essay about independence day in the philippines

Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

Students are often asked to write an essay on Independence Day In Philippines in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

What is independence day in the philippines.

Independence Day in the Philippines is a national holiday celebrated every June 12. It marks the day in 1898 when Filipinos declared their freedom from Spain. This was after more than 300 years of Spanish rule.

How Filipinos Celebrate

On this day, Filipinos honor their country with flags, parades, and fireworks. People gather for family picnics, public concerts, and other fun activities. Leaders make speeches about the nation’s history and heroes.

The Importance of Independence Day

This day reminds Filipinos of their country’s struggle and victory in gaining independence. It’s a time for pride and reflection on their national identity.

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250 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

Independence Day in the Philippines is a very important national holiday. It is celebrated every year on June 12th. This day marks the moment when the Philippines became free from Spain’s rule in 1898. After more than 300 years of being a Spanish colony, Filipinos were finally able to run their own country.

The Celebration

On this day, people all across the Philippines have a big celebration. Schools and offices are closed, and there are parades, speeches, and ceremonies. The Philippine flag is raised high in many places, and there is also a lot of singing and dancing. Filipinos show their pride for their country and remember the heroes who fought for their freedom.

Why It’s Special

Independence Day is special because it reminds the people of the Philippines of their history and the long fight for freedom. It’s a day to think about the country’s past and also to look forward to its future. It brings Filipinos together no matter where they are in the world.

For Filipinos, Independence Day is more than just a day off. It’s a time to be proud and to honor the bravery of those who made it possible for the Philippines to be a free nation. It’s a day to celebrate freedom and togetherness, and to hope for a bright future for the country.

500 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

Independence Day in the Philippines is a very important national holiday. It takes place every year on June 12th. This day marks the time when the Philippines became free from Spain’s rule. For over 300 years, Spain controlled the Philippines. But on June 12, 1898, Filipinos said they were no longer part of Spain. They did this in a place called Kawit, Cavite. A man named Emilio Aguinaldo, who was a big leader, read out loud the Declaration of Independence. Since then, Filipinos remember this day to celebrate their country’s freedom.

The Flag and Anthem

On Independence Day, you can see the Philippine flag everywhere. This flag has three stars, a sun, and colors red, white, and blue. Each part of the flag has a special meaning. The stars stand for three big groups of islands in the Philippines. The sun has rays that represent big fights for freedom. When the flag is raised, people sing the national anthem. This song is called “Lupang Hinirang,” which means “Chosen Land.” Singing it shows love and respect for the country.

Parades and Public Events

Remembering heroes.

Independence Day is also a time to think about the heroes of the Philippines. These heroes, like Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio, did a lot to help the country become free. People visit monuments and statues made for these heroes. They bring flowers and say thank you to these brave men and women from long ago. By doing this, they keep the memories of these heroes alive.

Cultural Shows and Fireworks

At night, there are shows where people can watch dances and listen to Filipino music. These shows help everyone remember the culture and traditions of the Philippines. Fireworks light up the sky with bright colors. The fireworks are like a big, happy ending to the day’s events.

Family Time

Why independence day matters.

Independence Day in the Philippines is not just a day off from work or school. It’s a day to be proud of being Filipino. It reminds people of their country’s history and the long fight for freedom. It’s a time to be happy about the Philippines and its people. Every year, June 12th helps Filipinos remember what makes their country special and how important it is to be free.

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The Story of June 12, 1898: The Philippine Declaration of Independence

June 12, 1898 is one of the most significant dates in philippine history..

June 12, 1898 is one of the most significant dates in Philippine history. On this day, General Emilio Aguinaldo formally proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain after over 300 years of colonial rule.

The declaration took place in Aguinaldo’s ancestral home in Kawit, Cavite , with the Philippine flag being raised and the national anthem being played for the first time.

While the Kawit declaration did not receive immediate international recognition, it was a pivotal moment that asserted Filipino nationhood and sovereignty.

It came amidst a complex geopolitical situation, with the Philippine Revolution against Spain, the Spanish-American War , and the emerging American colonial era in the Philippines. The story behind the June 12, 1898 declaration provides insights into the Filipino struggle for self-determination.

Background: The Philippine Revolution

The roots of the June 12 declaration can be traced to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule, which began in August 1896. Secret revolutionary societies like the Katipunan , founded by Andres Bonifacio , initiated an armed struggle for independence.

Emilio Aguinaldo , then the mayor of Kawit, Cavite, emerged as a leader of the revolution in Cavite.

After initial successes, Aguinaldo and other leaders accepted exile to Hong Kong in December 1897 with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato , which involved the Spanish paying the revolutionaries in exchange for a truce. However, they purchased weapons in Hong Kong to continue the fight .

The Spanish-American War and Aguinaldo’s Return

The situation changed dramatically with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in April 1898. The United States, which had been monitoring the Cuban and Philippine revolutions against Spain, declared war after the USS Maine incident in Havana.

On May 1, 1898, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey decisively defeated the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay . Aguinaldo, who had been communicating with U.S. officials, saw an opportunity to advance Philippine independence .

With Dewey’s help, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines aboard the USS McCulloch on May 19. American forces provided his troops with weapons seized from the Spanish. Aguinaldo rallied his revolutionary forces and began liberating towns in Cavite .

The Declaration of Independence on June 12

On June 12, 1898 , a month after his return, Aguinaldo gathered revolutionary leaders and local representatives in his home in Kawit. There, between 4 and 5 p.m., he formally proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain .

The event, attended by a huge crowd, involved the first public display of the Philippine flag sewn in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo and her daughters. The Marcha Nacional Filipina , composed by Julian Felipe as the national anthem, was played by the San Francisco de Malabon band .

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista prepared the Spanish text of the Act of the Declaration of Independence and read it at the gathering. The declaration was signed by 98 Filipinos appointed by Aguinaldo, as well as one American artillery officer, Colonel L.M. Johnson , who attended as a witness .

The declaration included a list of grievances against Spanish rule stretching back to Magellan’s arrival in 1521. It conferred on Aguinaldo the powers to lead the revolutionary government, including granting pardons and amnesty. The wording echoed parts of the U.S. Declaration of Independence .

Diplomatic Complexities and the Malolos Congress

Aguinaldo had hoped that the U.S. would recognize Philippine independence, similar to its stance towards Cuba .

However, American officials took no action that would suggest recognition of the declaration . The true intentions of the U.S. towards the Philippines remained unclear at this stage.

The declaration took place amidst a complex diplomatic situation, with other colonial powers like Germany, Britain, France and Japan having warships in Manila Bay to monitor the situation . Germany in particular showed interest in acquiring the Philippines if the U.S. did not .

On August 1, the June 12 proclamation was ratified by 190 municipal presidents from 16 provinces in Bacoor, Cavite . In September 1898, the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the urging of Apolinario Mabini, removing language that essentially placed the Philippines under American protection .

The Treaty of Paris and the Philippine-American War

The Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898. In the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million, along with Guam and Puerto Rico .

The treaty was not recognized by Aguinaldo’s government, which had not been represented in the negotiations. On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was formally established with the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution and Aguinaldo as president .

Tensions rose as it became clear that the U.S. would not recognize Philippine independence. On February 4, 1899, the Philippine-American War broke out and lasted until 1902. The U.S. prevailed against the Filipinos, and established the Insular Government to administer the islands as an American colony .

The Long Road to Internationally-Recognized Independence

The dream of June 12 remained unfulfilled for decades under U.S. colonial rule. The U.S. set up political institutions and prepared the Philippines for eventual self-rule, but full independence was slow in coming.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946, after a 10-year transition period. World War II and the Japanese occupation from 1942-1945 intervened during this period.Finally, on July 4, 1946 , the United States granted independence to the Philippines.

The date was chosen by the U.S. to coincide with its own Independence Day. For many years, Filipinos celebrated July 4 as their Independence Day .

June 12 as the National Day of Independence

A strong tradition of celebrating June 12 as the true Independence Day persisted among Filipino historians and nationalists. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 which declared June 12 as Flag Day, emphasizing its importance .

On August 4, 1964, upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists, Macapagal signed Republic Act No. 4166 into law, designating June 12 as the country’s Independence Day . The law also renamed July 4 as Philippine Republic Day .

Since 1964, June 12 has been celebrated annually as the National Day of the Philippines, with ceremonies and programs across the country.

The day is a regular holiday , and government offices and schools are closed. The main commemoration usually takes place at Aguinaldo’s house in Kawit, which is now a national shrine .

The story of the June 12, 1898 Declaration of Independence in Kawit is central to the narrative of the Filipino people’s struggle for freedom and nationhood. While it did not immediately result in internationally recognized independence, it was a bold assertion of sovereignty against colonial rule.

The path from Kawit to true independence was long and arduous, with the Philippines experiencing American colonial rule and occupation by Japan before achieving full self-determination in 1946. The choice of June 12 as Independence Day in 1964 represents a recognition of the primacy of the Filipino revolutionary struggle.

Today, the declaration in Kawit is remembered as a defining moment in Philippine history, one that continues to inspire national pride and a striving for self-determination.

The complex events surrounding the declaration also provide a window into the geopolitical realities of the time, and the challenges faced by an emerging nation in asserting its place in the world.

Written by Louie Sison

My name is Louie and welcome to HyperLocal PH. Launched in February 2024, this website is dedicated to bringing you the most captivating and comprehensive stories about Filipino lifestyle, history, news, travel, and food. Join us in this journey!

