difference between thesis and a hypothesis

The Real Differences Between Thesis and Hypothesis (With table)

A thesis and a hypothesis are two very different things, but they are often confused with one another. In this blog post, we will explain the differences between these two terms, and help you understand when to use which one in a research project.

As a whole, the main difference between a thesis and a hypothesis is that a thesis is an assertion that can be proven or disproven, while a hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. 

We probably need to expand a bit on this topic to make things clearer for you, let’s start with definitions and examples.

Definitions

A thesis is a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. A thesis statement is usually one sentence, and it states your position on the topic at hand.

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The best way to understand the slight difference between those terms, is to give you an example for each of them.

If your hypothesis is correct, then further research should be able to confirm it. However, if your hypothesis is incorrect, research will disprove it. Either way, a hypothesis is an important part of the scientific process.

The word “hypothesis” comes from the Greek words “hupo,” meaning “under”, and “thesis” that we just explained.

Argumentation vs idea

A thesis is usually the result of extensive research and contemplation, and seeks to prove a point or theory.

5 mains differences between thesis and hypothesis

So, in short, a thesis is an argument, while a hypothesis is a prediction. A thesis is more detailed and longer than a hypothesis, and it is based on research. Finally, a thesis must be proven, while a hypothesis does not need to be proven.

Is there a difference between a thesis and a claim?

Is a hypothesis a prediction, what’s the difference between thesis and dissertation.

A thesis is usually shorter and more focused than a dissertation, and it is typically achieved in order to earn a bachelor’s degree. A dissertation is usually longer and more comprehensive, and it is typically completed in order to earn a master’s or doctorate degree.

What is a good thesis statement?

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Home » Education » Difference Between Thesis and Hypothesis

Difference Between Thesis and Hypothesis

Main difference –  thesis vs hypothesis                           .

Thesis and hypothesis are two common terms that are often found in research studies. Hypothesis is a logical proposition that is based on existing knowledge that serves as the starting point of an investigation. A thesis is a statement that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. The main difference between thesis and hypothesis is that thesis is found in all research studies whereas a hypothesis is mainly found in experimental quantitative research studies.

This article explains,

1. What is a Thesis?      – Definition, Features, Function

2. What is a Hypothesis?      – Definition, Features, Function

What is a Thesis

The word thesis has two meanings in a research study. Thesis can either refer to a dissertation or a thesis statement. Thesis or dissertation is the long essay or document that consists of the research study.  Thesis can also refer to a theory or statement that is used as a premise to be maintained or proved.

The thesis statement in a research article is a sentence found at the beginning of the paper that presents the main argument of the paper. The rest of the document will gather, organize and present evidence to support this argument. The thesis statement will basically present the topic of the paper and indicate what position the researcher is going to take in relation to this topic. A thesis statement can generally be found at the end of the first paragraph (introductory paragraph) of the paper.

What is a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a logical assumption based on available evidence. Hypothesis is defined as “a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation” in the Oxford dictionary and as “an idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion” in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. In simple words, it is an educated guess that is not proven with concrete scientific evidence. Once it is scientifically tested and proven, it becomes a theory. However, it is important to note that a hypothesis can be accurate or inaccurate.

Hypotheses are mostly used in experiments and research studies. However, hypotheses are not used in every research study. They are mostly used in quantitative research studies  that deal with experiments. Hypotheses are often used to test a specific model or theory . They can be used only when the researcher has sufficient knowledge about the subject since hypothesis are always based on the existing knowledge. Once the hypothesis is built, the researcher can find and analyze data and use them to prove or disprove the hypothesis.

Thesis: A thesis is a “statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved” or a “long essay or dissertation involving personal research, written by a candidate for a university degree” (Oxford dictionary).

Hypothesis: A hypothesis is “a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation” (Oxford dictionary).

Thesis: Thesis statement can be found in all research papers.

Hypothesis: Hypotheses are usually found in experimental quantitative research studies.

Thesis: Thesis statement may explain the hypothesis and how the researcher intends to support it.

Hypothesis: Hypothesis is an educated guess based on the existing knowledge.

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Thesis Vs Hypothesis: Understanding The Basis And The Key Differences

Hypothesis vs. thesis: They sound similar and seem to discuss the same thing. However, these terms have vastly different meanings and purposes. You may have encountered these concepts in school or research, but understanding them is key to executing quality work. 

As an inexperienced writer, the thought of differentiating between hypotheses and theses might seem like an insurmountable task. Fortunately, I am here to help. 

In this article, I’ll discuss hypothesis vs. thesis, break down their differences, and show you how to apply this knowledge to create quality written works. Let’s get to it!

Thesis vs. Hypothesis: Understanding the Basis

The power of a thesis.

A thesis statement is typically found at the end of the introduction in an essay or research paper, succinctly summarizing the overarching theme.

Crafting a strong thesis

Hypothesis: the scientific proposition.

In contrast, a hypothesis is a tentative proposition or educated guess. It is the initial step in the scientific method, where researchers formulate a hunch to test their assumptions and theories. 

Formulating a hypothesis

Key differences between thesis vs. hypothesis, 1. nature of statement, 3. testability, 4. research stage, 6. examples.

These differences highlight the distinct roles that the thesis and hypothesis play in academic writing and scientific research, with one providing a point of argumentation and the other guiding the scientific inquiry process.

Can a hypothesis become a thesis?

Yes. A hypothesis can develop into a thesis as it accumulates substantial evidence through research.

Do all research papers require a thesis?

Can a thesis be proven wrong.

Yes. The purpose of a thesis is not only to prove but also to encourage critical analysis. It can be proven wrong with compelling counterarguments and evidence.

How long should a thesis statement be?

Is a hypothesis only used in scientific research, can a hypothesis be vague.

No. When creating a hypothesis, it’s important to make it clear and able to be tested. Developing experiments and making conclusions based on the results can be difficult if the hypothesis needs clarification.

Final Thoughts

So, the next time you embark on a research project, take the time to ensure that you understand the fundamental difference between a hypothesis and a thesis. Doing so can lead to more focused, meaningful research that advances knowledge and understanding in your field.

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Both the hypothesis statement and the thesis statement answer a research question. 

• A hypothesis is a statement that can be proved or disproved. It is typically used in quantitative research and predicts the relationship between variables.  
• A thesis statement is a short, direct sentence that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay or research paper. It is seen in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. A thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the body of the essay or research report by means of examples and evidence.

Every research study should contain a concise and well-written thesis statement. If the intent of the study is to prove/disprove something, that research report will also contain a hypothesis statement.

NOTE: In some disciplines, the hypothesis is referred to as a thesis statement! This is not accurate but within those disciplines it is understood that "a short, direct sentence that summarizes the main point" will be included.

For more information, see The Research Question and Hypothesis (PDF file from the English Language Support, Department of Student Services, Ryerson University).

How do I write a good thesis statement?

How do I write a good hypothesis statement?

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Hypothesis vs. Thesis

What's the difference.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research and experimentation. It is a tentative statement that serves as the basis for further investigation. On the other hand, a thesis is a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. It is typically a longer, more detailed argument that is supported by evidence and analysis. While a hypothesis is more focused on predicting outcomes and guiding research, a thesis is more comprehensive and aims to persuade the reader of a particular perspective or argument.

Further Detail

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon or a scientific question that can be tested through experimentation or observation. It is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. On the other hand, a thesis is a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. It is typically used in academic writing to present an argument or claim that will be supported with evidence and analysis.

Hypotheses are used in scientific research to guide the investigation and testing of a specific question or problem. They help researchers to make predictions about the outcome of experiments and observations. In contrast, a thesis is used in academic writing to present a central argument or claim that the author will support with evidence and analysis. It serves as the main point that the author is trying to prove or persuade the reader to accept.

A hypothesis is typically narrower in scope compared to a thesis. It focuses on a specific question or problem and proposes a possible explanation or solution. In contrast, a thesis is broader in scope as it presents an overarching argument or claim that encompasses the entire paper or essay. It provides a roadmap for the reader to understand the main point of the work and how it will be supported.

Both hypotheses and theses rely on evidence to support their claims. In scientific research, hypotheses are tested through experimentation and observation to gather data that either confirms or refutes the proposed explanation. In academic writing, theses are supported with evidence from sources such as research studies, scholarly articles, and other relevant sources. The quality and relevance of the evidence used can strengthen the credibility of both hypotheses and theses.

Flexibility

Hypotheses are more flexible compared to theses. If a hypothesis is not supported by the data or experiments, researchers can revise or refine it based on the new information gathered. This allows for the hypothesis to evolve as more evidence is collected. On the other hand, a thesis is typically more fixed in academic writing. While it can be revised during the writing process, the central argument or claim remains constant throughout the paper or essay.

