Chris shows an idealism commercialism clash

“It’s time she realised that nobody believes Larry is alive anymore”

Only acts on his idealism when it suits him has let Kate pretend that Larry is alive for the last three years until he wants to marry his wife shows his hypocrisy

 “But I’m just like everyone else now”p166

Shows Chris’ arrogance in thinking that he was special

“I’m practical now. You made me practical”p166

Repetition of practical highlights it’s significanceSignals Chris’s conversion from Idealism to pragmatism

“A man can be a Jesus in this world”p169

Idea of Chris as Christ figure if you take his name metaphorically  just add t to his name this is reinforced by this quotation

“I’d like you to tell him that Larry is dead and you know it” p165

Stands up for what she thinks is right

“It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no Father”p117

Ashamed of her Father’s role in the shop incident and deludes herself that Keller is right based on very little evidence

“I want you to set him free and then I promise you everything will end”p164

Ann tires of moral responsibility like Chris she loses her idealism and becomes more realistic she abandons her father for a chance to be happy

“The female version” of Chrisp132

Gives up her idealism for pragmatism (starting a new life with Chris) is responsible for tragedy

“This is filthy, didn’t you bring another shirt?”p138

Ann acts as a maternal force for George

“You understand me? I’m not going out of here alone. There’s no life for me that way. P164

Determined to get what she wants won’t listen to others

George Dever

“say, you’ve gotten a little nervous, haven’t you”p139

Uncomfortable in the role of justice

“Because you believed it” p143

Trusts Chris

“I’ll find you a girl and put a smile on your face”p149

Clichéd-He is swayed by the promise of a happy and easy life

“You look terrible, George”p150

Standing up for his father has taken a toll

“I told you to marry that girl”

Lost out by being in the war

Jim and Sue Bayliss

“It takes a certain talent for lying. You have it and I do. But not him”p160

Jim wants to be idealistic but has sold out to become a good father

“I... studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness” p160

Repetition of she and her Jim sacrifices his dream of being a researcher and his idealism

This is a preview of the whole essay

“I told her to take up the guitar. It’d be a common intrest for them” p110

Kate believes the Bayliss’ have too little in common

“Everybody knows Joe pulled a fast one to get out of Jail” p131

Colloquial-Show that the neighbourhood think Joe’s guilty foreshadows revelation that he is adds tension

“They give him credit for being smart” p132

Colloquial-Show that Keller is well liked and respected

Frank and Lydia Lubey

“I’ve studied the stars of his life! Somewhere in this world your brother is alive!”p154

Satirical and dramatic irony Discredits fate as a force in this play as Larry is dead

“Does dad expect a parole soon?” p114

Both have a habit of making tactless comments which makes them disagreeable despite their amicable nature

“You’re still making your own clothes? Ain’t she classy” p147

Demonstrative of a couple living the American dream

“The structure of a play is always the story of how the birds come home to roost” Miller

There is always the discovery of the past and a confession this is what makes a good tragedy

“Forget Now. Live”p171

Short scentances-The confession is for the better

“[Desperately. Lost]”p164

The confession evokes pity/fear

“The star of one’s honesty… he (Chris) probably just wanted to be alone to watch his star go out”p160

This is the effect a confession has on others

“[hopless fury]”p126

Simile Causes anger

“I was afraid”p158

Difficult to confess emphasised by short sentences

“I’m not trying to hurt you Kate” “My God”p165-166

Confession usually causes pain

Guilt and Shame

Colloquial-Ashamed of her Father’s role in the shop incident

Keller deals with guilt by blaming others

“What am I, a stranger? I thought I had a family here, what happened to my family?”p161

Repetition of family Guilt and shame plays a role in the development of Keller’s relationship with his father

“I can’t look at you this way, I can’t look at myself”p168

Keller’s confession leads to shame for Chris

“(She finds herself reaching out for the glass of water and aspirin)”p109

Kate is so ashamed of her deception she has a mental and physical breakdown from a Freudian viewpoint

“(a shot is heard in the house)”p171

Shame and guilt over the cylinder heads could arguably lead to this but I think If this had been the case Keller would have killed himself a long time ago instead I think larry and Chris’s disownal of him and his realisation that he has a social responsibility cause him to kill himself he tries to make amends by killing himself and thus exonerating steeve and his family

“I can’t live with myself anymore”p169

Larry kills himself because of guilt that he has helped build a business that has killed American pilots and shame that his father and father-in-law have made a decision that kills his compatriots.  