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The Impact of Philippine Independence Day on Modern Filipino Identity

by Amiel Pineda
January 3, 2024 January 3, 2024

Did you know that Philippine Independence Day is celebrated on June 12th, marking the country’s declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule in 1898?

The impact of this momentous day on modern Filipino identity runs deep, shaping the values, beliefs, and aspirations of the Filipino people.

From the historical significance of Independence Day to its influence on national unity and global recognition, the celebration holds a mirror to the past while guiding the present and future of Filipino identity.

As you consider the multifaceted impact of Philippine Independence Day, you’ll uncover the intricate threads that weave together the cultural tapestry of the Philippines and its people, drawing you in to explore the profound connections and insights that continue to shape the modern Filipino identity.

Key Takeaways

Philippine Independence Day serves as a powerful reminder of the nation’s hard-won freedom and the enduring strength of unity among the Filipino people.
It plays a crucial role in shaping modern Filipino identity, instilling values of resilience, adaptability, and community engagement.
The celebration of Philippine Independence Day fosters a sense of national unity and pride, transcending differences in beliefs, traditions, and backgrounds.
The global recognition and representation of Filipino identity, showcased through the celebration, contributes to cultural exchanges, diplomatic dialogues, and the promotion of Philippines’ interests and values globally.

Historical Significance of Independence Day

Reflect on the historical significance of Philippine Independence Day as a pivotal moment that embodies the nation’s unwavering spirit and resilience in the pursuit of sovereignty and self-determination.

June 12, 1898, marked the culmination of years of struggle against colonial rule, signifying the Filipino people’s unwavering determination to break free from subjugation. This day symbolizes the establishment of a sovereign Philippines, reflecting the indomitable Filipino spirit and the relentless pursuit of self-governance.

President Diosdado Macapagal’s declaration in 1964 reinstated the legacy of Filipino independence, shaping the core of Filipino identity. The celebration of Philippine Independence Day is a testament to the enduring strength and unity of the Filipino people, serving as a beacon of hope and inspiration for future generations.

It’s a reminder that the Filipino spirit is unbreakable, and the quest for true independence continues to define the nation’s identity.

Evolution of Cultural Identity

As Filipinos, your cultural identity has been shaped by the rich tapestry of historical influences, from the struggles for sovereignty to the legacy of Filipino heroes.

Embracing the evolution of cultural identity means acknowledging the diversity within the Filipino community and the contributions of marginalized groups.

Identity Formation

The evolution of Filipino cultural identity has been intricately shaped by the historical struggles for independence, including periods of colonial rule and occupation, fostering a spirit of resilience and unity within the Filipino people.

Philippine Independence Day plays a crucial role in modern Filipino identity formation, serving as a powerful reminder of the nation’s hard-won freedom and the enduring strength of unity. This celebration ignites a deep sense of belonging and pride, inspiring individuals to embrace their heritage while celebrating the rich tapestry of Philippine history.

The journey towards independence has instilled an unwavering spirit of resilience, adaptability, and community engagement, shaping the collective identity of the Filipino people.

As the nation commemorates its national holidays, it reinforces the significance of unity and freedom, guiding the formation of a modern Filipino identity that cherishes cultural preservation, diversity, and the enduring values of the nation.

Historical Influences

The struggles for independence and colonial experiences have fundamentally shaped the evolution of Filipino cultural identity, embodying a spirit of resilience and unity within the Filipino people. Reflecting on the historical influences of Philippine Independence Day reveals the profound impact on modern Filipino identity:

Proclamation of Independence : The pivotal event of June 12, 1898, marked the beginning of the Filipino people’s quest for freedom.
Reclamation of Independence Day : President Macapagal’s designation of June 12 as Philippine Independence Day in 1964 aimed to honor the Filipino struggle for independence against Spain.
U.S. Colonial Rule : Half a century of colonial rule by the United States brought new challenges to the Filipino pursuit of independence, impacting the nation’s historical narrative.
Navigating Uncertain Futures : Reflecting on this history fosters a sense of cohesion, promoting inclusive and empowering national narratives, and guiding the Filipino people through divided and uncertain futures.

Influence on National Unity

Celebrating Philippine Independence Day fosters a sense of national unity and pride among Filipinos, uniting them in their shared history and cultural heritage. This day serves as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made during the Philippine Revolution, igniting the flames of patriotism and nationalism within each Filipino heart.

It’s a time when the entire nation comes together, transcending differences in beliefs, traditions, and backgrounds. The modern Filipino identity is deeply rooted in the spirit of resilience and freedom, which Independence Day brings to the forefront. It’s a day that reinforces the collective consciousness of the Filipino people, strengthening the bonds that tie them together as one nation.

As you celebrate this significant day, remember that your presence and participation contribute to the unity and strength of the Filipino community, embodying the essence of national pride and solidarity.

Patriotism and Civic Responsibility

As you honor the sacrifices made during the Philippine Revolution and celebrate the resilience and freedom that define the modern Filipino identity, it becomes evident that patriotism and civic responsibility lie at the core of the Filipino spirit. Embracing these values not only honors the struggles of the past but also shapes the future of the nation.

Here’s why they’re crucial:

Love for the Country: Patriotism involves a deep love for the Philippines, driving individuals to work for its betterment.
Commitment to Progress: It entails a firm commitment to the nation’s progress, ensuring that the sacrifices of the past are honored through continuous development.
Active Participation: Civic responsibility encourages active participation in community and national affairs, fostering a sense of ownership and accountability.
Unity and Empowerment: Embracing these values fosters a sense of unity and empowerment among Filipinos, strengthening the nation as a whole.

Inter-generational Impact

Embracing the inter-generational impact of Philippine Independence Day enriches and fortifies the modern Filipino identity, shaping a collective narrative of resilience, empowerment, and cultural legacy. As you celebrate Filipino Independence Day, you carry forward the stories of struggle and triumph from generations past, binding your identity to a powerful heritage. Through the observance of this day, you honor the sacrifices made for freedom, embedding a sense of responsibility and pride in your cultural legacy. This inter-generational impact serves as a powerful reminder of the resilience and determination that defines the modern Filipino identity. In reflecting on the historical struggles, you are inspired to uphold the values of sovereignty and inclusivity, fostering a deeper understanding of unity and the importance of empowerment for all.

Inter-generational Impact of Philippine Independence Day
Shapes Filipino identity through historical struggles for sovereignty and freedom
Prompts conversations about inclusivity and empowerment of marginalized groups
Fosters empathy, action, and national pride
Promotes cultural preservation and recognition of sacrifices
Influences Filipino nationhood through historical events and challenges

Reflections on Contemporary Relevance

Reflecting on the contemporary relevance of Philippine Independence Day illuminates the enduring impact on the modern Filipino identity and fosters inclusive discourse about the nation’s independence and sovereignty. As you ponder the significance of this day, consider these essential points:

Philippine Independence Day serves as a lens through which to examine the political and economic landscape, prompting critical discussions about the nation’s future.
The colonial experience and struggles of Filipino patriots and leaders offer invaluable insights into the ongoing journey towards independence and self-determination.
Embracing marginalized ethnic and religious minorities in the narrative of independence fosters a more inclusive and empowering national identity .
Understanding the historical and contemporary relevance of Independence Day can guide us through times of division and uncertainty, inspiring empathy and action.

In contemplating these aspects, we can collectively shape a more inclusive and empowering vision for the future of the Filipino nation.

Global Recognition and Representation

As a global Filipino, you carry the legacy of a nation that has fought for freedom and self-determination.

Embracing Philippine Independence Day on a global scale gives you the chance to showcase the resilience, strength, and cultural richness of the Filipino people to the world.

Through global recognition and representation, you have the power to shape a modern Filipino identity that’s celebrated and respected on an international level.

Global Filipino Identity

Influencing and shaping the global landscape, Filipinos have established a vibrant and influential presence across various industries and communities worldwide, embodying a rich and resilient global Filipino identity.

This identity is a testament to the interconnectedness and solidarity of Filipinos across different countries, contributing to a shared sense of pride and unity.

The global recognition and representation of Filipinos are evident through their diaspora and contributions in diverse professions, showcasing the impact and influence of the Filipino identity on a global scale.

Filipino communities around the world actively participate in promoting and preserving Filipino culture and traditions, reflecting the adaptability and resilience of Filipinos in different societies.

The global Filipino identity is a celebration of diversity, resilience, and the enduring pursuit of freedom, embodying the spirit of the Philippine Republic and the modern Filipino identity.

International Visibility

Asserting its presence and influence on the world stage, international visibility is crucial for the Philippines to promote its interests and values globally.

As the nation celebrates Philippine Independence Day, it’s essential to recognize the significance of international visibility in shaping the modern Filipino identity. The global recognition and representation of the national Republic play a pivotal role in fostering strong foreign relations, participating in diplomatic dialogues, and engaging in cultural exchanges.

International visibility not only amplifies the Philippines’ voice in the international arena but also contributes to the country’s active involvement in global collaborations and partnerships. Embracing international visibility allows the Philippines to showcase its rich cultural heritage, diverse traditions, and forward-looking perspectives, thus influencing the global perception of the nation and its people.

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the country’s international visibility is vital in shaping its place on the global stage.

Cultural Representation

Amidst a world seeking cultural diversity and understanding, the global recognition and representation of Filipino culture play an indispensable role in shaping the modern Filipino identity.

The celebration of Philippine Independence Day promotes cultural preservation, recognition, and appreciation on a global scale. Observing the nation’s culture and history contributes to a more interconnected and compassionate world, fostering a sense of pride and unity among Filipinos worldwide. Understanding the struggles for independence and recognizing the impact of historical events on society and foreign relations leads to mutual respect and cooperation on a global stage.