In conclusion, while both hypotheses and theses play important roles in scientific research and academic writing, they differ in terms of definition, function, scope, evidence, and flexibility. Understanding the differences between the two can help researchers and writers effectively formulate and support their arguments. Whether testing a scientific question or presenting a central claim in an academic paper, both hypotheses and theses are essential tools for advancing knowledge and understanding in their respective fields.

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Thesis vs. Hypothesis: Which One Should Be Your Focus?

Understanding the difference between a thesis and a hypothesis is essential for anyone involved in academic research. While both are crucial components, they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics. This article will explore these differences, their importance in research, and how to effectively craft each one. Whether you're writing a paper or conducting experiments, knowing when to focus on a thesis or a hypothesis can greatly enhance your work.

Key Takeaways

• A thesis presents the main argument of a paper, while a hypothesis offers a testable prediction.
• A strong thesis should be clear and specific, guiding the direction of the paper.
• A good hypothesis must be testable and based on existing knowledge.
• Understanding the relationship between thesis and hypothesis can improve research quality.
• Both thesis and hypothesis play vital roles in academic writing and scientific research.

Understanding The Core Differences Between Thesis And Hypothesis

Defining thesis.

A thesis is a central argument or claim that your paper aims to prove through evidence and research. It serves as a roadmap for your writing , guiding the reader through your main points. A strong thesis statement is essential for establishing the purpose and direction of your work.

Defining Hypothesis

In contrast, a hypothesis is a predicted answer to a research question that can be tested. It is based on prior research and helps explain a phenomenon , including why it happens and what its potential effects may be. Essentially, a hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

Key Distinctions

To clarify the differences, consider the following table:

Understanding these distinctions is crucial for effectively structuring your research and ensuring clarity in your writing. By knowing when to focus on a thesis versus a hypothesis, you can better navigate your academic journey and enhance the quality of your work.

The Importance Of A Strong Thesis Statement

A strong thesis statement is essential for any academic paper. It acts as the backbone of your writing, guiding both you and your readers through your argument. Without a clear thesis, your paper may lack direction and coherence.

Purpose Of A Thesis Statement

A thesis statement serves several important purposes:

• Guides the writing process: It helps you stay focused and organised, ensuring that each part of your paper contributes to your main argument.
• Provides focus and direction: By clearly stating your main argument, it keeps both you and your readers on track.
• Engages the reader: A well-crafted thesis captures attention and encourages readers to continue exploring your ideas.

Components Of A Strong Thesis

To create an effective thesis statement, consider these components:

• Clarity: Your thesis should clearly state your main argument.
• Specificity: Avoid vague language; be precise about your topic.
• Debatability: Ensure your thesis presents a claim that can be supported or challenged.
• Evidence: Your thesis should be backed by research and logical reasoning.

Common Pitfalls

When crafting your thesis, be mindful of these common mistakes:

• Making it too broad or vague.
• Lacking a clear argument.
• Failing to provide supporting evidence.

By focusing on these elements, you can create a strong thesis statement that effectively communicates your main idea and sets the tone for your entire paper. For more tips on how to write a thesis fast or how to write thesis easily , consider checking out resources like research rebels® for guidance on thesis writing and academic skills enhancement.

In summary, a strong thesis statement is crucial for a successful academic paper. It not only provides a roadmap for your writing but also engages your readers and helps them understand your argument clearly.

Crafting A Testable Hypothesis

Characteristics of a good hypothesis.

When you set out to create a hypothesis, it’s essential to ensure that it is specific, clear, testable , and falsifiable . A good hypothesis should allow you to make predictions that can be tested through experiments or observations. For instance, a common format is: if [cause], then [effect], because [rationale] . This structure helps clarify your expectations and guides your research direction.

Formulating Hypotheses

To formulate a strong hypothesis, follow these steps:

• Identify your research question : What do you want to find out?
• Do preliminary research : Understand what is already known about your topic.
• Define your variables : Clearly identify the independent and dependent variables.
• Write your hypothesis : Use the if...then... format to articulate your prediction.

For example, if you are studying the effect of study hours on exam scores, your hypothesis might be: "If students study for more hours, then their exam scores will improve, because increased study time enhances understanding of the material."

Common Mistakes To Avoid

When crafting your hypothesis, be mindful of these common pitfalls:

• Vagueness : Ensure your hypothesis is specific enough to be tested.
• Lack of testability : Avoid hypotheses that cannot be supported or refuted through research.
• Overgeneralisation : Make sure your hypothesis is focused and not too broad.

By adhering to these guidelines, you can create a hypothesis that not only guides your research but also contributes to the broader scientific dialogue. Remember, a well-structured hypothesis is a vital step in the scientific method, paving the way for meaningful inquiry and discovery.

The Role Of Hypotheses In Research Design

Guiding research direction.

Your hypothesis acts as a guiding light in your research journey. It helps you focus on what you want to discover and shapes the direction of your study. A well-formed hypothesis can clarify your research objectives and streamline your methodology. It’s essential to ensure that your hypothesis is clear and testable, as this will help you stay on track throughout your research process.

Linking Theory And Practise

Hypotheses serve as a bridge between theory and practise. They allow you to connect existing theories with your research findings. By formulating a hypothesis, you can test whether your predictions hold true in real-world scenarios. This connection is vital for validating or challenging established theories, thus contributing to the broader field of knowledge.

Impact On Methodology

The formulation of your hypothesis significantly influences your research design. It determines the methods you will use to collect and analyse data. For instance, if your hypothesis predicts a specific relationship between variables, you may choose to conduct experiments or surveys to gather relevant data. Here’s a quick checklist to consider:

• Testability : Can your hypothesis be tested with the available resources?
• Variables : Have you clearly defined your independent and dependent variables?
• Clarity : Is your hypothesis straightforward and understandable?
• Relevance : Does it align with your research problem and objectives?

By adhering to these criteria, you can ensure that your hypothesis effectively directs your research efforts towards meaningful conclusions.

Types Of Hypotheses In Research

Understanding the different types of hypotheses is essential for effective research. Each type serves a unique purpose and can significantly influence the direction of your study. Here, we explore the primary types of hypotheses you may encounter in research.

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) posits that there is no effect or relationship between the variables being studied. It serves as a default position that indicates no change or difference. For example, if you were studying the impact of WhatsApp usage on academic performance, your null hypothesis might state that there is no difference in grades between students who use WhatsApp and those who do not.

Alternative Hypothesis

In contrast, the alternative hypothesis (H1) suggests that there is an effect or a relationship. This hypothesis is what you aim to support through your research. Continuing with the previous example, the alternative hypothesis would state that students who use WhatsApp have different grades compared to those who do not.

Directional vs. Nondirectional Hypotheses

Hypotheses can also be classified as directional or nondirectional :

• Directional Hypothesis : This type specifies the expected direction of the relationship. For instance, you might hypothesise that increased WhatsApp usage leads to lower academic performance.
• Nondirectional Hypothesis : This type does not specify a direction, merely stating that a relationship exists. For example, you could hypothesise that WhatsApp usage affects academic performance without indicating whether it improves or worsens it.

By understanding these types of hypotheses, you can better formulate your research questions and design your studies effectively. Each type plays a crucial role in guiding your research and ensuring that your findings are meaningful and valid.

The Process Of Hypothesis Testing

Steps in hypothesis testing.

Hypothesis testing is a systematic method used to evaluate predictions about relationships between variables. Here are the key steps you should follow:

• Formulate your hypothesis : Start with a clear and testable hypothesis. This is your educated guess about what you expect to find.
• Design your experiment : Create a plan to test your hypothesis. This includes selecting methods and tools for data collection.
• Collect data : Gather the necessary data through experiments or observations. Ensure that your data collection is accurate and reliable.
• Analyse the data : Use statistical methods to interpret your data. This will help you determine whether your hypothesis is supported or not.
• Draw conclusions : Based on your analysis, decide if your hypothesis is accepted or rejected. This step is crucial as it informs the next stages of your research.

Statistical Methods

In hypothesis testing, various statistical methods can be employed. Here’s a brief overview of some common techniques:

Interpreting Results

Once you have analysed your data, interpreting the results is essential. Here are some points to consider:

• Statistical significance : Determine if your results are statistically significant, which means they are unlikely to have occurred by chance.
• Effect size : Understand the magnitude of the difference or relationship you found. This helps in assessing the practical significance of your findings.
• Contextual relevance : Relate your findings back to your original hypothesis and the broader research question. This will help you understand the implications of your results.

