a case study report on ozone layer depletion

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• Published: 29 July 2019

Challenges for the recovery of the ozone layer

• Xuekun Fang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-0644 1 ,
• John A. Pyle   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3629-9916 2 , 3 ,
• Martyn P. Chipperfield   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-4149 4 , 5 ,
• John S. Daniel 6 ,
• Sunyoung Park 7 &
• Ronald G. Prinn 1  

Nature Geoscience volume  12 ,  pages 592–596 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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• Climate and Earth system modelling
• Climate change
• Environmental impact
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The recovery of stratospheric ozone from past depletion is underway owing to the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments, which have been effective in phasing out the production and consumption of the major ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). However, there is uncertainty about the future rate of recovery. This uncertainty relates partly to unexpected emissions of controlled anthropogenic ODSs such as CCl 3 F and slower-than-expected declines in atmospheric CCl 4 . A further uncertainty surrounds emissions of uncontrolled short-lived anthropogenic ODSs (such as CH 2 Cl 2 and CHCl 3 ), which observations show have been increasing in the atmosphere through 2017, as well as potential emission increases in natural ODSs (such as CH 3 Cl and CH 3 Br) induced by climate change, changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases N 2 O and CH 4 , and stratospheric geoengineering. These challenges could delay the return of stratospheric ozone levels to historical values, (for example, the abundance in 1980), by up to decades, depending on the future evolution of the emissions and other influencing factors. To mitigate the threats to future ozone recovery, it is crucial to ensure that the Montreal Protocol and its amendments continue to be implemented effectively in order to have firm control on future levels of ODSs. This action needs to be supported by an expansion of the geographic coverage of atmospheric observations of ODSs, by enhancing the ability of source attribution modelling, and by improving understanding of the interactions between climate change and ozone recovery.

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Acknowledgements

X.F. and R.G.P. were supported by NASA grant numbers NAG5-12669, NNX07AE89G, NNX11AF17G and NNX16AC98G to MIT. S.P. was supported by the National Strategic Project-Fine particle of the NRF funded by the MSIT, ME and MOHW (grant no. NRF-2017M3D8A1092225). We thank the station personnel at AGAGE stations for continuously measuring atmospheric N 2 O, CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 and other referenced species, and R. H. Wang at the Georgia Institute of Technology for producing global monthly mean data of these species from the measurements from individual AGAGE stations. We thank Z. Dai from Harvard University for useful discussions on stratospheric geoengineering.

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Xuekun Fang & Ronald G. Prinn

Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

John A. Pyle

National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Cambridge, UK

School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Martyn P. Chipperfield

National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA

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Fang, X., Pyle, J.A., Chipperfield, M.P. et al. Challenges for the recovery of the ozone layer. Nat. Geosci. 12 , 592–596 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0422-7

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Received : 16 April 2019

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0422-7

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Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022

Executive Summary

Chapter Summaries

Twenty Q&As About the Ozone Layer

Twenty Q&As About the Ozone Layer Chinese edition

Introduction

The 2022 WMO/UNEP Ozone Assessment contains the most up-to-date understanding of ozone depletion, reflecting the thinking of hundreds of international scientific experts who contribute to its preparation and review. This assessment includes an update on trends in ODSs, HFCs, global and polar ozone and the link between stratospheric ozone changes and climate, as well as a new chapter on the impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection on the stratosphere and ozone. Co-Chairs of the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP) of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and Assessment Co-Chairs are Dr. David W. Fahey of the NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, USA, Dr. Paul A. Newman of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, Dr. John A. Pyle of the University of Cambridge, UK, and Dr. Bonfils Safari of the National University of Rwanda, Butare. Sarah Doherty of CIRES, University of Colorado, USA is the Assessment Coordinator. Other members of the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL) are making substantial contributions to the report, serving as coauthors, contributors, reviewers, and editorial and support staff.

The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022 contains the 2022 core assessment report , the Executive Summary of the assessment report, and an update to Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer .

Report Citation Information

This Ozone Assessment may be reproduced or excerpted, without modification, provided the source is duly and conspicuously acknowledged in every instance as:

Full Report Citation:

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022 , GAW Report No. 278, 509 pp., WMO, Geneva, 2022.

Executive Summary Citation:

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Executive Summary. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022 , GAW Report No. 278, 56 pp., WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2022.