“They killed themselves for each other”p121

Chris has survivors guilt he feels responsible for everyone

“I suspected my father and did nothing about it”p166

Chris is self-deceiving

“But there’s God so certain thing s can never happen…Ann, you know I’m right!” p113

Dramatic irony-Kate is self deceiving she gives a flimsy argument and clearly doesn’t truly believe that Larry will come back as she’s horrible to Ann so if he ever does come back Ann will not want Kate to be part of their life

“It takes a certain talent for lying. You have it and I do. But he (Chris) doesn’t”p160

This is Chris’ tragic flaw

“Poplars cut off view” p89

Delusion that Keller can cut himself off from the world

“I’m practical now. You made me Practical”p166

Repetition of practical Chris sacrifices his idealism for his family

Repetition of she and her Jim sacrifices his dream of being a researcher

“Chris, I did it for you” p158

Keller sacrifices his morality for his family

“I thought I had a family here. What happened to my family? P161

Loss of relationship between Keller and Chris and Kate

“I told you to marry that girl” p148

Loss of future between George and Lydia

“It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no father”p117

Colloquial Loss of relationship between Ann and Steve

“I was going to tell them… it was too late” p157

Clichéd Loss of opportunity to warn about the faulty parts

“four-foot high stump” p89

Symbolises the loss of Larry

“Because if he’s not coming back, then I’ll kill myself” p107

Bathos How Kate deals with loss of Larry = loss of mental stability

“We’re like at a railway station waiting for a train that never comes in” p106

Simile Chris deals with loss of Larry by trying to move on

“[Increasing demand]”p113

Conflict over different ways of dealing with the past and the loss of Larry each character tries to get their point across

“Those dear dead days beyond recall”p110

alliterationLoss of the benign past

Idiom Deals with loss of past by breaking from it

“Let’s… raise some hell around here, like we used to before Larry went!” p110

idiomAnn deals with past by resurrecting it

“I can’t bear to live any more”… “I read about dad being convicted”p169

Larry commits suicide because of guilt does this make him a coward or a tragic hero?

“If he’s not coming back I’ll kill myself ”p107

Bathos Irony as Larry has killed himself foreshadows this discovery

Bathos Dramatic irony

“You stop that!” p163

Short scentance emphaises shockMother’s reaction to suicide

“[A shot is heard in the house]” p171

Keller’s reaction to Larry’s suicide

Chris has a different attitude to suicide than his parents

War profiteering

“What you have is loot and it has blood on it”p121

Metaphor Chris is ashamed of it

“Did they ship a gun or a truck out of Detroit before they got their price?”p168

Allusion-Realism argument it is too idealistic to expect people to work for nothing

Keller’s attitude is that war profiteering is fine if it is done for the family

Shows Keller’s change of mind he can no longer justify war profiteering through his family he now believes he has  social and moral responsibility

Moral Responsibility

Repetition of she and her Jim neglected being true to himself

“The star of one’s honesty… he probably just wanted to be alone to watch his star go out”p160

Simile Lack of honesty from all characters even eventually Chris

Colloquial Lack of forgiveness from Ann and initially George

“I said he’s dead.I know!”p165

Ann shows moral responsibility when she bravely tries to convince broken pscyotic women that her son is dead as she has found out

“I can’t bear to live anymore”p169

Larry can’t forgive

“I want you to set him free and then I promise you everything will be at an end”p164

Metaphor Ann tires of moral responsibility

“I can’t look at you this way. I can’t look at myself”p169

Can’t emphasised Chris finds it hard to forgive and stay true to himself

Allusion Keller lies about Steve and his involvement with the faulty parts

Social responsibility

“I’m his father and he’s my son and if there’s something bigger than that then I’ll put a bullet through my head”p163

Irony and bathos Keller’s initial delusion about social responsibility his journey through the play is the discovery that there is more than this

“To him the world had a forty-foot front; it ended at the building line”p163

Shows Larry initially ignored his social responsibility

“I can’t bear to live any more”p169

Realises he has social responsibility and that he has been indirectly forced by his father to neglect this but does he neglect his social responsibility by killing himself taking a pilot away from benefiting his country?