In summary, the process of hypothesis testing is a vital part of research that allows you to validate your predictions. By following these steps, you can ensure that your research is rigorous and meaningful. Remember, testing your hypothesis is not just about proving it right; it's about understanding the complexities of your research question.

The Relationship Between Thesis And Hypothesis

How they complement each other.

Understanding the relationship between a thesis and a hypothesis is crucial for your research. A thesis presents the main argument of your paper , while a hypothesis proposes a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. For instance, when you write a research proposal, usually a hypothesis is written to show the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. This means that your hypothesis must clearly indicate what you expect to find in your research.

Integrating Both In Research

Integrating both a thesis and a hypothesis in your research can enhance the clarity and focus of your study. The thesis provides a broad framework, while the hypothesis narrows down the specific aspects you will investigate. This relationship allows you to create a cohesive narrative throughout your research. For example, if your thesis argues that daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits, your hypothesis might state that increased apple consumption will reduce the number of doctor visits among participants.

Examples Of Combined Use

To illustrate how a thesis and hypothesis work together, consider the following table:

In these examples, the thesis provides a general claim, while the hypothesis offers a specific, testable prediction. This synergy between the two elements is essential for effective research design and execution.

Common Misconceptions About Thesis And Hypothesis

Thesis as a hypothesis.

Many people mistakenly believe that a thesis and a hypothesis are the same. While both are essential in research, they serve different purposes. A thesis is a statement that presents the main argument of a paper, guiding the overall direction. In contrast, a hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Understanding this distinction is crucial for effective research.

Hypothesis As A Statement Of Fact

Another common misconception is that a hypothesis is merely a statement of fact. In reality, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation that can be tested through research. It is not a definitive answer but rather a starting point for investigation. This misunderstanding can lead to confusion in the research process, as hypotheses should always be framed in a way that allows for testing and validation.

Misunderstanding Their Roles

Lastly, many individuals fail to grasp the distinct roles that a thesis and a hypothesis play in research. A thesis provides a framework for the entire paper, while a hypothesis focuses on specific research questions. Recognising how these elements complement each other can enhance the clarity and effectiveness of your research.

By addressing these misconceptions, you can improve your understanding of how to effectively use both a thesis and a hypothesis in your research.

Practical Applications Of Thesis And Hypothesis

In Academic Writing

In academic writing, a well-structured thesis statement is essential. It serves as the backbone of your paper, guiding your arguments and providing clarity to your readers. A strong thesis statement not only presents your main argument but also outlines the scope of your research. Here are some key points to consider:

• Clearly define your main argument.
• Ensure it is specific enough to be manageable.
• Avoid vague language that could confuse your readers.

In Scientific Research

In scientific research, hypotheses play a crucial role in guiding experiments. They provide a testable statement that can be supported or refuted through empirical evidence. For instance, when you formulate a hypothesis, you might say, "If I increase the amount of sunlight a plant receives, then it will grow taller." This follows the structure of a hypothesis as an educated guess about the relationship between variables. Here’s a simple table to illustrate:

In Professional Settings

In professional settings, both thesis statements and hypotheses can guide decision-making processes. A clear thesis can help in crafting persuasive proposals, while a well-formulated hypothesis can drive research and development initiatives. For example, a company might hypothesise that "If we implement a four-day work week, then employee productivity will increase." This hypothesis can then be tested through various methods, leading to data-driven decisions.

In summary, understanding the practical applications of both thesis statements and hypotheses is vital for effective communication and research. By mastering these concepts, you can enhance your academic and professional writing skills, ensuring that your arguments are clear and compelling.

Evaluating The Strength Of A Thesis And Hypothesis

Criteria for evaluation.

When assessing the strength of a thesis or hypothesis, consider the following criteria:

• Clarity : Is the statement clear and easy to understand?
• Specificity : Does it focus on a particular aspect of the topic?
• Testability : Can it be tested through research or experiments?
• Relevance : Is it significant to the field of study?

Peer Review Process

The peer review process is crucial for evaluating the strength of your thesis and hypothesis. Here’s how it works:

• Submission : You submit your work to a journal or conference.
• Review : Experts in the field review your work for quality and relevance.
• Feedback : You receive constructive feedback to improve your work.
• Revision : You revise your thesis or hypothesis based on the feedback.

This process helps ensure that your work meets academic standards and contributes meaningfully to your field.

Revising Based On Feedback

Revising your thesis or hypothesis is essential for strengthening your research. Here are some steps to follow:

• Reflect : Consider the feedback you received.
• Clarify : Make your statements clearer if needed.
• Refine : Adjust your arguments or predictions based on new insights.
• Test Again : Ensure that your revised statements remain testable and relevant.

By following these steps, you can enhance the quality of your thesis and hypothesis, making them more robust and impactful. Remember, a strong thesis or hypothesis is the backbone of effective research, guiding your study and helping you achieve your academic goals.

For a comprehensive approach to thesis writing, consider resources like the Thesis Action Plan by Research Rebels, which offers structured guidance from topic selection to final draught. Additionally, the [ Interview Research Roadmap ](https://research-rebels.com/products/interview-research-roadmap) can help you master interview techniques for thesis research, ensuring clarity and confidence in your findings.

Future Trends In Thesis And Hypothesis Development

Emerging research methodologies.

As research evolves, new methodologies are emerging that reshape how you approach your thesis and hypothesis. Innovative techniques such as mixed methods and participatory research are gaining traction. These methods allow for a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues, blending qualitative and quantitative data.

Technological Influences

Technology is revolutionising the research landscape. Tools like AI and machine learning are becoming essential in data analysis, helping you to uncover patterns and insights that were previously difficult to detect. For instance, platforms that automate data collection and analysis can save you time and enhance the accuracy of your findings. This shift means you can focus more on how to write dissertation fast and effectively.

Interdisciplinary Approaches

The future of research is increasingly interdisciplinary. By integrating knowledge from various fields, you can develop more robust hypotheses and theses. This approach not only enriches your research but also broadens its applicability. For example, combining insights from psychology and sociology can lead to a deeper understanding of human behaviour in social contexts.

In summary, staying abreast of these trends will not only enhance your research quality but also prepare you for the evolving academic landscape. Embrace these changes to ensure your work remains relevant and impactful.

As we look ahead, the way we create theses and hypotheses is changing. New methods and tools are making it easier for students to express their ideas clearly and confidently. If you're feeling lost or anxious about your thesis, don’t worry! Visit our website to discover how our step-by-step Thesis Action Plan can help you succeed. Take the first step towards a stress-free thesis journey today!

In summary, understanding the difference between a thesis and a hypothesis is vital for anyone involved in research. A thesis presents the main argument of a paper, guiding the overall direction, while a hypothesis offers a testable prediction about a specific relationship between variables. Recognising these distinctions helps researchers formulate clear questions and hypotheses, ensuring their studies are focused and meaningful. As you move forward in your research journey, keep refining your questions and hypotheses. This practise will not only enhance the quality of your work but also contribute significantly to the advancement of knowledge in your field.

Frequently Asked Questions

What’s the difference between a thesis and a hypothesis.

A thesis is the main argument or claim of a paper, while a hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be tested.

Why is a strong thesis statement important?

A strong thesis statement helps guide the direction of your paper and keeps your writing focused.

What makes a good hypothesis?

A good hypothesis should be clear, testable, and based on existing knowledge.

How do I test a hypothesis?

You can test a hypothesis by conducting experiments or gathering data to see if it holds true.

What are null and alternative hypotheses?

The null hypothesis suggests no effect or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis predicts an effect or relationship.

Can a thesis statement change during writing?

Yes, it's common for a thesis statement to evolve as you delve deeper into your research.

How do I formulate a research question?

Start with a specific problem, ensure it’s interesting and relevant, and make sure it can be answered through research.

Why is it important to distinguish between a problem and a hypothesis?

Understanding this difference helps you focus your research and develop clear objectives.

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Thesis vs. Hypothesis — What's the Difference?

Difference Between Thesis and Hypothesis

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B oth the hypothesis statement and the thesis statement answer the research question of the study.  When the statement is one that can be proved or disproved, it is an hypothesis statement.  If, instead, the statement specifically shows the intentions/objectives/position of the researcher, it is a thesis statement.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be proved or disproved.  It is typically used in quantitative research and predicts the relationship between variables.

A thesis statement is a short, direct sentence that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay or research paper. It is seen in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research.  A thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the body of the essay or research report by means of examples and evidence.

Every research study should contain a concise and well-written thesis statement. If the intent of the study is to prove/disprove something, that research report will also contain an hypothesis statement.