Example Chapter Citation:

Laube, J.C. and S. Tegtmeier (Lead Authors), R.P. Fernandez, J. Harrison, L. Hu, P. Krummel, E. Mahieu, S. Park, L. Western, Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol, Chapter 1 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022 , GAW Report No. 278, 509 pp., WMO, Geneva, 2022.

Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer Citation:

Ross J. Salawitch (Lead Author), Laura A. McBride, Chelsea R. Thompson, Eric L. Fleming, Richard L. McKenzie, Karen H. Rosenlof, Sarah J. Doherty, David W. Fahey, Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2022 Update, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022 , 75 pp., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2023.

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Scientific Assessment of the Ozone Layer Depletion: 2022

Science has been one of the foundations of the success of the Montreal Protocol. This assessment highlights advances and updates in the scientific understanding of ozone depletion since the 2018 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion and provides policy-relevant scientific information on current challenges and future policy choices.

The latest edition of the quadrennial assessment report of the UN-backed Scientific Assessment Panel to the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances confirms the phase out of nearly 99% of banned ozone-depleting substances.

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Healing of ozone layer gives hope for climate action: UN report

The findings of a new UN-backed report , released on Monday, showing the ongoing healing of the ozone layer, are being hailed as a demonstration of what global agreements can achieve, and an inspiration for more ambitious climate action to halt a catastrophic rise in world temperatures.

The study, “Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018”, is the latest in a series of reports, released every four years, which monitor the recovery of ozone in the stratosphere, a layer that protects life on Earth from harmful layers of ultraviolet rays from the sun.

It shows that the concentration of ozone-depleting substances continues to decrease, leading to an improvement in the layer since the previous assessment carried out in 2014.

Ozone in parts of the stratosphere has recovered at a rate of 1-3 percent since 2000 and, at projected rates, Northern Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone is scheduled to heal completely by the 2030s, followed by the Southern Hemisphere in the 2050s and polar regions by 2060. 

This is due to internationally agreed actions carried out under the historic Montreal Protocol, which came into being over 30 years ago in response to the revelation that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances – used in aerosols, cooling and refrigeration systems, and many other items – were tearing a hole in the ozone layer and allowing dangerous ultraviolet radiation to flood through.

Next year, the Protocol is set to be strengthened with the ratification of the Kigali Amendment , which calls for the future use of powerful climate-warming gases in refrigerators, air conditioners and related products to be slashed.

“The Montreal Protocol is one of the most successful multilateral agreements in history for a reason,” said Erik Solheim, head of UN Environment. “The careful mix of authoritative science and collaborative action that has defined the Protocol for more than 30 years and was set to heal our ozone layer is precisely why the Kigali Amendment holds such promise for climate action in future.”

The findings provide a ray of hope, less than a month after the IPCC , or Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ), released a watershed  report  which described the devastating effects of a 2°C temperature rise compared to pre-industrial levels, described by UN chief António Guterres as an "ear-splitting wake-up call."

The writers of the report found that, if the Kigali Amendment is fully implemented, the world can avoid up to 0.4 percent of global warming this century, meaning that it will play a major role in keeping the global temperature rise below 2°C.

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Ozone Layer Depletion, Climate Change, Risks and Adaptation

• First Online: 25 March 2018

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• Aliaksandr Krasouski 5 &
• Siarhei Zenchanka 6  

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The recent years’ publications have focused on the influence of the ozone layer depletion (OLD) to the climate change (CC). Some authors suggested that the reasons for it are: (a) the ozone absorbs the solar radiation, and (b) ozone is a greenhouse gas. Hence, the variations of ozone concentration in the atmosphere and climate change are closely related. The human risks associated with ozone layer depletion are skin cancer, damage to the eyes, local and systemic immunosuppression. Some of environmental risks associated with ozone layer depletion are a changing of climatic regions; changing of land productivity, impact on plants and animals. The aims of the article are the investigation of mutual influence of OLD and CC, analysis of the regional OLD and associated risks. Presented results show that there is one more reason for the OLD influence on CC concerning with the change of the tropopause height. In addition, positive anomalies of ozone can be just as serious preconditions for climate risks, as well as negative anomalies.

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Krasouski, A., Zenchanka, S. (2018). Ozone Layer Depletion, Climate Change, Risks and Adaptation. In: Alves, F., Leal Filho, W., Azeiteiro, U. (eds) Theory and Practice of Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72874-2_8

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