Filipino identity is often unclear due to historical influences and cultural colonization, making cultural representation and recognition crucial in shaping a cohesive modern Filipino identity. The rich cultural heritage, influenced by Spanish colonial history and reflected in the national anthem, highlights the importance of global recognition and representation in shaping the modern Filipino identity.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is philippine independence day important in the philippines.

Philippine Independence Day is important because it signifies the nation’s freedom, inspiring pride and unity. It honors the struggle for sovereignty and fosters a sense of identity, empowering Filipinos to embrace their cultural heritage and shared history.

What Resulted in Filipino Independence?

You gained independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, after a long struggle. President Macapagal officially declared this day as Philippine Independence Day in 1964, restoring the legacy of Filipino independence against Spain.

When Were the Philippines Granted Independence What Was the Significance of the Date?

When the Philippines were granted independence on June 12, 1898, it held great significance as it marked the end of Spanish colonial rule. This date symbolizes the Filipino struggle for sovereignty, fostering a sense of national pride and unity.

What Were the Changes Brought About by American Colonization in the Philippines?

American colonization in the Philippines brought significant changes, shaping modern Filipino identity. It redefined politics, education, and society, raising questions of independence and sovereignty. The struggle for independence under American rule continues to influence Filipino identity.

As you celebrate Philippine Independence Day, remember the sacrifices and resilience of our ancestors.

Embrace your cultural identity, stand united with fellow Filipinos, and take pride in the rich history of the Philippines.

Let this day inspire you to contribute to the betterment of our nation and the global community.

By honoring our past and shaping our future, we can continue to uphold the values of independence, diversity, and unity for generations to come.

Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!

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Why the Philippines’ Independence Day is on June 12, Not July 4

On July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained independence from the United States of America. It marked the time when the Philippines officially became a state: it had people, territory, government, and for the very first time, sovereignty.

When Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, it lacked two essential elements of statehood: territory and sovereignty. Although the Philippines’ boundaries were well defined, the territory lacked legitimacy that comes from recognition by other states. Aguinaldo’s government also lacked sovereignty because the Philippines was still under Spanish rule. When the Philippine Revolution ended in August 1898, the Philippine-American War took place in 1899, and then for the next 50 years, the Philippines was colonized by America.

So why, considering all these events, did we elect to recognize our Independence Day as June 12, 1898 instead of July 4, 1946?

The Many Declarations of the Philippines’ Independence Day

If we are going to ask why we picked June 12, 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day, we might as well consider the many declarations of the country’s independence. A commonly overlooked fact about Philippine history is that there are many events in Philippine history in which Filipinos or their colonizers declared the Philippines’ independence.

On April 12, 1895 , Andres Bonifacio proclaimed Philippine independence inside the Pamitinan Cave in Rodriguez, Rizal. On the wall of the cave, Bonifacio wrote “ Viva la independencia Filipinas !” (Long live the Philippine independence!) using a piece of charcoal. Bonifacio, along with seven comrades of the Katipunan who included Emilio Jacinto, hiked the mountain and found the cave, which was a suitable hideout and meeting place. There, they initiated new members into the Katipunan, after which, Bonifacio wrote the informal declaration of independence on the cave’s wall.

In August 1896 , during the Cry of Pugadlawin, Bonifacio and members of the Katipunan also shouted their proclamation of Philippine independence, which was symbolized by their tearing of cedulas, an act that represented their emancipation from Spain’s colonial rule.

On June 12, 1898 , Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines’ independence in Kawit, Cavite. It was also the day when the Philippine flag was first shown and waved, and the Marcha Nacional Filipina, which became the music to the Philippines national anthem, was first heard. Aguinaldo’s proclamation of Philippine independence was formalized with the document, Acta de la Proclamation de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino (Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People), which was read by its author, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. The document is 21 pages long and was signed by 98 Filipinos.

On August 1, 1898 , Aguinaldo's proclamation was ratified by 190 town heads from 16 provinces around the country, giving it legitimacy and power.

On October 14, 1943 , Japan symbolically granted independence to the Philippines by establishing a new government headed by its Filipino president, Jose P. Laurel. The government was branded by historians as “Puppet Government” because of the tight control that the Japanese wielded over its affairs.

Why Do We Celebrate Philippine Independence Day on June 12?

When the Americans decided to grant independence to the Philippines, they made it so it coincided with their own independence day every July 4. It was not a coincidence; they could have chosen the other 364 dates on the calendar, but they chose July 4 as the Philippines’ Independence Day.

On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved the commemoration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. Because of it, many people during that time accused him of politicizing the holiday.

In an address on June 12, 1962, Macapagal explained why he moved Philippines’ Independence Day from July 4, 1946 to June 12, 1898.

“Let me avail of this opportunity to disabuse the minds of those who suggest that the transfer of our commemoration of independence was prompted by the action of the American Congress in backing out of a material commitment and obligation to our people,” he said.

According to Macapagal, it was only correct to recognize June 12 as the country’s true independence day because it was the birthday of the independent Filipino nation. Its proclamation, as explained earlier, had the unprecedented support, unity, and resolve of various leaders from local governments nationwide.

Macapagal also pointed out that it doesn’t matter whether actual independence was in effect during or after the proclamation. He argued that when America declared its independence from England on July 4, 1776, it was only after 7 years on September 3, 1783 when their former mother country formally recognized the United States’ independence.

“Nevertheless, the American people have regarded July 4 as their day of freedom. In the same way, June 12, 1898 is the true birthday of an independent Filipino nation, for it was on this day that they called the whole world to witness their powerful resolve to consider themselves absolved of allegiance to the Spanish crown,” said Macapagal.

“There had been other Asian revolutions before. But the revolution which culminated on June 12, 1898 was the first successful national revolution in Asia since the coming of the West, and the Republic to which it gave birth was the first democratic Republic outside of the Western hemisphere.”

“The irrefutable claim of June 12 as our day of freedom is bolstered by the fact that it is the culmination of many acts of patriotism and nationalism. June 12, 1898 is pregnant with meaning not only for our people as the birthday of their sovereign nation but also for the world, since it was our Filipino patriots and leaders, Rizal, Aguinaldo and Bonifacio, who led the nations of Asia in breaking the chains of colonialism in order that they may breathe the fresh air of individual liberty and national dignity,” Macapagal said.

So, there you have it. The Philippines’ Independence Day does not have to fall on the exact date when it gained sovereignty. Macapagal knew this. It falls on June 12 because it was the day when Filipinos, exercising their self-determination, showed the world that we can stand on our own and have a clear understanding of the principles of democracy the enduring values of freedom.

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This Day In History : June 12

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Philippine independence declared

During the Spanish-American War , Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim the independence of the Philippines after 300 years of Spanish rule. By mid-August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops had ousted the Spanish, but Aguinaldo’s hopes for independence were dashed when the United States formally annexed the Philippines as part of its peace treaty with Spain.

The Philippines, a large island archipelago situated off Southeast Asia, was colonized by the Spanish in the latter part of the 16th century. Opposition to Spanish rule began among Filipino priests, who resented Spanish domination of the Roman Catholic churches in the islands. In the late 19th century, Filipino intellectuals and the middle class began calling for independence. In 1892, the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society, was formed in Manila, the Philippine capital on the island of Luzon. Membership grew dramatically, and in August 1896 the Spanish uncovered the Katipunan’s plans for rebellion, forcing premature action from the rebels. Revolts broke out across Luzon, and in March 1897, 28-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo became leader of the rebellion.

By late 1897, the revolutionaries had been driven into the hills southeast of Manila, and Aguinaldo negotiated an agreement with the Spanish. In exchange for financial compensation and a promise of reform in the Philippines, Aguinaldo and his generals would accept exile in Hong Kong. The rebel leaders departed, and the Philippine Revolution temporarily was at an end.

In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a rebellion in Cuba. The first in a series of decisive U.S. victories occurred on May 1, 1898, when the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements with U.S. authorities to return to the Philippines and assist the United States in the war against Spain. He landed on May 19, rallied his revolutionaries, and began liberating towns south of Manila. On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine independence and established a provincial government, of which he subsequently became head.

His rebels, meanwhile, had encircled the Spanish in Manila and, with the support of Dewey’s squadron in Manila Bay, would surely have conquered the Spanish. Dewey, however, was waiting for U.S. ground troops, which began landing in July and took over the Filipino positions surrounding Manila. On August 8, the Spanish commander informed the United States that he would surrender the city under two conditions: The United States was to make the advance into the capital look like a battle, and under no conditions were the Filipino rebels to be allowed into the city. On August 13, the mock Battle of Manila was staged, and the Americans kept their promise to keep the Filipinos out after the city passed into their hands.

While the Americans occupied Manila and planned peace negotiations with Spain, Aguinaldo convened a revolutionary assembly, the Malolos, in September. They drew up a democratic constitution, the first ever in Asia, and a government was formed with Aguinaldo as president in January 1899. On February 4, what became known as the Philippine Insurrection began when Filipino rebels and U.S. troops skirmished inside American lines in Manila. Two days later, the U.S. Senate voted by one vote to ratify the Treaty of Paris with Spain. The Philippines were now a U.S. territory, acquired in exchange for $20 million in compensation to the Spanish.