Jablonski , Judith. What is the difference between a thesis statement and an hypothesis statement? Online Library. American Public University System. Jun 16, 2014. Web.   http://apus.libanswers.com/faq/2374

Let’s say you are interested in the conflict in Darfur, and you conclude that the issues you wish to address include the nature, causes, and effects of the conflict, and the international response. While you could address the issue of international response first, it makes the most sense to start with a description of the conflict, followed by an exploration of the causes, effects, and then to discuss the international response and what more could/should be done.

This hypothetical example may lead to the following title, introduction, and statement of questions:

Conflict in Darfur: Causes, Consequences, and International Response       This paper examines the conflict in Darfur, Sudan. It is organized around the following questions: (1) What is the nature of the conflict in Darfur? (2) What are the causes and effects of the conflict? (3) What has the international community done to address it, and what more could/should it do?

Following the section that presents your questions and background, you will offer a set of responses/answers/(hypo)theses. They should follow the order of the questions. This might look something like this, “The paper argues/contends/ maintains/seeks to develop the position that...etc.” The most important thing you can do in this section is to present as clearly as possible your best thinking on the subject matter guided by course material and research. As you proceed through the research process, your thinking about the issues/questions will become more nuanced, complex, and refined. The statement of your theses will reflect this as you move forward in the research process.

So, looking to our hypothetical example on Darfur:

The current conflict in Darfur goes back more than a decade and consists of fighting between government-supported troops and residents of Darfur. The causes of the conflict include x, y, and z. The effects of the conflict have been a, b, and c. The international community has done 0, and it should do 1, 2, and 3.

Once you have setup your thesis you will be ready to begin amassing supporting evidence for you claims. This is a very important part of the research paper, as you will provide the substance to defend your thesis.

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Home » What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Definition:

Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation.

Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments and the collection and analysis of data. It is an essential element of the scientific method, as it allows researchers to make predictions about the outcome of their experiments and to test those predictions to determine their accuracy.

Types of Hypothesis

Types of Hypothesis are as follows:

Research Hypothesis

A research hypothesis is a statement that predicts a relationship between variables. It is usually formulated as a specific statement that can be tested through research, and it is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments.

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as a starting point for testing the research hypothesis, and if the results of the study reject the null hypothesis, it suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables.

Alternative Hypothesis

An alternative hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is a significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as an alternative to the null hypothesis and is tested against the null hypothesis to determine which statement is more accurate.

Directional Hypothesis

A directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the direction of the relationship between variables. For example, a researcher might predict that increasing the amount of exercise will result in a decrease in body weight.

Non-directional Hypothesis

A non-directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables but does not specify the direction. For example, a researcher might predict that there is a relationship between the amount of exercise and body weight, but they do not specify whether increasing or decreasing exercise will affect body weight.

Statistical Hypothesis

A statistical hypothesis is a statement that assumes a particular statistical model or distribution for the data. It is often used in statistical analysis to test the significance of a particular result.

Composite Hypothesis

A composite hypothesis is a statement that assumes more than one condition or outcome. It can be divided into several sub-hypotheses, each of which represents a different possible outcome.

Empirical Hypothesis

An empirical hypothesis is a statement that is based on observed phenomena or data. It is often used in scientific research to develop theories or models that explain the observed phenomena.

Simple Hypothesis

A simple hypothesis is a statement that assumes only one outcome or condition. It is often used in scientific research to test a single variable or factor.

Complex Hypothesis

A complex hypothesis is a statement that assumes multiple outcomes or conditions. It is often used in scientific research to test the effects of multiple variables or factors on a particular outcome.

Applications of Hypothesis

Hypotheses are used in various fields to guide research and make predictions about the outcomes of experiments or observations. Here are some examples of how hypotheses are applied in different fields:

• Science : In scientific research, hypotheses are used to test the validity of theories and models that explain natural phenomena. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular variable on a natural system, such as the effects of climate change on an ecosystem.
• Medicine : In medical research, hypotheses are used to test the effectiveness of treatments and therapies for specific conditions. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a new drug on a particular disease.
• Psychology : In psychology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of human behavior and cognition. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular stimulus on the brain or behavior.
• Sociology : In sociology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of social phenomena, such as the effects of social structures or institutions on human behavior. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of income inequality on crime rates.
• Business : In business research, hypotheses are used to test the validity of theories and models that explain business phenomena, such as consumer behavior or market trends. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a new marketing campaign on consumer buying behavior.
• Engineering : In engineering, hypotheses are used to test the effectiveness of new technologies or designs. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the efficiency of a new solar panel design.

How to write a Hypothesis

Here are the steps to follow when writing a hypothesis:

Identify the Research Question

The first step is to identify the research question that you want to answer through your study. This question should be clear, specific, and focused. It should be something that can be investigated empirically and that has some relevance or significance in the field.

Conduct a Literature Review

Before writing your hypothesis, it’s essential to conduct a thorough literature review to understand what is already known about the topic. This will help you to identify the research gap and formulate a hypothesis that builds on existing knowledge.

Determine the Variables

The next step is to identify the variables involved in the research question. A variable is any characteristic or factor that can vary or change. There are two types of variables: independent and dependent. The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that is measured or observed as a result of the independent variable.

Formulate the Hypothesis

Based on the research question and the variables involved, you can now formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis should be a clear and concise statement that predicts the relationship between the variables. It should be testable through empirical research and based on existing theory or evidence.

Write the Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, which is the hypothesis that you are testing. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variables. It is important to write the null hypothesis because it allows you to compare your results with what would be expected by chance.

Refine the Hypothesis

After formulating the hypothesis, it’s important to refine it and make it more precise. This may involve clarifying the variables, specifying the direction of the relationship, or making the hypothesis more testable.

Examples of Hypothesis

Here are a few examples of hypotheses in different fields:

• Psychology : “Increased exposure to violent video games leads to increased aggressive behavior in adolescents.”
• Biology : “Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to increased plant growth.”
• Sociology : “Individuals who grow up in households with higher socioeconomic status will have higher levels of education and income as adults.”
• Education : “Implementing a new teaching method will result in higher student achievement scores.”
• Marketing : “Customers who receive a personalized email will be more likely to make a purchase than those who receive a generic email.”
• Physics : “An increase in temperature will cause an increase in the volume of a gas, assuming all other variables remain constant.”
• Medicine : “Consuming a diet high in saturated fats will increase the risk of developing heart disease.”

Purpose of Hypothesis

The purpose of a hypothesis is to provide a testable explanation for an observed phenomenon or a prediction of a future outcome based on existing knowledge or theories. A hypothesis is an essential part of the scientific method and helps to guide the research process by providing a clear focus for investigation. It enables scientists to design experiments or studies to gather evidence and data that can support or refute the proposed explanation or prediction.

The formulation of a hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, observations, and theories, and it should be specific, testable, and falsifiable. A specific hypothesis helps to define the research question, which is important in the research process as it guides the selection of an appropriate research design and methodology. Testability of the hypothesis means that it can be proven or disproven through empirical data collection and analysis. Falsifiability means that the hypothesis should be formulated in such a way that it can be proven wrong if it is incorrect.

In addition to guiding the research process, the testing of hypotheses can lead to new discoveries and advancements in scientific knowledge. When a hypothesis is supported by the data, it can be used to develop new theories or models to explain the observed phenomenon. When a hypothesis is not supported by the data, it can help to refine existing theories or prompt the development of new hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.

When to use Hypothesis

Here are some common situations in which hypotheses are used:

• In scientific research , hypotheses are used to guide the design of experiments and to help researchers make predictions about the outcomes of those experiments.
• In social science research , hypotheses are used to test theories about human behavior, social relationships, and other phenomena.
• I n business , hypotheses can be used to guide decisions about marketing, product development, and other areas. For example, a hypothesis might be that a new product will sell well in a particular market, and this hypothesis can be tested through market research.

Characteristics of Hypothesis

Here are some common characteristics of a hypothesis:

• Testable : A hypothesis must be able to be tested through observation or experimentation. This means that it must be possible to collect data that will either support or refute the hypothesis.
• Falsifiable : A hypothesis must be able to be proven false if it is not supported by the data. If a hypothesis cannot be falsified, then it is not a scientific hypothesis.
• Clear and concise : A hypothesis should be stated in a clear and concise manner so that it can be easily understood and tested.
• Based on existing knowledge : A hypothesis should be based on existing knowledge and research in the field. It should not be based on personal beliefs or opinions.
• Specific : A hypothesis should be specific in terms of the variables being tested and the predicted outcome. This will help to ensure that the research is focused and well-designed.
• Tentative: A hypothesis is a tentative statement or assumption that requires further testing and evidence to be confirmed or refuted. It is not a final conclusion or assertion.
• Relevant : A hypothesis should be relevant to the research question or problem being studied. It should address a gap in knowledge or provide a new perspective on the issue.