“A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself” Joseph Campbell (American folklorist)

A tragic hero is “A man not pre-eminently virtuous and just, whose misfortune however, is brought upon him not by vice or depravity but by some error of judgement” Aristotle

Miller was aware of this definition

Bathos and irony Joe is a hero according to Campbell’s definition

Short scentances show shock Through death he is able to save his family from long term suffering

He shows determination there is a metaphorical recognition that he needs to die

 “Well that’s only your business Chris”p100

He doesn’t want to confront his wife so he becomes alienated from his son

Chris knows Keller is “no worse than no men. I thought you were better. I never saw you as a man. I saw you as my father”p168

Cylinder heads cause break with Chris and tragedy

Chris is self-deceiving although it could be argued that fate takes a part as Keller’s deception could have remained hidden from the outside world through the court paper. Keller’s mistake has already destroyed his family the real tragedy as everything he’s worked for has been for them “for you, a business for you”

“She finds herself reaching out for the glass of water and asprin”p109

Causes a mental and physical deterioration for Kate

“Oh my God”p166

Refuses to believe her son is dead despite all the evidence

“I’d hoped that if I waited, mother would forget Larry and then we’d have a regular wedding and everything happy, but if that can’t happen then I’ll have to get out of here”p101

Ironically Mother drives Chris away by refusing to agree with the evidence

 “It’s wrong to pity a man like that. Father or no father”p117

Abandons her father and believes Joe only to find out she was wrong to do so

“ Oh Chris, I’ve been ready for a long, long time” p120

Repetition of long Although she is not responsible for Larry’s death a great tragedy in her life she does kill his memory by getting engaged with Chris

“He won the war, Frank”p148

George lost the love of his life to Frank

“I told you when you went away, don’t try for medals”p145

Aphorism He was initially eager to get away from the neighbourhood and become a soldier

 “I... studied a certain disease. It was beautiful. And then she came, and she cried. And I went back home with her. And now I live in the usual darkness” p160

Repetition of she and her Jim is responsible for his own tragedy but is a hero as he remains a good husband and conformed to the prosaic

“The world had a forty-foot front it ended at the building line”p163

Larry recognises that this is not the case and tries to make amends for it by suicidially fighting for his country

Return of the Past

“The past is always present and cannot be ignored, forgotten or denied” Centola

Idealism vs. Commercialism        

Chris, Jim, George and Ann vs. Joe and Sue

“When you marry never count your husband’s money p110

Aphorism The majority of the characters advocate idealism over commercialism

Hesitation shows conflict Keller thinks Commercialism can act as a benign force

Hypocritical of Chris

“For you, a business for you”p158

Keller and Chris have the same attitude when they have a family they both ultimately want to work for them

“The business! The business doesn’t inspire me”p102

More interested in idealism but has still sold out for money but in denial that he’s done so

“And he’s got money. That’s important, you know”p130

Suggests that Chris can afford to be idealistic sue values materialism

“As soon as a woman supports a man, he owes her something. You can never owe somebody something without resenting them”p130

Money affects relationships

Repetition of she and her Jim has made a compromise between the two

“Joe wants to bring you into the business when you get out” p135

Uses the third person Compromise between commercialism and idealism he knows Steve will not want to work for the better of the business

Family Relationships

Keller Family

Keller and Larry

“If Larry were alive he wouldn’t act like this. That was a boy we lost. Larry.”p163

Irony Larry is his favourite son he understands him

“I think to him they were all my sons. And I guess they were”p170

Keller is prepared to change his views for Larry

Keller and Chris

“I’ve been a good son too long, a good sucker”p102

Colloquial They don’t understand each other but are ultimately prepared to make compromises for each other