In response, Aguinaldo formally launched a new revolt–this time against the United States. The rebels, consistently defeated in the open field, turned to guerrilla warfare, and the U.S. Congress authorized the deployment of 60,000 troops to subdue them. By the end of 1899, there were 65,000 U.S. troops in the Philippines, but the war dragged on. Many anti-imperialists in the United States, such as Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan , opposed U.S. annexation of the Philippines, but in November 1900 Republican incumbent William McKinley was reelected, and the war continued.

On March 23, 1901, in a daring operation, U.S. General Frederick Funston and a group of officers, pretending to be prisoners, surprised Aguinaldo in his stronghold in the Luzon village of Palanan and captured the rebel leader. Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States and called for an end to the rebellion, but many of his followers fought on. During the next year, U.S. forces gradually pacified the Philippines. In an infamous episode, U.S. forces on the island of Samar retaliated against the massacre of a U.S. garrison by killing all men on the island above the age of 10. Many women and young children were also butchered. General Jacob Smith, who directed the atrocities, was court-martialed and forced to retire for turning Samar, in his words, into a “howling wilderness.”

In 1902, an American civil government took over administration of the Philippines, and the three-year Philippine insurrection was declared to be at an end. Scattered resistance, however, persisted for several years.

More than 4,000 Americans perished suppressing the Philippines–more than 10 times the number killed in the Spanish-American War. More than 20,000 Filipino insurgents were killed, and an unknown number of civilians perished.

In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established with U.S. approval, and Manuel Quezon was elected the country’s first president. On July 4, 1946, full independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines by the United States.

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Three important reasons to remember Independence Day

The official declaration of the Philippines’ independence is one of the most treasured milestones that we Filipinos achieved in our rich history.

After being colonized by many nations in the past centuries, our freedom is priceless.

Since 1962, Philippine Independence Day has been celebrated every June 12 after President Diosdado Macapagal changed the date from July 4, the day when a treaty was made declaring the freedom of the Philippines from the United States.

The move was in commemoration of the declaration of independence from the Spaniards led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

July 4 was then declared as Philippine Republic Day or American-Filipino Friendship Day.

To remember the sacrifices of our heroes and appreciate sovereignty

“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate communion with their thoughts, their deeds, and their noble lives.”—Claro M. Recto, Jr.

This day is not just a regular holiday, it is this day that Filipinos remember the courage and sacrifices by soldiers and heroes who fought for our motherland.

Inspired by their strength to fight and dedication to free the country against colonizers should be remembered by the generations of today and the years to come.

These heroic acts should be appreciated as much as we appreciate the endowment of sovereignty.

To show your love for your country

“I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves—for his country and for others dear to him.”—Jose Rizal

It is not only important to celebrate this holiday, but it is also important not to forget its significance for the Philippines.

Many Filipinos offered their talents and skills and put their lives at risk to achieve our independence.

Their heroic stories should serve as lessons to learn as citizens of this country.

We may have different ways of showing our love for the Philippines but let us appreciate even the little things that we do to express how much we love our country.

As simple as keeping our surroundings clean and organized, being a law abiding citizen or serving the country in your own little way is already an act of showing your love.

On this day we also remember the sacrifices of front-liners and essential workers to help our country in times of need.

To spread awareness of Filipino culture

“Let us teach our people again to be proud that they are Filipinos. Let us teach them to realize anew that being a Filipino means having as rich and noble a heritage of language, culture, patriotism and heroic deeds as any nation on earth. —Carlos P. Romulo

More than remembering our hard-earned freedom, may this day be an opportunity to appreciate Filipino heritage, culture and tradition.

Our rich and colorful traditions and culture from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao show that the Filipino Character is not only brave and courageous.

We Filipinos are talented and skillful in many disciplines.

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Be proud of every inch of you as a Filipino, celebrate Independence Day not just today but everyday.

With SM Seaside City Cebu’s #SupportLocalAtSM, you can show your support for Pinoy goods by purchasing local!

Buy Pinoy with SM Pick & Go and visit their Philippine Independence Mall Catalogue for the list of participating stores and promos: tiny.cc/SMSeasidePIDCatalogue

As simple as ordering you can be one of the lucky people to watch Filipino Rock Legend, Bamboo as he performs his hit songs via Zoom in an online Independence Day concert on June 20!

Support local and support original pinoy music with SM Seaside City Cebu!

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Today's state of philippine independence.

On June 12, the Philippines will once again celebrate its Independence Day. In the wake of a tumultuous presidential election, a devastating global pandemic, and uneasy economic and geopolitical times, it is perhaps wise to reflect upon the history and significance of commemorating such a day. By examining the circumstances under which June 12 emerged as the official Philippine Independence Day, as well as the intended function of national holidays as a whole, we might become better equipped to navigate divided and uncertain futures.

June 12 was not always our official Independence Day. It was made-so on May 12, 1964, by then-president Diosdado Macapagal. Macapagal moved the celebration to June 12 in order to commemorate Emilio Aguinaldo’s original proclamation of Philippine independence from Spain on the same date in 1898. In his 1962 Independence Day Address, Macapagal elaborated on the rationale for the change, “The irrefutable claim of June 12 as our day of freedom is bolstered by the fact that it is the culmination of many acts of patriotism and nationalism. June 12, 1898 is pregnant with meaning not only for our people as the birthday of their sovereign nation but also for the world, since it was our Filipino patriots and leaders, Rizal, Aguinaldo and Bonifacio, who led the nations of Asia in breaking the chains of colonialism in order that they may breathe the fresh air of individual liberty and national dignity”. He viewed the change as a restoration of the legacy of the Filipino struggle for independence against Spain. As we are well aware, such a legacy was disrupted by half a century of U.S. colonial rule.

We used to celebrate Independence Day on July 4. The Philippines became a nation free from formal colonization on July 4, 1946. That Independence Day followed a brutal armed conflict against Japanese occupation in the Second World War, as well as the terms established by the 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act which granted the Philippines independence from the United States following a ten-year transition period. A combination of arms and political negotiation constituted that chapter of the independence saga. Though the decades that followed were by no means tranquil. Asymmetrical political and economic relations with the West, broadly conceived, endured. Foreign imperialism was replaced by domestic dictatorship. The ills that have always plagued nations continue to plague this one. So why celebrate Independence Day?

We understand the significance of Independence Day to the state, but what does it mean to the nation? Independence Day commemorates the establishment of a sovereign Philippines. Sovereignty constitutes the source of authority over a given polity. In other words, where does power ultimately lie? In the context of the Philippine state, a postcolonial one, this has always meant the freedom of whichever nascent Philippine Republic to enact its own laws, to set its own diplomatic agenda, and to govern its own people. In extremely reductionist terms, independence in this context means that the highest office in the land is the Philippine head of state, not the Spanish Crown, or the American President, or the Japanese Prime Minister. The nation enters the picture when provisions like “Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them” exist and are taken to heart. The hyphen that binds the conceptual integrity of the nation-state is a delicate one. The latter, in principle, should serve the former. Though this has not always been the case. When celebrating Independence Day, we might wish to embody the spirit of the “Filipino patriots and leaders” Macapagal referenced in his address. We inhabit their memory to recall the conditions they witnessed their fellow Filipinos living under, to reflect on the reasons behind their dissatisfaction with the status quo, and to understand that it was and should always remain a struggle for an independent people. We celebrate so we might never forget that there remains much work to be done.

Ultimately, was Macapagal right in changing the Philippine Independence Day date? I personally would agree. National holidays have never been about historical accuracy or geopolitical technicality. To paraphrase Eric Hobsbawm, they are “invented traditions” meant to instill a sense of cohesion in the imagined community that is the nation. Aguinaldo’s Republic might only have been nominally independent, but that’s not the point. Britain recognized an independent United States seven years after it had declared itself so, yet Americans continue to celebrate on the Fourth of July – Macapagal made this exact point. June 12 exists as a symbolic independence. The Philippines had to wait another forty-eight years before actual independence. Commemorating a symbol, rather than an actuality, beckons us to ask broader questions. Is the nation independent and sovereign, or merely the state? Are all its people empowered, or merely a handful of actors as in our not-so-distant colonial past? When we speak of “our” independence, who are we leaving out of the conversation? Do we think enough of the ethnic and religious minorities marginalized not only in present discourse, but also to whom June 12, 1898 means very little historically. These are but some of the questions we must begin to ask. A tall order, yes, but Filipinos are no strangers to division and uncertainty. Our history has always been one of struggle and negotiation; on the battlefield, in legislative halls (both foreign and domestic), and in the symbolic realm home to grand debates over the national narrative we choose to internalize as a citizenry. By considering why we celebrate June 12, what we became independent from, and who exactly the “we” is in this story, we look not for definitive answers but aim instead to foster productive conversations.

The views and opinions expressed are those of the speakers and participants and, unless expressly stated to the contrary, do not reflect the opinion, position or official policy of Asia Society Philippines, its members, or its committees. Asia Society Philippines does not endorse or approve, and assumes no responsibility for the content of the information presented.

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Luis Zuriel P. Domingo

September 12th, 2023, a history of philippine independence day.

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Recognising the Philippine Revolution and its revolutionaries as the zenith of Filipino assertion of power and identity, Macapagal continued to speak about the unfinished revolution during the day of recognition of Filipino revolutionary heroes like Andres Bonifacio, writes Luis Zuriel P. Domingo

_______________________________________________

On 12 June 2023, Filipinos celebrated the 125th anniversary of Philippine independence. Despite the warning of potential thunderstorms brought about by the southwest monsoon, the national and local government in Manila pushed for the ceremonial flag raising and wreath laying at Luneta Park. The government had specified that the 125th anniversary would inaugurate a three-year celebration of Philippine independence and nationhood centred on remembering the founding of the Republic in 1898 until the capture of its president by the Americans in 1901.