Advantages of Hypothesis

Hypotheses have several advantages in scientific research and experimentation:

• Guides research: A hypothesis provides a clear and specific direction for research. It helps to focus the research question, select appropriate methods and variables, and interpret the results.
• Predictive powe r: A hypothesis makes predictions about the outcome of research, which can be tested through experimentation. This allows researchers to evaluate the validity of the hypothesis and make new discoveries.
• Facilitates communication: A hypothesis provides a common language and framework for scientists to communicate with one another about their research. This helps to facilitate the exchange of ideas and promotes collaboration.
• Efficient use of resources: A hypothesis helps researchers to use their time, resources, and funding efficiently by directing them towards specific research questions and methods that are most likely to yield results.
• Provides a basis for further research: A hypothesis that is supported by data provides a basis for further research and exploration. It can lead to new hypotheses, theories, and discoveries.
• Increases objectivity: A hypothesis can help to increase objectivity in research by providing a clear and specific framework for testing and interpreting results. This can reduce bias and increase the reliability of research findings.

Limitations of Hypothesis

Some Limitations of the Hypothesis are as follows:

• Limited to observable phenomena: Hypotheses are limited to observable phenomena and cannot account for unobservable or intangible factors. This means that some research questions may not be amenable to hypothesis testing.
• May be inaccurate or incomplete: Hypotheses are based on existing knowledge and research, which may be incomplete or inaccurate. This can lead to flawed hypotheses and erroneous conclusions.
• May be biased: Hypotheses may be biased by the researcher’s own beliefs, values, or assumptions. This can lead to selective interpretation of data and a lack of objectivity in research.
• Cannot prove causation: A hypothesis can only show a correlation between variables, but it cannot prove causation. This requires further experimentation and analysis.
• Limited to specific contexts: Hypotheses are limited to specific contexts and may not be generalizable to other situations or populations. This means that results may not be applicable in other contexts or may require further testing.
• May be affected by chance : Hypotheses may be affected by chance or random variation, which can obscure or distort the true relationship between variables.

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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1. Ask a question

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

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What is the difference between thesis and hypothesis?  

Insight from top 5 papers.

The terms "thesis" and "hypothesis" are often used in academic research, but they serve distinct roles and purposes. A hypothesis is an educated guess or a tentative statement that proposes a potential explanation or solution to a research problem. It is formulated based on existing knowledge and is subject to empirical testing and validation. Hypotheses guide the research process by providing a focused direction for investigation and are crucial for narrowing down the research scope to avoid collecting irrelevant data. They can take various forms, such as working, scientific, alternative, research, null, or statistical hypotheses, and are characterized by being clear, specific, and empirically testable [1] [3] .

In contrast, a thesis is a comprehensive document that presents the results of a research study. It typically includes the formulation of a hypothesis, the methodology used to test it, and the findings and conclusions drawn from the research. A thesis is often the culmination of a research project and is used to demonstrate the researcher's understanding and contribution to a particular field of study. It involves a detailed examination of a topic, often incorporating multiple hypotheses and research questions, and aims to provide a thorough analysis and discussion of the research findings [4] [5] .

While a hypothesis is a component of a thesis, serving as a starting point for investigation, the thesis itself is a broader document that encompasses the entire research process, including the development, testing, and implications of the hypothesis. The thesis not only tests the hypothesis but also situates it within the broader context of existing literature and theory, often leading to the development of new theories or modifications of existing ones [2] [4] .

In summary, the primary difference between a thesis and a hypothesis lies in their scope and function: a hypothesis is a specific, testable statement that guides research, while a thesis is a comprehensive document that presents and discusses the research process and findings in detail.

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Related Questions

A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon that is tested using scientific methods . It is a statement of the expected outcome of a research study, based on prior knowledge or investigators' previous work . On the other hand, the definition of terms involves clarifying the meanings of specific words or phrases used in a study to ensure a common understanding among researchers and readers. While a hypothesis is a testable assertion aiming to explain a phenomenon, the definition of terms focuses on providing clear and agreed-upon meanings for key concepts within a study . Both are crucial elements in research, with hypotheses guiding investigations and definitions ensuring precise communication and comprehension.

A hypothesis is an educated guess or assertion that represents a suggestion or idea for further investigation. It can be high-level and formulated early in the research process, or detailed and postulated late in the invention phase. Working hypotheses are revised and improved as the research progresses. Hypotheses are important for providing direction to research and establishing relationships between variables. They are based on prior knowledge or the previous work of investigators and form the foundation of a research proposal. A well-designed and adequately powered study is necessary to test a hypothesis. Different types of hypotheses include alternative hypotheses with directed or undirected subcategories, null hypotheses, simple hypotheses, complex hypotheses, empirical hypotheses, and statistical hypotheses. Creating a convincing hypothesis involves identifying and describing the research question, conducting preliminary studies, drafting and revising the hypothesis, and creating a three-dimensional phrase hypothesis and a null hypothesis.

To make a hypothesis, it is important to relate the variables under study and state the expected relationship between the independent variable (the presumed cause) and the dependent variable (the presumed effect) within a population . A hypothesis should be based on sound and justifiable rationales, as it needs to express an anticipated relationship that can be tested . There are different types of hypotheses, including alternative hypotheses with directed or undirected relationships, null hypotheses that determine the opposite of expected results, simple hypotheses that reflect the relationship between dependent and independent variables, complex hypotheses that involve multiple variables, empirical hypotheses that are tested through experiments and observations, and statistical hypotheses that are explained after studying a sample of the population . To create a convincing hypothesis, it is necessary to identify and describe the research question, conduct a preliminary study, draft the hypothesis, revise it, create a three-dimensional phrase hypothesis, and create a null hypothesis .

A thesis is a scientific work that undergraduate students must produce as part of their academic education. It is an original work that is protected by copyright and holds all rights reserved . The thesis serves as a final requirement for obtaining a bachelor's degree and is typically written in fulfillment of various courses studied by the student . The process of creating a thesis involves stages such as analysis, design, and testing, and can be facilitated through the use of web-based online thesis systems . The thesis is considered both an author's administrative document and an original work, and therefore requires legal protection . It is important to note that the copyright and publication rights of a thesis belong solely to the author, and any publication of the thesis requires the author's permission .

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon, while a theory is a scientific explanation that has undergone extensive testing and is accepted as accurate. A hypothesis is based on previous observations and is used to formulate a scientific hypothesis, which is then rigorously tested. On the other hand, a theory is the result of extensive testing and is considered the accurate explanation behind an observation. The term "hyperthesis" is introduced to describe research that does not fit the scientific norm. Working hypotheses are high-level assertions that are revised and improved as research progresses.^[Baig and Khann]^[Shaul]

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What is the difference between hypothesis, thesis statement and research goal?

Can someone explain the difference between hypothesis, thesis statement and research goal based on an example?

• terminology

• 1 You should mention which subject you are in. 'Hypothesis' has opposite meanings in maths and physics. –  Jessica B Commented May 31, 2018 at 11:22

2 Answers 2

I had this same question recently and did some research on it. The definitions I found weren't consistent, but from them I derived the following.

Thesis statement -- A definitive statement about the way the world (or your system of interest) works, especially what is most important in causing or influencing the behavior of the system.

"Family expectations has primary significance on the performance in college for Latino girls in the Western US" is an example of a thesis statement.

Research goal -- Expresses what you hope to learn or shed light on in your research. Specifically, the goal should specify what type of results you are hoping to achieve. It contextualizes your work in relation to other research, especially theory. It also feeds into your choice of method.

"My research goal is to develop a theoretical model of cultural influence on college performance, contextualized by gender and ethnicity" is an example of a research goal.

Hypotheses -- What specific conditions or relations do you aim to test or evaluate in your research. Any research that does not include a method for hypothesis testing should not claim to test hypotheses. A hypothesis statement must be specific enough that it is testable by the methods you choose, and also it should be falsifiable -- i.e. it is clear what evidence might prove the hypothesis false, and such evidence should be plausible and possible.

"Low family expectations has a detrimental effect on the college completion rate and time-to-complete for high-achieving Latino girls" is an example of a hypothesis statement.

Notice how there are specific, testable conditions and metrics -- "college completion rates" and "time-to-complete". These conditions should appear as metrics in your research methods -- i.e. instruments and analysis methods.