“Chris…Chris, I did it for you”p154

Keller taints there relationship by trying to put the blame for the cylinder heads on Chris

Irony and bathos Shows that he does love Chris

Chris and Larry

“(Chris is discovered sawing the broken-off tree, leaving stump standing alone)”p127

Tries to clear away Larry’s memory

Mother and Chris

“She’s Larry’s girl”p155

Colloquial Seems to care about Larry more

Short scentances Her maternal side comes out to Chris once Larry is dead

Mother and Larry

Irony and bathos “Because if he’s not coming back then I’ll kill myself”p107

Can’t let go of Larry

“I knew I could stop him”p105

Irony Believes she can save Larry

Keller and Kate

“I wear the pants and she beats me with the belt”p150

Kate emotionally blackmails Keller        

Deever Family

“Ann, George and their absent father might be viewed as the opposite of the Keller’s”

Ann and Steve

Colloquial Abandons her father and believes Joe with little evidence

“I’ll do nothing about Joe” p164

Sacrifices Steve being exonerated for her future happiness

Ann and George

“You’re coming with me”p144

He is prepared to sacrifice her happiness for his idealism they don’t have a very strong relationship

Steve and George

“I didn’t see him once when I got home from the war!”p141

George initially chooses idealism over his father

Wears “(your fathers)” hat139

Eventually compromises and wears his hat as he loves him

Lubey Family

“I don’t know why you can’t learn to turn on a simple thing like a toaster!” p94

Demonstrative of the perfect family without idealism living the American dream

American Dream

“The American dream is a subjective term usually implying a successful and satisfying life. Perceptions of the American dream are usually framed in terms of American capitalism, and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of rights”

“I’ll get out. I’ll get married and live some place else”p101

“I want a family, I want some kids, I want to build something I can give myself to”p102

Tricolon of want Belief that you can achieve what ever you want if you work hard for it

Repetition of she and her Jim sacrifices his dream of being a researcher he is not living the American dream

“I was the beast… Except I wasn’t… Fourteen months later I had of the best shops in the state again, a respected man again; bigger than ever.” P116

Metaphor Failure of American dream should be in prison as has broken the law

“She’s dreaming about him again”p99

Kate hopes that Larry will return

Tricolon-Ann and Chris want to marry and be successful-live the American dream

“Chris…Chris, I did it for you”p158

Keller wants to provide a significant amount for his family

“I would love to help humanity on a Warner Brothers salary”p93

Foils provide comic relief in act 1 contrast to later tragedy

“My love, My light”p93

Sarcasm from Jim

“I like to keep abreast of my ignorance”p96

Major character is introduced through humour contrast to his serious and idealistic nature

“Don’t talk dirty (They laugh)”p134

Keller provides comic relief in act two and makes him more likeable

Justice is a main theme within the play ‘All My Sons’, and an example of justice being symbolised is the idea of Joe telling the children that he has a jail in the basement of his house.Although simple, this metaphor is quite powerful, as it suggests to the audience that he could be hiding more than just a basement to the people of the street. It could also suggest that he is keeping justice locked away within the Keller house, and as the children keep asking about the jail, there is an underlying idea that the truth about Joe could surface sometime within the play. ‘I spoiled the both of you’

Something that is apparent throughout the book is the amount of money that Joe has earned through his business. Some may assume that Keller bribed his way out of prison, due his frequent reference to, as well as his constant reliance on money. He uses this later in the play as a way to try and justify to his family that if he had gone to jail then he wouldn’t have been able to make all this money for them. “Everybody knows Joe pulled a fast one to get out of jail”.  