Historically, the Philippines has had three independence days. But, of course, the country only celebrates one. The first is 12 June 1898, the current date that the Philippine government recognises and the one celebrated months ago. In 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo, the revolution’s leader, declared independence at Kawit, Cavite, ending the more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippine Islands; the following year he was declared President of the First Republic under the Malolos Constitution. The second was during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The Empire of Japan sponsored the Second Republic on 14 October 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as its president. It was a kind of revival of the First Republic that was short-lived in 1901 when the United States interrupted the Philippine revolution and newfound republic. The third was on 4 July 1946. Right before the Second World War ended in the Pacific, the United States reclaimed the Philippines from Japan. Reinstating their rule and keeping their promise of independence, the Americans “granted” the Filipinos their long-aspired independence on 4 July 1946, the date of United States Independence Day, as a sign of American nurturing and upholding their civilising mission of the Manifest Destiny and the White Man’s Burden.

The question, however, is why Filipinos celebrate the 12 June 1898 day of independence and not the 4 July 1946. Interestingly, the changing of Filipino Independence Day from 4 July to 12 June had its history to tell.

Following the Second World War, some Filipinos were disappointed with the idea that the Americans “granted” Filipino independence as a sign of gratitude in the face of the colonial experience. For them, while the United States had given the Filipinos political independence, the country remained economically and militarily dependent on its former colonial master. For instance, from their point of view, the signing of treaties with Washington kept the Philippines under the American sphere of influence during the Cold War: The Bell Trade Act (1946) and the Military Bases Agreement (1947).

These nationalist Filipinos, mostly statesmen and intellectuals who were part of the Second Republic or members and sympathisers of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas , have argued that the Americans have only given the Filipinos their desired independence in minimalist terms but have remained in effective control over the country’s sovereignty. This was the beginning when neocolonialism or imperialism became their point of contention against the country’s continued regression and anaemic economic development in the postcolonial setting.

From their point of view, this so-called American neocolonialism and imperialism have remained the cause of problems for the Philippines. Teodoro Agoncillo, a Filipino historian, even dedicated a chapter tackling neocolonialism and imperialism in his Philippine history textbook, History of the Filipino People (1960). According to Lisandro Claudio (2017), in his preface to the second edition of State and Society in the Philippines , Agoncillo’s oeuvre is more than just a textbook. It became sort of a bible for the anticolonial-nationalist movements in the Philippines in the 1960s-70s.

With this zeitgeist of anti-Americanism came the changing of the date of independence in the Philippines. In 1962, nearly two decades since the country had been celebrating the 4 July day of independence, President Diosdado Macapagal, in an unprecedented move, issued a proclamation moving the day commemorating Philippine Independence from 4 July to 12 June.

The reason behind Macapagal’s decision was his souring relationship with the United States. Historian Joseph Scalice has argued that Macapagal’s bold move stemmed from the Harry Stonehill scandal, followed by a falling out with Washington, which affected the Filipino veteran’s pension benefits in return for their service in fighting against the Japanese during the war.

Historian Reynaldo Ileto (2016) also shed light on this historical narrative. Ileto discovered that the Philippine Historical Association (PHA), one of the biggest historical organisations in the country founded in 1955, was also behind the idea of moving Independence Day from 4 July to 12 June. The PHA and its members, mostly historians who were antipathetic to the United States, wanted to bring into public discourse the concept of the so-called “ unfinished revolution .”

How did the PHA play a part in Macapagal’s decision? Gabriel Fabella, the PHA’s first president and chairperson of the University of the Philippines history department at that time, was the architect behind the idea . The PHA and its members wanted to promote and revive the concept of the Philippine Revolution in the late 1950s, and they saw an opportunity in 1962.

As for Macapagal , he used the “unfinished revolution” to express his bitterness against the United States. But for PHA and its members, changing the day of independence back to the First Republic’s Day of Independence declaration was consciously critical, especially for nationalist historians in the PHA like Fabella and Agoncillo.

From then on, Macapagal started using the same language and grammar as the nationalist intellectuals who had long questioned American neocolonialism and imperialism. In his words , Macapagal has stated that it is only correct to recognise 12 June as the day of independence, as the Philippines was “the first successful national revolution in Asia since the coming of the West, and the Republic to which it gave birth was the first democratic Republic outside the Western hemisphere.”

What is also interesting to consider is Macapagal’s Independence Day speech the following year in 1963, where he first coined the term Unfinished Revolution: “Our national revolution may thus be said to have been interrupted six decades ago, so that today and for a time to come we are faced with the remaining tasks of the Unfinished Revolution.” Macapagal, like the PHA, reminded the Filipinos that the duty and vision of the nineteenth-century Philippine Revolution remain unfinished; hence, it is right to remember the glorious revolutionary past.

Macapagal was more than a nationalist. According to Scalice (2020) and Ileto (2016), the fallout with the Americans also shifted Macapagal’s international interest. In this case, Macapagal made an effort to ally himself with Indonesia’s Sukarno. Although coming from a liberal-conservative political party, Macapagal found a similar “revolutionary” path that was comparable—sharing a similar rhetoric—with Sukarno’s idea of a revolution. But Scalice has argued that it was only a political move, given that Macapagal was eyeing support and alliance from a newly reborn Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas and the Left in the 1960s.

Since that time, the Philippines has continued to recognise and celebrate its day of independence on 12 June every year. From a postcolonial vantage point, we can assume that Macapagal’s move was favourable and commendable. It was a strong imposition of Filipino identity in a period when the Philippines was attempting to decolonise and distinguish itself on the regional and global theatre.

But the more important question is how Filipinos have come to regard the idea of independence. Does it remind them of the patriotism and nationalism that it achieved? Perhaps, a celebration of freedom? Or is it just a mere holiday?

In a country where the study of history appears to be in danger because of massive disinformation and the removal of Philippine history as a subject from secondary education, these questions not only require answers but also reflect Filipino aspirations towards true freedom and independence as well.

______________________________________________

*Banner photograph of Philippine flag by iSawRed on Unsplash

*The views expressed in the blog are those of the authors alone. They do not reflect the position of the Saw Swee Hock Southeast Asia Centre, nor that of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

About the author

Luis Zuriel P. Domingo is with the Department of History and Philosophy of the University of the Philippines Baguio. He received his BA and MA History from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. His research interests focus on the history of nationalism in Southeast Asia, emphasising the Philippines.

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Celebrating the 123rd Philippine Independence Day: What independence means to Filipinos

JUNE 12 marks the day the Philippines gained independence from Spain after being under its colonial rule for four centuries.

On this day every year, Filipinos — in the Philippines and beyond — commemorate and celebrate the country’s hard-won freedom.

However, there was a time when Filipinos observed “Araw ng Kasarinlan” or “Araw ng Kalayaan” on July 4, which is the same day as American Independence Day.

A refresher on Philippine history shows that the country found itself under another rule less than a year after declaring its independence. The Philippines was given to the United States by Spain as part of the 1898 Treaty of Paris Agreement when it lost the war against the U.S.

The refusal to acknowledge the Philippines’ declaration of independence pushed Filipinos to revolt against the U.S., triggering the Philippine-American War that went on from 1899 to 1902.

But it was only on July 4, 1946 that the Philippines gained sovereignty through the Treaty of Manila. This prompted Filipinos to celebrate the country’s independence on that date, which continued annually for 15 years until Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal officially changed the date back to June 12.

“It is proper that what we should celebrate is not the day when other nations gave recognition to our independence, but the day when we declared our desire to exercise our inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence,” Macapagal said in a 1962 public address on Independence Day.

June 12, 1898 is the “true birthday of an independent Filipino nation” for its resolve to declare itself “absolved of allegiance to the Spanish crown,” the president added.

This year, the Philippines will mark its 123rd year of independence from Spanish rule with the theme “Kalayaan 2021: Diwa sa Pagkakaisa at Paghilom ng Bayan (Spirit of Freedom for National Unity and Healing).”

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), which leads the nationwide Independence Day celebration, will mark the holiday by conducting flag-raising and wreath-laying rites at various locations including the Rizal National Monument in Rizal Park, Manila; Bonifacio National Monument, Caloocan City; Barasoain Church Historical Landmark, Malolos, Bulacan; and Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite.

In the United States, Filipino American communities and organizations — from Los Angeles to New York, and everywhere in between — observe the holiday through festivals, parades, performances and flag-raising ceremonies. As the country begins to slowly reopen, events this year will continue to be virtual or offer a hybrid approach with social distancing and capacity limits in place.

Meaning As the years go by and the country continues to observe the holiday, the meaning and significance of the Philippine Independence Day have changed for Filipinos.

Lourdes Capule, an online teacher from Bulacan, said that this celebration is for Filipino heroes.

“To me, the Philippine Independence Day is a strong reminder of everything our heroes selflessly dedicated so we could be free. It is also a good time to reflect on the values they imparted and how we can inculcate them in our lives,” she said.

“Even though we have National Heroes Day, I can’t help but to think of them on Independence Day,” she added.

Capule noted that the country’s liberty was the Filipino heroes’ “ultimate goal,” reminding her of “how they valiantly fought” to set the Philippines free and give Filipinos their own identity.

“Even when faced with foes they seemed no match to, they never lost heart. What they lacked in, they made up for with wit and grit,” she said.

“They are who we should aspire to be: bold, brilliant, unyielding, and loyal to their country and not to the powers that be. We must forever be grateful for their sacrifices. These exceptional ancestors of ours give meaning to this special day,” she added.