A thesis statement usually helps guide the research paper. It is a short sentence or summary containing the central idea of the research paper. It helps a reader have a clear glimpse of what the paper is about.

The Hypothesis statement comes in different format but with the intent to help prove or disprove a phenomenon. The hypothesis can help defend, support, explain or disprove, argue against the thesis statement.Usually the hypothesis measures specific issues or variables-two or more and therefore should be testable. The thesis statement creates a background while the hypothesis creates a means to measure the interrelationship.

The research goal takes a look into the future of your study or research paper. |It tries to help you state what the outcomes you seek to achieve by the research work. With a research goal you can set specific milestones to accomplish at the end of the research work.

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Thesis vs Hypothesis vs Theory: The Differences and Examples

thesis hypothesis and theory

Many students may have difficulty understanding the differences between a thesis, a hypothesis, and a theory. It is essential to understand their differences. Such an understanding will be instrumental.

This is especially true when writing complex research papers that require a thesis with a hypothesis and theories. We have gathered from the responses of our college writing service that the difference between the three is confusing.

This article is meant to explain the differences between a thesis, a hypothesis, and a theory. 

Difference between Hypothesis and Thesis

There are significant differences between the hypothesis and thesis. While they seem related on the surface, their differences are huge, both in concept and practice.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation of something or a phenomenon. A scientific hypothesis uses a scientific method that requires any hypothesis to be tested. As such, scientists and researchers base their hypotheses on observations that have been previously made and that the available or prevailing scientific theories cannot explain.

From the definition of a hypothesis, you can see that theories must be included in any scientific method. This is why this article tries to differentiate a thesis, a hypothesis, and a theory. 

Moving forward, a thesis can be defined as a written piece of academic work submitted by students to attain a university degree. However, on a smaller scale, there is something called a thesis statement.

This is written in the introduction of a research paper or essay supported by a credible argument. The link between a hypothesis and a thesis is that a thesis is a distinction or an affirmation of the hypothesis.

This means that whenever a research paper contains a hypothesis, there should be a thesis that validates it. 

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What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis can be defined as the proposed or suggested explanation for an occurrence, something, or a phenomenon. It should be testable through scientific methods. Scholarly works should have a hypothesis because the observed phenomena could not be explained using the prevailing scientific theories, hence the reason why it should be tested. 

Testing the hypothesis may result in the development of new or improved scientific theories that benefit the discipline and society in general. 

What is a Thesis?

A thesis is a piece of academic work submitted by students to attain a university degree. When used as a stand-alone word, it denotes academic papers written by university students. Theses are mostly written by those pursuing postgraduate degrees at the end of their courses. They demonstrate their proficiency in their disciplines and the topics they have selected for research. 

However, when a thesis refers to a statement, it denotes the statement written in the introduction of a research paper or essay. A credible argument supports a thesis.

Every research paper must have a thesis statement that acts as a guide to what the research will be all about. It is possible to receive very poor grades or even score a zero if your research paper lacks the thesis statement. 

What is a Theory?

A theory can be defined as a rational form of abstract perspectives or thinking concerning the results of such thinking or a phenomenon. The process of rational and contemplative thinking is mostly associated with processes such as research or observational study.

As such, a theory can be considered to belong to both scientific and non-scientific disciplines. Theories can also belong to no discipline.

From a modernistic scientific approach, a theory can mean scientific theories that have been well confirmed to explain nature and that are created in such a way that they are consistent with the standard scientific method. A theory should fulfill all the criteria required by modern-day science. 

A theory should be described in a way that scientific tests that have been conducted can provide empirical support or contradiction to the theory.

Because of the nature by which scientific theories are developed, they tend to be the most rigorous, reliable, and comprehensive when it comes to describing and supporting scientific knowledge. 

The connection between a theory and a hypothesis is that when a theory has not yet been proven, it can be referred to as a hypothesis.

The thing about theories is that they are not meant to help the scientist or researcher reach a particular goal. Rather, a theory is meant to guide the process of finding facts about a phenomenon or an observation. 

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Difference between a Theory and a Thesis

A theory is a rational form of abstract perspectives or thinking concerning the results of such thinking or a phenomenon. The process of rational and contemplative thinking is mostly associated with processes such as research or observational study. On the other hand, a thesis is a written piece of academic work that is submitted by students to attain a university degree.

It denotes academic papers that are written by students in the university, especially those pursuing postgraduate degrees, at the end of their courses to demonstrate their proficiency in their disciplines and the topics they have selected for research. 

To understand the application of these, read our guide on the difference between a research paper and a thesis proposal to get a wider view.

How to Write a Good Hypothesis

1. asking a question.

Asking a question is the first step in the scientific method and the question should be based on  who, what, where, when, why,  and  how . The question should be focused, specific, and researchable.

2. Gathering preliminary research 

This is the process of collecting relevant data. It can be done by researching academic journals, conducting case studies, observing phenomena, and conducting experiments. 

3. Formulating an answer

When the research is completed, you should think of how best to answer the question and defend your position. The answer to your question should be objective. 

4. Writing the hypothesis

When your answer is ready, you can move to the next step of formulating the hypothesis. A good hypothesis should contain relevant variables, predicted outcomes, and a study group that can include non-human things. The hypothesis should not be a question but a complete statement. 

5. Refining the hypothesis

Though you may skip this step, it is advisable to include it because your study may involve two groups or be a correlational study. Refining the hypothesis will ensure that you have stated the difference or relationship you expect to find. 

6. Creating null and alternative hypotheses

A null hypothesis (H0) will postulate that there is no evidence to support the difference. On the other hand, an alternative hypothesis (H1) posits that there is evidence in support of the difference. 

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Frequently Asked Questions

Difference between thesis and hypothesis example.

Thesis:  High levels of alcohol consumption have detrimental effects on your health, such as weight gain, heart disease, and liver complications.

Hypothesis:  The people who consume high levels of alcohol experience detrimental effects on their health such as weight gain, heart disease, and liver complications. 

What is the difference between a summary and a thesis statement?

A summary is a brief account or statement of the main points from the researches. A thesis statement is a statement that is written at the end of the introduction of a research paper or essay that summarizes the main claims of the paper. 

Difference between hypothesis and statement of the problem

A hypothesis can be defined as the proposed or suggested explanation for an occurrence, something, or a phenomenon. The same should be testable through scientific methods. Conversely, a statement of a problem is a concise description of the issue to be addressed on how it can be improved. 

When not handling complex essays and academic writing tasks, Josh is busy advising students on how to pass assignments. In spare time, he loves playing football or walking with his dog around the park.

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Theory vs. Hypothesis: Basics of the Scientific Method

Written by MasterClass

Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 • 2 min read

Though you may hear the terms "theory" and "hypothesis" used interchangeably, these two scientific terms have drastically different meanings in the world of science.

Thesis and Purpose Statements

Use the guidelines below to learn the differences between thesis and purpose statements.

In the first stages of writing, thesis or purpose statements are usually rough or ill-formed and are useful primarily as planning tools.

A thesis statement or purpose statement will emerge as you think and write about a topic. The statement can be restricted or clarified and eventually worked into an introduction.

As you revise your paper, try to phrase your thesis or purpose statement in a precise way so that it matches the content and organization of your paper.

Thesis statements

A thesis statement is a sentence that makes an assertion about a topic and predicts how the topic will be developed. It does not simply announce a topic: it says something about the topic.

Good: X has made a significant impact on the teenage population due to its . . . Bad: In this paper, I will discuss X.

A thesis statement makes a promise to the reader about the scope, purpose, and direction of the paper. It summarizes the conclusions that the writer has reached about the topic.

A thesis statement is generally located near the end of the introduction. Sometimes in a long paper, the thesis will be expressed in several sentences or an entire paragraph.

A thesis statement is focused and specific enough to be proven within the boundaries of the paper. Key words (nouns and verbs) should be specific, accurate, and indicative of the range of research, thrust of the argument or analysis, and the organization of supporting information.

Purpose statements

A purpose statement announces the purpose, scope, and direction of the paper. It tells the reader what to expect in a paper and what the specific focus will be.

Common beginnings include:

“This paper examines . . .,” “The aim of this paper is to . . .,” and “The purpose of this essay is to . . .”

A purpose statement makes a promise to the reader about the development of the argument but does not preview the particular conclusions that the writer has drawn.

A purpose statement usually appears toward the end of the introduction. The purpose statement may be expressed in several sentences or even an entire paragraph.

A purpose statement is specific enough to satisfy the requirements of the assignment. Purpose statements are common in research papers in some academic disciplines, while in other disciplines they are considered too blunt or direct. If you are unsure about using a purpose statement, ask your instructor.