Whilst this may first seem as a cheap dig at the Kellers, this is confirmed when Jim says (to Kate) “I’ve always known”. This would be negatively viewed, as because of these actions an innocent man (Steve) is in jail instead of Joe. Therefore, the characters are just as guilty as Joe for letting an innocent man rot in jail. “if [George and Anne] wanted to open up the case again”. Joe’s prediction is actually correct though, and it is the arrival of George which helps to uncover the truth about the cylinder heads. George therefore does a very good job or prosecuting Joe. A clever inclusion into the play is that George is actually involved with the law, as opposed to it just being a metaphor, like the other parts of the courtroom analogy. We get this idea through Chris’ question to him “How’s the law”. “You’re not even an animal, no animal kills his own, what are you?” “I’m not going to do anything about it” Throughout almost all of the play Chris, Anne and Kate represent Joe’s defence.Chris suddenly becomes a prosecutor, voicing his fury and shame to his father Perhaps here we see a highly uncaring side of Anne, as she will gladly let her father rot in prison even though she now knows that he is innocent. Religion

“Every Sunday ought to be like this”p90

The play starts on a sunday morning which is a religious time of the week

“chris”

Chris' name could be interpreted as 'Christ' which would suggest a kind of moral superiority that he at least tries to achieve

“downstage, stands the four-foot high stump of a slender apple-tree whose upper branches lie toppled beside it, fruit still clinging to its branches”p89

The apple tree is incredibly important in terms of religious symbolism. It obviously has connotations of the tree of knowledge - the tree which was in the story of Adam and Eve. It's significant that it's there as it is an indication of the 'fall' that's about to happen (in the same way that eve fell from god's grace by eating the apple). It represents in this sense the knowledge of Larry's death and the real causes.

"living next door to the holy family" p131 The tree is a holy symbol however it is broken.the broken tree signifies that in reality, the Keller's aren't as 'holy' as they seem. "the trouble with you is that you don't believe in anything” "now I live in the usual darkness"

 My personal opinion is that Jim represents non belief in terms of religion. The idea that he lives in darkness suggests that there is no light from religion in his life. And perhaps his unhappiness is a result of this non belief. Although, as an alternative interpretation, you could say that the way he admires Chris ("he meets a man and makes a statue out of him" p131) and the fact that Chris could be interpreted as 'Christ' means that he isn't a total non believer.

"Nobody in this house dast take her faith away, Joe" p 107

 Although this is a references to Ann's faith in Larry, it potentially has further reaching meaning. The use of "dast" is not in keeping with the general colloquial tone of the dialogue in the play, so it stands out. It almost sounds as if it could have been quoted from the bible. It is keeping with the idea that Mother is hijacking religion as reasoning behind her argument that Larry is alive

"I never believed in crucifying people" p117

Keller says this, and although it's clearly a view that he has gained because he is guilty, it's also representative of a forgiving figure. However, it's also incredibly ironical since he's put Steve through jail for something he didn't do which is worse than crucifiction . "He was falsely accussed once and it put him through hell" p133  

Chris says this to Ann and the irony is that Keller lied and put Steve in prison actions that Christians believe would put him through hell the next time he is accused he will commit suicide an action Christians also believe will result in the perpetrater going to hell

 "George, you don't want to be the voice of God, do you?" p140

"And truer love hath no man!" p 148

 it has biblical echoes.  "Is it junk to feel that that there's a greater power than ourselves?" p 154 "That's all, nothing more til Christ comes". P155

There's great irony in this statement from Chris. By "til Christ comes" he's refering to Judgement day (and therefore implying that they should never talk about the problem again). But in reality, judgement day is approaching (the day when the truth emerges and the day of Keller's death). "God does not let a son be killed by his father" p 156

 This is the whole concept that has led to Kate's adamant belief that Larry is still alive.

The Keller's home is describe as a 'secluded atmosphere' and something about 'poplar trees'. This creates he effect of the Kellers home in having something to hide perhaps, which is reinforced by anne's comment that 'the poplars have gotten thick'. Also Their house is described as 'on the outskirts of an american town'. Well 'an' could suggest that this does not only apply to the Keller's, but the whole of american society including the audience who are viewing the play. Also look at Frank entrance. He 'saunters in' creating a sense of mystery and slowness about the place. Also look at the introduction to the materialistic goods such as the 'malt mixer', something which would have been fairly new, considering the context. Also there is a lot in Chris war speech, you could basically write a page on that single section and it is also good for linking in with the section ou have been asked. Remeber, always link this section to the rest of the play, without this you won't get an A.

Document Details

• Word Count 5688
• Page Count 13
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject English

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