John Almerc Dy, a BPO specialist from Marikina City mirrored this sentiment, saying “Ang araw ng kalayaan ay isang espesyal na araw upang ipaalala sa bawat Pilipino na maraming bayani ang nagbuwis ng buhay makamit lamang ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas ( The Independence Day is a special day to remind every Filipino that a lot of heroes sacrificed their lives to achieve the Philippines’ independence ).”

“Kaya naman, dapat nating mahalin ang ating bansa at ipagtanggol kung sakali mang dumating ang pagkakataon na may dayuhan na muling magtatangka na agawin ulit ito sa atin ( That’s why, we should love our country and defend it in the event that foreigners try to take [our freedom] away again ),” he added.

Meanwhile, Fatima Abdukahil, who works in Taguig City, saw the country’s Independence Day as the “declaration of new ideas.”

“I think we all know that June 12 is the declaration of the Philippine Independence from Spain, and that was way back in 1898. But with the new era and new generations, what is really great about the Philippine Independence is also the declaration of new ideas,” she noted.

“Of course, there is a lot to tackle about the conquest of Spain, Americans, Japanese, and even from the dictatorships of former Philippine leaders. But with the new era, we are also embracing the changes. We are now in an era where we can choose whoever we want, and what we want to do. This is a declaration of free minds and Independence,” she added.

However, Abdukahil pointed out the need for accountability from Filipinos as we enjoy our independence and freedom.

“For every freedom and Independence that we are gaining, there is always a responsibility and accountability that we need to look out for. That is why we have the constitution, the law, and ethics to be looked out for,” she said.

Likewise, Lairamel Tolang, an editor from Pasay City, said that the Philippine Independence Day is a reminder for Filipinos to “take a closer look at the status quo.”

“[Independence Day] is a remembrance of how our country was freed from colonizers that once took control of our land and heavily influenced a big part of our culture,” she said.

Tolang stressed, “It is also a constant reminder to take a closer look at the status quo, reassess the ‘independence’ that we have now, and come up and share attainable solutions on how we could experience a more extensive independence and freedom from the people and system that overpower us.”

While the holiday is for celebrating the country’s hard-won freedom, Airamae Guerrero, who works for a start-up company in Pasay, noted that the Philippines’ current situation has made it difficult to do so.

“It’s hard to see the silver lining of freedom at this moment when innocent lives are being taken away, Filipinos are losing jobs, small businesses are shutting down, and I can hardly see concrete actions from the administration to defend its people from COVID and its socio-economic effect,” she said.

“This pandemic has shown that freedom is only being enjoyed by a few — the powerful and born with privilege,” added Guerrero.

On the other hand, Pasig City-based Patricia Benito outright questioned if Filipinos still have their freedom today.

“To be honest at this point, sa situation ng bansa natin, may totoong independence pa ba? Kasi kahit, oo given na independent tayo, pero kung araw-araw parang sinasakal ka lang ng gobyerno — slowly but surely — may halaga pa ba yung independence ( To be honest at this point, with our country’s situation, do we still have true independence? Even though we are independent, if our government seems to be stifling us — slowly but surely — does independence still have significance )?” she said.

Benito was referring to the controversial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 (ATA) that took effect last year on July 18 in the country.

Under the anti-terror law — which expands on the Human Security Act of 2007 — incitement of terrorism can be done “by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations…without taking any direct part in the commission of terrorism.”

Those arrested and detained may be held for 14 to 24 days.

The law also enables the suspected “terrorist” to also be placed under surveillance for 60 days, extendable by up to 30 more days, by the police or the military.

“Siguro kung sa mababaw na interpretation, nasasabi ko freely yung gusto kong sabihin online or with my friends, pero kahit yung simpleng posts online honestly natatakot din ako na baka ma-red tag din ako dahil lang sa isang post ( Maybe in shallower interpretations, I can freely say what I want online or with my friends, but even the simple posts online, honestly I’m scared of being red-tagged too just because of a single post ),” Benito explained.

Meanwhile, Jomaica Lizardo, a BPO specialist in Quezon City, claimed that true independence means Filipinos being able to think critically for the country.

“I think the true Philippine independence would be pag nakakawala na tayo sa kulay and mas mag-isip na ng malawak para sa ikakabuti ng Pilipinas ( when we have gotten rid of our prejudices and we can broaden our way of thinking for the betterment of the Philippines ),” she said.

She also urged everyone to remember and emulate the bravery displayed by Filipino heroes who fought for the Philippines’ freedom as the country celebrates its Independence Day.

“Huwag natin sabihin na hayaan na lang yung mga dayuhan na sumasakop ng isla natin just because takot tayo sa giyera ( We shouldn’t say that we should just allow foreigners to take over our islands just because we’re scared of war ),” Lizardo said.

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Philippines Independence Day – June 12, 2025

The Philippines, consisting of more than 7,000 separate islands in the western Pacific, declared independence from Spanish rule over 120 years ago. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was responsible for making this claim but it wasn’t until 1962 that then-President Diosdado Macapagal made it a public holiday through a presidential proclamation. The Filipino flag was unfurled for the first time on this day June 12 in 1898 at an inspiring celebration, which also featured the first public playing of the Philippines national anthem. The nation has made great strides. It’s considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country. Tourism also makes a large impact on the Philippines economy.

When is Philippines Independence Day 2025?

The Philippines celebrates its independence on June 12 every year.

History of Philippines Independence Day

For over 300 years, the Philippines was a Spanish colony, and is named after King Philip II of Spain. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed on the Philippines islands and claimed it for Spain. Magellan wanted all the local chiefs to submit to the Spanish rule but one of them named Lapu Lapu refused. An attempt was made by Magellan to crush Lapu Lapu, but he failed and was killed.

When Miguel Lopez de Legazpi led an expedition in 1565, the Spaniards finally gained a foothold in the Philippines. They built the city of Intramuros in 1571, which was later renamed Manila, and became the capital of the land. Eventually, Spanish rule took over, and a feudal system was established— with large estates owned by the Spanish, and Filipinos as the workers. The Spanish years brought prosperity to the Philippines, and their rule remained uneventful. This changed when the British captured Manila in 1762. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763, the city was handed back in 1764.

The 19th Century

Feelings of nationalism started to stir in the 19th Century. This rebellion grew with the help of Jose Rizal, an author who wrote two novels “El Filibusterismo” (The Filibusterer), and “Noli Me Tangere” (Touch me Not). These books caused a sensation and nationalism spread like wildfire throughout the Philippines. In 1892, Jose Rizal founded a movement called Liga Filipina, which called for reform rather than revolution. As a result Rizal was arrested and exiled to Dapitan on Mindanao.

Parallel to this, a more extreme organisation was formed by Andres Bonifacio, called the Katipunan. A revolution started in August 1896, and Jose Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896 under the pretense of supporting the revolution, even though he did not. Yet his execution merely inflamed Filipino opinion and the revolution grew.

Next started the war between Spain and the U.S. in 1898. The Spanish fleet was defeated by the Americans in Manila Bay on April 30, 1898. Seizing the opportunity, Filipino revolutionaries surrounded Manila, and their leader Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines as independent on June 12. However, American rule took over when Aguinaldo was captured in 1902.

The 20th Century

Under the leadership of Americans, the Philippines was made a commonwealth, and semi-independent in 1935. Literacy rate also increased as many American teachers were sent to the Philippines. The USA promised that the Philippines would become completely independent in 1945.

On December 10, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines, and captured Manila. All of the Philippines was now in the hands of the Japanese. In October, 1944, American troops returned to the Philippines and recaptured Manila. The Philippines became independent on 4 July 1946. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the newly independent nation.

Philippines Independence Day timeline

Independence Day is celebrated on June 12 because of the general's declaration 121 years ago.

The U.S. occupied the islands from the time they declared their independence from Spain until 1946.

The original version, unveiled in 1899, was written in Spanish.

Corazon Aquino was elected president and served until 1992.

Independence of the Philippines was a mighty feat. On independence day, the sacrifices of the national heroes are remembered, the country’s sovereignty is appreciated, instilling nationalism in the citizens, as well as celebrating the culture and tradition of its people.

Parades are held nationwide, with participation from the government, and the citizens. As it is a national holiday, businesses, offices, and schools are closed, and families spend the day in parks, and doing other celebratory activities. Filipino communities abroad also celebrate with programs, and annual parades.

Philippines Independence Day By The Numbers

7,100 – the number of islands constituting the Philippines.

28.1% – the percentage of Tagalog people that make up the Filipino population.

108.1 million – the population of the Philippines.

80% – the percentage of people in the Philippines who are Roman Catholic.

1521 – the year when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippine islands for Spain.

Philippines Independence Day FAQ s

When did the philippines get its independence.

Officially, The Republic of the Philippines gained independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946.

Why do the Philippines have 2 Independence Days?

The one celebrated June 12 recognizes the day the islands broke free from Spanish rule. However, American forces occupied the Philippines until 1946. Independence came on July 4, the same day as American Independence Day, but Filipinos recognize June 12 as the day of their rightful day of independence.

What is the real Independence Day of the Philippines?

The Republic of the Philippines was formally recognized as independent on July 4, 1946.

Philippines Independence Day Activities

Create your own "family flag".

National, state, and organizational flags are full of symbolism. Why not create a flag that represents your own family's hopes and strengths?

Attend an Independence Day parade

The 2020 Philippine Independence Day Parade will take place in New York City on June 7.