This paper will examine the ecological destruction of the Sahel preceding the drought and the causes of this disintegration of the land. The focus will be on the economic, political, and social relationships which brought about the environmental problems in the Sahel.

Sample purpose and thesis statements

The following example combines a purpose statement and a thesis statement (bold).

The goal of this paper is to examine the effects of Chile’s agrarian reform on the lives of rural peasants. The nature of the topic dictates the use of both a chronological and a comparative analysis of peasant lives at various points during the reform period. . . The Chilean reform example provides evidence that land distribution is an essential component of both the improvement of peasant conditions and the development of a democratic society. More extensive and enduring reforms would likely have allowed Chile the opportunity to further expand these horizons.

For more tips about writing thesis statements, take a look at our new handout on Developing a Thesis Statement.

Writing Process and Structure

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Getting Started with Your Paper

Interpreting Writing Assignments from Your Courses

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Thesis vs. Purpose Statements

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Architecture of Arguments

Working with Sources

Quoting and Paraphrasing Sources

Using Literary Quotations

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Introductions

Paragraphing

Developing Strategic Transitions

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Revising Your Paper

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Twelve Common Errors: An Editing Checklist

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Theory, Thesis, Hypothesis and the mysterious Theorem

lately I have been thinking about the terms theory, thesis, hypothesis and theorem. I am quite sure about the differences between a thesis and a hypothesis, but I did not really get what a theorem is. I would like to ask you to confirm my definition of each term or don' t. If you disagree with my definition, please explain why and give - if possible - a good example.

As an example I will use the axiom "Nothing is faster than light" of the Theory of Relativity.

Thesis : As far as I have figured out, a thesis is an assertion which a controversy is immanent to. So it needs a argumentative reasoning.

My first question, in reference to my example, is if every axiom is implicitly a thesis or not.

I am not sure about it, because if I took the axiom from the example, I would not know if there is any controversy about this assertion or if it is just an undisputed assertion, although there could be a controversy, because nobody can know if there is not something faster than light. On the other hand, if I have the assertion "There is a God", its clear to me that there will be a controversy. So it must be a thesis.

Further on I will assume the example axiom to be a thesis for further illustration.

Hypothesis : A hypothesis is a derived form of a thesis. It asserts a correlation between - at least - two factors (where a thesis is simply an assertion).

So in reference to the example I could derive the hypothesis "If there was something faster than light, then there would be a God" from my thesis "Nothing is faster than light". It asserts a correlation between the factors "speed of light" and "existence of a God" (although there is no causal relationship).

Theory: A theory is an abstract concept which tries to explain a discipline of reality. It consists of axioms/theses.

Theorem: This is something that I was not really able to figure out. I found a pattern in theoremes: It always seems to be based on some theory and tries to solve some paradoxon or other problem the theory has, but it does not change the theory at all. It is some lego that is put on the theory to fill a hole.

I don' t know if there is any truth in what I have written about the theoreme.

So I hope you can help me understanding :)

• terminology

• The words have different meaning in difference contexts, i.e. you don't prove theorems in physics you prove theories but a theory in physics is more like a conjecture in mathematics. A theorem is something that is proved deductively using logical reasoning or inference (think about what you do in a formal logical system like propositional logic). Mathematical theorems, like the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, are theorems because they can be proved in a completely deductive way. Physical laws are not proved deductively, they are proved inductively through observation and experiment. –  Not_Here Commented Jul 29, 2017 at 10:42
• From wikipedia's article on theorem: "In light of the requirement that theorems be proved, the concept of a theorem is fundamentally deductive, in contrast to the notion of a scientific law, which is experimental." In mathematics, conjectures are a lot more like scientific laws than theorems because they are things that we do not have a deductive proof for yet, but every test we've ever done to the conjecture came up positive. Consider Goldbach's conjecture, it is a conjecture because it doesn't have a proof yet, but we have yet to find a single counterexample, despite massive testing. –  Not_Here Commented Jul 29, 2017 at 10:44
• The biggest issue you're having, I think, is that you're mixing how the words are used in science and how they're used in math. Obviously there is over lap but the words have different meanings when they're used very strictly in those two contexts. For example, your definition of theory (besides the use of the term axioms because those also have different meanings in different contexts) is correct when applied to science but theory has a different definition in mathematical logic where it's a set of axioms and theorems in some formal language. –  Not_Here Commented Jul 29, 2017 at 10:51
• See if any of these definitions help you theorem , axiom , scientific hypotheses and scientific theories , mathematical conjecture , general statement of hypothesis that also touches on how its specifically used in mathematics . –  Not_Here Commented Jul 29, 2017 at 10:55

The biggest trouble that you will face when thinking about these ideas is that you are mixing terminology from two distinct fields into one. Some of those words are used very differently in science than they are in mathematics. It can become even more confusing when you consider how much math is used in science, but an explanation of how the words are used in their specific contexts will help illuminate the delineating line.

In mathematics, "thesis", "hypothesis", and "conjecture" are all used synonymously. From Wolfram's Mathworld:

Hypothesis: "A hypothesis is a proposition that is consistent with known data, but has been neither verified nor shown to be false." "In general mathematical usage, 'hypothesis' is roughly synonymous with 'conjecture.'" Conjecture: "A proposition which is consistent with known data, but has neither been verified nor shown to be false. It is synonymous with hypothesis."

Additionally, if you go to the disambiguation of the word "thesis" on wikipedia you see that in the subjects of mathematics and logic it links to "hypothesis" and "conjecture" as well. An example of a mathematical thesis is the Church-Turing thesis which, as you can see, is also sometimes called the Church-Turing conjecture and is described in that article as being a hypothesis. The reason that the Church-Turing thesis is a thesis is because it tries to take an informal idea (the idea of an algorithm) and give it a precise mathematical statement. Due to the fact that it starts with an informal idea, there isn't a purely deductive way to prove that the idea is true, therefore it's left open as a hypothesis and would be proven untrue if a counter example is shown.

As such, mathematical conjectures, theses, and hypotheses are statements in mathematics that seem probable and no counter example has yet been shown. This means that conjectures have yet to be proven , which delineates them from theorems.

A theorem is something that is not a conjecture, it is something that has been proven true. From Mathworld:

Theorem: "A theorem is a statement that can be demonstrated to be true by accepted mathematical operations and arguments. In general, a theorem is an embodiment of some general principle that makes it part of a larger theory. The process of showing a theorem to be correct is called a proof."

Examples of theorems are proven mathematical statements, things like the fundamental theorems of arithmetic , algebra , and calculus . Other, much simpler theorems, are things like the Pythagorean theorem . The picture of a theorem as something that solves a paradox or other problem is incorrect, a theorem is just a provably true statement. The Pythagorean theorem doesn't resolve a paradox in geometry, it is just a statement that has to be true, is provable, given the initial rules of geometry (the axioms).

Those are how the words are used in mathematics alone and in science they are sometimes used very differently. One important thing to understand is that science does not deal with theorems, scientific theories don't prove theorems. This is because science relies on inductive and abductive reasoning to learn about the world through empirical observation. A scientific theory is a general description of the world that is testable and has withstood repeated testing. In this way, they're usually made up out of scientific laws .

Scott Aaronson , a quantum information scientist who works on both fields, has highlighted the differences in the terminology on multiple occasions:

"I've learned from working in quantum information that there's a difference in terminology between fields. What mathematicians and computer scientists call a conjecture is typically what physicists would call a law." "I think my word is 'theorem'. It's something that you say is true and then you explain why it's true and then you put a box."

The context for the second quote is that Leonard Susskind asked Aaronson to explain a word from his mathematical background that people with a physics background might not understand or use in the same way. The reason everyone laughed is because the other physicists and computer scientists in the room understood how tongue in cheek Aaronson's pick for the word was: physics doesn't deal with theorems, in a mathematical sense, it deals with conjectures. That's why Susskind sarcastically says "A theorem, what's that?" And of course the "box" comment is a reference to what's put at the end of a proof of a theorem .

Ultimately, theorems are things that are deductively proven and as such exist in mathematics and logic. Theorems are used in science as well, you can use the Pythagorean theorem to help you solve a mechanics problem, but science doesn't prove theorems. Science tries to create theoretical models that help explain physical phenomena and those models can always be revised via new information. So if you are trying to apply the word theorem to a physical theory you are going to fail, the only parts of the physical theory that are theorems are the purely mathematical parts.

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“Theory” vs. “Hypothesis”: What Is The Difference?

Chances are you’ve heard of the TV show The Big Bang Theory . Lots of people love this lighthearted sitcom for its quirky characters and their relationships, but others haven’t even given the series a chance for one reason: they don’t like science and assume the show is boring.

However, it only takes a few seconds with Sheldon and Penny to disprove this assumption and realize that this theory ab0ut The Big Bang Theory is wrong—it isn’t a scientific snoozefest.

But wait: is it a theory or a  hypothesis about the show that leads people astray? And would the actual big bang theory— the one that refers to the beginning of the universe—mean the same thing as a big bang hypothesis ?

Let’s take a closer look at theory and hypothesis to nail down what they mean.

What does theory mean?

As a noun, a theory is a group of tested general propositions “commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena .” This is what is known as a scientific   theory , which by definition is “an understanding that is based on already tested data or results .” Einstein’s theory of relativity and the  theory of evolution are both examples of such tested propositions .

Theory is also defined as a proposed explanation you might make about your own life and observations, and it’s one “whose status is still conjectural and subject to experimentation .” For example:  I’ve got my own theories about why he’s missing his deadlines all the time.  This example refers to an idea that has not yet been proven.

There are other uses of the word theory as well.

• In this example,  theory is “a body of principles or theorems belonging to one subject.” It can be a branch of science or art that deals with its principles or methods .
• For example: when she started to follow a new parenting theory based on a trendy book, it caused a conflict with her mother, who kept offering differing opinions .

First recorded in 1590–1600, theory originates from the Late Latin theōria , which stems from the Greek theōría. Synonyms for theory include approach , assumption , doctrine , ideology , method , philosophy , speculation , thesis , and understanding .

What does hypothesis mean?

Hypothesis is a noun that means “a proposition , or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation” that describe “some specified group of phenomena.” Sounds familiar to theory , no?

But, unlike a theory , a scientific  hypothesis is made before testing is done and isn’t based on results. Instead, it is the basis for further investigation . For example: her working hypothesis is that this new drug also has an unintended effect on the heart, and she is curious what the clinical trials  will show .

Hypothesis also refers to “a proposition assumed as a premise in an argument,” or “mere assumption or guess.” For example:

• She decided to drink more water for a week to test out her hypothesis that dehydration was causing her terrible headaches.
• After a night of her spouse’s maddening snoring, she came up with the hypothesis that sleeping on his back was exacerbating the problem.

Hypothesis was first recorded around 1590–1600 and originates from the Greek word hypóthesis (“basis, supposition”). Synonyms for hypothesis include: assumption , conclusion , conjecture , guess , inference , premise , theorem , and thesis .

How to use each

Although theory in terms of science is used to express something based on extensive research and experimentation, typically in everyday life, theory is used more casually to express an educated guess.

So in casual language,  theory and hypothesis are more likely to be used interchangeably to express an idea or speculation .

In most everyday uses, theory and hypothesis convey the same meaning. For example:

• Her opinion is just a theory , of course. She’s just guessing.
• Her opinion is just a hypothesis , of course. She’s just guessing.

It’s important to remember that a scientific   theory is different. It is based on tested results that support or substantiate it, whereas a hypothesis is formed before the research.

For example:

• His  hypothesis  for the class science project is that this brand of plant food is better than the rest for helping grass grow.
• After testing his hypothesis , he developed a new theory based on the experiment results: plant food B is actually more effective than plant food A in helping grass grow.

In these examples, theory “doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess,” according to Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University. “A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

So if you have a concept that is based on substantiated research, it’s a theory .

But if you’re working off of an assumption that you still need to test, it’s a hypothesis .

So remember, first comes a hypothesis , then comes theory . Now who’s ready for a  Big Bang Theory marathon?

Now that you’ve theorized and hypothesized through this whole article … keep testing your judgment (Or is it judgement?). Find out the correct spelling here!

Or find out the difference between these two common issues below!

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This is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory

What to Know A hypothesis is an assumption made before any research has been done. It is formed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true. A theory is a principle formed to explain the things already shown in data. Because of the rigors of experiment and control, it is much more likely that a theory will be true than a hypothesis.

As anyone who has worked in a laboratory or out in the field can tell you, science is about process: that of observing, making inferences about those observations, and then performing tests to see if the truth value of those inferences holds up. The scientific method is designed to be a rigorous procedure for acquiring knowledge about the world around us.

In scientific reasoning, a hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done. A theory, on the other hand, is supported by evidence: it's a principle formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data.

Toward that end, science employs a particular vocabulary for describing how ideas are proposed, tested, and supported or disproven. And that's where we see the difference between a hypothesis and a theory .

A hypothesis is an assumption, something proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is usually tentative, an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested.

When a character which has been lost in a breed, reappears after a great number of generations, the most probable hypothesis is, not that the offspring suddenly takes after an ancestor some hundred generations distant, but that in each successive generation there has been a tendency to reproduce the character in question, which at last, under unknown favourable conditions, gains an ascendancy. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species , 1859 According to one widely reported hypothesis , cell-phone transmissions were disrupting the bees' navigational abilities. (Few experts took the cell-phone conjecture seriously; as one scientist said to me, "If that were the case, Dave Hackenberg's hives would have been dead a long time ago.") Elizabeth Kolbert, The New Yorker , 6 Aug. 2007

What is a Theory?

A theory , in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang Theory . Because of the rigors of experimentation and control, its likelihood as truth is much higher than that of a hypothesis.

It is evident, on our theory , that coasts merely fringed by reefs cannot have subsided to any perceptible amount; and therefore they must, since the growth of their corals, either have remained stationary or have been upheaved. Now, it is remarkable how generally it can be shown, by the presence of upraised organic remains, that the fringed islands have been elevated: and so far, this is indirect evidence in favour of our theory . Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle , 1839 An example of a fundamental principle in physics, first proposed by Galileo in 1632 and extended by Einstein in 1905, is the following: All observers traveling at constant velocity relative to one another, should witness identical laws of nature. From this principle, Einstein derived his theory of special relativity. Alan Lightman, Harper's , December 2011

Non-Scientific Use

In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch (though theory is more common in this regard):

The theory of the teacher with all these immigrant kids was that if you spoke English loudly enough they would eventually understand. E. L. Doctorow, Loon Lake , 1979 Chicago is famous for asking questions for which there can be no boilerplate answers. Example: given the probability that the federal tax code, nondairy creamer, Dennis Rodman and the art of mime all came from outer space, name something else that has extraterrestrial origins and defend your hypothesis . John McCormick, Newsweek , 5 Apr. 1999 In his mind's eye, Miller saw his case suddenly taking form: Richard Bailey had Helen Brach killed because she was threatening to sue him over the horses she had purchased. It was, he realized, only a theory , but it was one he felt certain he could, in time, prove. Full of urgency, a man with a mission now that he had a hypothesis to guide him, he issued new orders to his troops: Find out everything you can about Richard Bailey and his crowd. Howard Blum, Vanity Fair , January 1995

And sometimes one term is used as a genus, or a means for defining the other:

Laplace's popular version of his astronomy, the Système du monde , was famous for introducing what came to be known as the nebular hypothesis , the theory that the solar system was formed by the condensation, through gradual cooling, of the gaseous atmosphere (the nebulae) surrounding the sun. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club , 2001 Researchers use this information to support the gateway drug theory — the hypothesis that using one intoxicating substance leads to future use of another. Jordy Byrd, The Pacific Northwest Inlander , 6 May 2015 Fox, the business and economics columnist for Time magazine, tells the story of the professors who enabled those abuses under the banner of the financial theory known as the efficient market hypothesis . Paul Krugman, The New York Times Book Review , 9 Aug. 2009

Incorrect Interpretations of "Theory"

Since this casual use does away with the distinctions upheld by the scientific community, hypothesis and theory are prone to being wrongly interpreted even when they are encountered in scientific contexts—or at least, contexts that allude to scientific study without making the critical distinction that scientists employ when weighing hypotheses and theories.

The most common occurrence is when theory is interpreted—and sometimes even gleefully seized upon—to mean something having less truth value than other scientific principles. (The word law applies to principles so firmly established that they are almost never questioned, such as the law of gravity.)

This mistake is one of projection: since we use theory in general use to mean something lightly speculated, then it's implied that scientists must be talking about the same level of uncertainty when they use theory to refer to their well-tested and reasoned principles.

The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has been challenged—notably, when a school board in Georgia put stickers on textbooks stating that evolution was "a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." As Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University, has said , a theory "doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess. A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

While theories are never completely infallible, they form the basis of scientific reasoning because, as Miller said "to the best of our ability, we’ve tested them, and they’ve held up."

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