Try a new food

While balut, described as a "duck embryo street food snack," isn't really something we have a craving for, trying new things (usually) doesn't hurt. Most cultures have interesting menu items, so here's a channel your inner Anthony Bourdain to dabble in new, albeit controversial, cuisine for this holiday?

5 Filipinos With Whom We'd Like To Party

Manny pacquiao.

How many boxers wind up in public office? Manny's now a Senator of the Philippines. Try to stay on his good side.

We know — he's only half Filipino. But, if it's the half that's going to order "strawberry champagne on ice" with that magical voice, we'll take it.

Imelda Marcos

The wife of former President Ferdinand Marcos, she was forced to flee along with him to Hawaii after a coup in 1986. Imelda also had something to do with shoes.

Lou Diamond Phillips

Two words: La Bamba! An extremely talented actor who often flies under the radar, he's like that missing aircraft in a nasty storm. When he finally comes back on screen, you're so relieved to see him again. Welcome back, old buddy!

Fluent in three languages? Check! Weirdest name ever? Probably not, but close. Member of a band that leaves you with conflicted feelings about your musical tastes? Yup! The always stylish Apl.de.ap of the Black Eyed Peas would definitely keep things interesting at the dinner table.

Why We Love Philippines Independence Day

The phillippines actually have two independence days.

The one celebrated June 12 recognizes the day the islands broke free from Spanish rule. However, American forces occupied the Philippines until 1946. Independence came on July 4, the same day as American Independence Day , but Filipinos recognize June 12 as the day of their rightful day of independence.

Their national flag design has not changed

Talk about loyalty. The original iteration of the flag, unfurled in 1898, is the one Filipinos still fly proudly today. The flag's white triangle stands for equality, while the sunburst inside represents the eight provinces that took up arms agains Spain. The blue stripe stands for peace, truth and justice and the red stripe for patriotism and valor. The three stars symbolize the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

"[Indepencence] was the most significant event in our country's history. Not only did we put an end to more than three centuries of subservience but we also resolved to determine the course of our own destiny as a nation." — Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte on June 11, 2019.

Philippines Independence Day dates

Year	Date	Day
2025	June 12	Thursday
2026	June 12	Friday
2027	June 12	Saturday
2028	June 12	Monday
2029	June 12	Tuesday

Philippines Independence Day related holidays

Fourth of July

Mexican Independence Day

Brazil Independence Day

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For Filipinos across the globe, June is a time to honor the Philippines’ long-sought independence

People participate in the Philippine Independence Day parade in New York, Sunday, June 2, 2024. Independence Day in the Philippines is observed annually on June 12, commemorating the country’s independence from Spain in 1898. (AP Photo/Patrick Sison)

A plane flies above a Philippine flag at the Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine, where Philippine independence from Spain was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite province, Philippines, Monday, June 10, 2024. The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day, which falls on June 12, stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago. Millions of Filipinos across major U.S. cities, as well as Europe, Australia, and even the United Arab Emirates, will be able to find parades, street fairs, galas, and other gatherings close to home. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)

Workers prepare the Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine where Philippine independence from Spain was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite province, Philippines on Monday, June 10, 2024. The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day, which falls on June 12, stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago. Millions of Filipinos across major U.S. cities, as well as Europe, Australia, and even the United Arab Emirates, will be able to find parades, street fairs, galas, and other gatherings close to home. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)

Workers prepare the Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine where Philippine independence from Spain was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite province, Philippines, Monday, June 10, 2024. The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day, which falls on June 12, stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago. Millions of Filipinos across major U.S. cities, as well as Europe, Australia, and even the United Arab Emirates, will be able to find parades, street fairs, galas, and other gatherings close to home. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)

A worker prepares the Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine, where Philippine independence from Spain was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite province, Philippines, Monday, June 10, 2024. The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day, which falls on June 12, stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago. Millions of Filipinos across major U.S. cities, as well as Europe, Australia, and even the United Arab Emirates, will be able to find parades, street fairs, galas, and other gatherings close to home. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)

Children play at an obstacle course as organizers stage games as part of celebrations for Philippine Independence Day in Manila, Philippines, Monday, June 10, 2024. The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day, which falls on June 12, stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago. Millions of Filipinos across major U.S. cities, as well as Europe, Australia, and even the United Arab Emirates, will be able to find parades, street fairs, galas, and other gatherings close to home. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)

People participate in the Philippine Independence Day parade in New York on Sunday, June 2, 2024. Independence Day in the Philippines is observed annually on June 12, commemorating the country’s independence from Spain in 1898. (AP Photo/Patrick Sison)

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In the Philippines — where Spanish and later U.S. colonial rule persisted for nearly four centuries — June 12 is the real Independence Day. That date in 1898 was the pivotal moment when the island nation first made a bold move for autonomy.

Ahead of this year’s holiday in Manila, the nation’s capital, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. called on Filipinos in a video message to display the country’s flag everywhere “as we continue to fight for independence. Independence in different aspects of our being Filipinos, but more than this independence in our territory, our sovereignty.”

Since 2023, the Philippines has faced increasingly tense territorial confrontations with Beijing in the South China Sea.

The much-awaited annual celebration would be festive with an array of activities, which started Monday at the capital’s historic Rizal Park, Marcos said. There’s a bazaar along with government stalls offering services to the public. The festivities include a cooking competition, a chili pepper-eating contest, free showing of movies about Filipino heroes, free nightly concerts and an obstacle-course race. A parade of 22 floats representing different provinces will be staged on Independence Day to be capped by a musical concert, he said.

The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago, from the United Kingdom to the United Arab Emirates. Millions of Filipinos across cities in the U.S., Europe and Australia will be able to find parades, street fairs, galas and other gatherings close to home. Some are even flying in well-known talent from the Philippines. The occasion’s growing reach and inclusive ethos demonstrate how much the Filipino diaspora continues to assert cultural pride and flourish around the globe.

The fight for independence dates back to 1565 when Spain colonized the Philippines, naming it for King Philip II. It wasn’t until 1896 though that talk of revolution catalyzed action. Andrés Bonifacio, a leader of the Katipunan, a brotherhood of anti-Spain revolutionaries, and others tore up their “cedulas,” residential tax certificates for people considered Spanish subjects.

“It’s like tearing your passport or whatever identifies you as a citizen of a nation,” said Richard Chu, a history professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst who was born in the Philippines. “So, they tore that up symbolically as a break and declared independence — or at least (were) fighting for independence from Spain.”

Emilio Aguinaldo, also a member of the Katipunan, saw an opportunity for liberation when the U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898, over its treatment of Cuba. On June 12, he proclaimed independence and a year later, even became the first president of the Philippine Republic. But, the U.S. refused to recognize the country as a stand-alone territory, igniting the Philippine-American War, which lasted until April 1902.

78 years of independence

The Philippines finally became independent on July 4, 1946. So, the Fourth of July was the traditional holiday until President Diosdado Macapagal changed it in 1964 to June 12.

As a child in the ‘70s, Chu remembers watching preparations in Rizal Park. Festivities started in the morning with the senior Marcos raising the flag as cabinet and military officers looked on. The parade was more of a “military parade followed by people from different government agencies.”

“It’s supposed to be a festive celebration and every other city or major town would have its own Independence Day celebrations,” Chu said.

Independence Day may evoke mixed feelings for some who don’t have the same nationalist fervor or agree with its government’s policies. This is one reason Chu doesn’t feel an urgent need to mark the holiday. At the same time, he likes being with other Filipinos in his community.

“If I lived in Boston, I probably would participate just because of the festivities, like the food vendors and maybe some popular Filipino American scenery,” Chu said. “I am proud to be Filipino for sure.”

Festivities in the U.S.

New York City held a parade and a street fair along Madison Avenue on June 2. The same weekend in Seattle there was a two-day Pagdiriwang Philippine Festival. There have been large fiestas and smaller picnics in Texas, California and Colorado, among other states.

In Phoenix, the Arizona Diamondbacks baseball team is holding its first-ever Filipino Heritage Celebration at Tuesday’s game against the Los Angeles Angels.

Amilyn Pierce, who is part Filipino and the Diamondbacks’ vice-president of government affairs, credits a team business consultant who is also Filipino, Hunter Fitton, with pitching the Independence Day event. He pointed out high presence of Filipinos in the state. He also recruited local Filipino dance groups and food trucks. Diamondbacks caps with the Philippines flag also sold out.

“I was surprised to find that out that there was such a huge Filipino community,” Pierce said. “I just really love that the team has made it a priority to reach outside of maybe what someone might think is the normal or the stereotypical demographic.”

Celebrations in Europe

Across countries in Europe, there are large gatherings with longstanding reputations. Given that the Filipino diaspora is one of the largest diaspora populations in the world, it’s not surprising how many celebrations there are, said Chu, the Amherst professor.

In the Netherlands, the Kalayann Fiesta Foundation Netherlands held an Independence Day Picnic over the weekend. Ice Seguerra, a popular Filipino actor and singer-songwriter who is a transgender man, was the guest performer.

Journey Torres, who immigrated to the Netherlands from the Philippines in 1999 when he was 8, recalls going to a Philippine Independence Day event in Amsterdam two years later. He described it as having the atmosphere of a small “family barbecue party.” There weren’t many other Filipinos then. But by the 2010s, jobs and cultural exchange programs brought more. The event gained more notoriety with Filipinos coming from Germany and Belgium.

“Now there are also busses that goes from Belgium to the Netherlands,” Torres said. “I believe it’s one of the first Philippine Independence Day celebrations that was organized here in mainland Europe.”

The Philippine Independence Day Association in Rome has been organizing events for over 15 years in hotels, parks and piazzas. They seem to keep getting bigger and drawing Filipinos from all over Italy, said Jaiane Morales, the event’s programming deputy.

This year’s daylong fete, which was Sunday, took place inside a concert hall but with Pinoy food stalls outside that, among other fare, served the traditional Filipino ice cream dessert of halo halo as well as the Italian classic gelato. The goal is to have a feast of food and “Filipiniana costumes,” Morales said.

The theme of the event’s talent show, “Balik Saya” or “returning joy,” is meant to foster meaningful connection abroad. Millions of Filipinos have departed the Philippines, a leading source of global labor, in search of jobs and better opportunities to earn and provide for loved ones they’ve left behind.

“If they are missing their families at home, then this is one way of easing that loneliness,” Morales said.

___ Associated Press writer Jim Gomez in Manila contributed to this report.

Terry Tang is a Phoenix-based member of AP’s Race and Ethnicity team. You can follow her on X at @ttangAP .

"The mission of the US-Philippines Society is to build on the rich and longstanding historical ties between the United States of America and the Philippines. …and to bring that unique relationship to the 21st century."

Weekly Issues | Reflections on June 12, 1898: Philippine Declaration of Independence amid a “Dangerous International Environment”

June 8, 2020

Featured Contributor

Dr. Frank Jenista

U.S. Foreign Service Officer

Question 1: From the perspective of a historian, what are some lesser known aspects of the Philippines’ Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898?

Filipinos know a great deal about that momentous day. General Aguinaldo had recently returned from exile in Hong Kong to restart the revolution against Spain. There was great enthusiasm upon his return, and even more celebration on June 12 when, in his home town of Kawit, Cavite, the new national flag was displayed, the new national anthem was played and the Filipinos became the first Asian colony to declare their independence.

What few Filipinos and Americans today know about is the dangerous international environment of the time or the Filipinos’ diplomatic strategy – of which the Declaration of Independence was one part.

Question 2: What do you mean by “the dangerous international environment?”

This was the height of the “Age of Imperialism.” Major world powers took pride in building colonial empires. By 1898 much of Asia was under the control of the British, the French and, most recently, the Japanese.

Shortly after Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in May 1898, German, British, French and Japanese warships showed up in Manila Bay, looking for possible opportunities to extend their empires.

The Philippines – the Pearl of the Orient – was a most attractive target. What might happen if the Spanish were driven out? Could some or all of those rich islands become available? There were many intriguing possibilities – and many interested parties.

Germany, now united and seeking to enhance its position on the world stage, was particularly interested – and aggressive. A strong German fleet had been sent to Asia to seek opportunities. In Manila Bay Admiral Von Diederichs landed German Marines on Bataan and opened direct communication with the Spanish in Manila, in violation of then-current rules of neutrality. When ordered to cease and desist by Dewey, Von Diederichs refused, setting up a possible conflict between German and US fleets in Manila Bay. Fighting was averted when the British commander intervened, placing his ships between the Germans and the Americans. Von Diederichs may have been willing to risk conflict between Germany and the upstart USA, but he could not be the cause of a war with the UK.

Von Diederichs also sent one of his warships to Cebu to try to negotiate a separate treaty between Germany and Filipino leaders in the central Visayan islands. Both Germany and Britain had earlier made treaties with the Sultan of Sulu, in the Muslim south of the archipelago.

Question 3: What was the Filipino revolutionary leaders’ response to these dangers?

The Filipinos were following international events closely and their strategy was – Cuba. The situation in Cuba paralleled that in the Philippines – rebels seeking freedom from oppressive Spanish overlords. By the late 1890s it was clear that Americans had great sympathy for the Cuban rebels and seemed likely to assist them in throwing out the Spanish and recognizing Cuban independence – with the all-important guarantee of protection against outside forces. Could the Filipinos manage a similar outcome?

Their first official approach to the Americans came in January, 1897, while the Katipunan revolt was still in progress, 11 months before the Pact of Biac-na-Bato and Aguinaldo’s exile in December of 1897. Filipino leaders in Hong Kong (Jose M. Basa, Doroteo Cortes and A.G. Medina) sent a letter to the US Consul General in Hong Kong imploring the US “to extend its protection over the Filipinos who are now suffering under the tyranny of Spain.”

Cuba was prominent in their petition, praying “that help be extended to the Filipinos to expel the Spanish by force, just as the Emperor Napoleon [sic Louis XVI] helped America in the war of separation from England, by whose aid the Americans attained independence, like assistance to be given to the Cubans who are now fighting for independence – which protection and support the Filipinos now hope and pray may be granted to them, because they are in precisely the same position as the Cubans with their land drenched in blood.”

In November of 1897 the US Consul in Hong Kong reported a discussion with Felipe Agoncillo, a representative “of the new republic of the Philippines,” requesting American assistance against Spain, especially the transport of arms and for a treaty with the US.

After Aguinaldo and other exiled rebel leaders arrived in Hong Kong, and as war rumors increased in the United States, communications picked up significantly among Aguinaldo, American consuls in Hong Kong and Singapore – and Dewey himself once the American fleet arrived in Hong Kong.

The Cuba strategy was at the center of all these conversations. Consul Pratt in Singapore reported that Aguinaldo “declared his ability to establish a proper and responsible government on liberal principles and would be willing to accept the same terms for the country as the United States intend giving to Cuba.”

Aguinaldo kept pressing for an American commitment to the Cuban model for the Filipinos, an assurance which neither the consuls nor Dewey were in a position to give because the McKinley administration had no Philippine policy yet, beyond “defeat the Spanish.”

Dewey personally was supportive, declaring that he knew both Cubans and Filipinos and that, in his opinion, the Filipinos were more capable of self-government. Dewey’s support was amply demonstrated. Two of Aguinaldo’s associates, Jose Alejandrino and Andres de Garchitorena, sailed with Dewey when his fleet left to fight the Spanish in Manila Bay. Aguinaldo was then brought back to the Philippines aboard the USS McCulloch , was welcomed personally by Dewey and spent his first night as Dewey’s guest aboard the flagship Olympia.

The Americans transported some 2,000 Remington rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition from Hong Kong to Manila for Aguinaldo’s rebel forces, and turned over all weapons seized from surrendering Spanish forces in Cavite and Corregidor, as well as 8 Spanish steam launches – the first vessels of a new Philippine navy.

Dewey encouraged Aguinaldo to display the Filipino flag on these launches and saluted the Filipinos according to proper naval etiquette, drawing protests from the German and British commanders. When asked why he permitted the Filipinos to use a flag unrecognized by their vessels, Dewey answered that the Filipinos used the flag with his knowledge and consent; and moreover, “that by their courage and firmness in the war against the Spaniards they were worthy of using that right.”

Aguinaldo used one of these launches to travel to Subic to attack the Spanish there, only to be confronted and threatened in Subic Bay by the German cruiser Irene on behalf of the Spaniards – yet another display of German aggressiveness. Aguinaldo had no choice but to return to Manila and report to Dewey, who sent two US cruisers to Subic to order the Irene out and to assist in forcing the surrender of the Spanish garrison.

It is in the context of this Filipino diplomatic strategy that the June 12 Declaration of Independence appears. Seeking official American recognition of the Declaration, General Aguinaldo reported that “I sent a committee to the Admiral to apprise him of it, inviting him at the same time to take part in the ceremonies, which took place with due formality.” Dewey asked that his absence be excused, and neither he nor any of his officers attended. (It should be noted that by June 12 American officials had been instructed to take no action which could be interpreted as a statement of future American policy – which by then was under intense deliberation in Washington.)

Question 4: But wasn’t there an American present at the celebrations on June 12?

There was – a mysterious Colonel L. M. Johnson. It was important to Aguinaldo that some American should be there whom the assembled people would consider a representative of the United States. Colonel Johnson, in US Army uniform, signed the Declaration of Independence and was presented as Aguinaldo’s chief of artillery, but his name does not appear thereafter in any of Aguinaldo’s extensive papers, nor in US Army records.

Question 5: Filipinos have criticized Aguinaldo for praising the United States in the Declaration of Independence. Your thoughts?

It is important to recall the context. Aguinaldo’s primary goal, once he had gained American support for the fight against Spain, was to achieve international – but especially American – recognition of Philippine independence and, equally essential given the dangerous environment, American protection against interference by outside powers. Aguinaldo repeatedly made similar statements in speeches and in his writings, in the hope that Americans could be persuaded to treat the Philippines like Cuba.

Question 6: Why the difference? Why didn’t the US offer the Philippines what it gave Cuba?

As noted earlier, at the outbreak of war McKinley had no policy toward the Philippines – and had a well-deserved reputation for indecision. Even after peace talks with Spain began in Paris, he changed his instructions to the American negotiators at least four times. His opening position was just a long-term treaty for use of Subic Bay as a naval base – in the same way he asked the Cubans for Guantanamo Bay. The Filipino representatives quickly agreed, and in addition asked for a treaty with the US similar to the one that the Cubans were getting – meaning protection from the imperial powers lurking around their embryonic Philippine republic.

In the end, McKinley decided that the United States could not be responsible for defending the Philippines against all other nations unless he controlled the Philippines. It was one thing to promise to protect Cubans on one island 90 miles from American shores, but quite another to be responsible for defending 7,000 islands 7,000 miles away.

The Filipinos – up to this point allied with the United States against Spain – refused to give up their struggle for independence against the Spanish only to end up under a different colonizer. The inevitable and regrettable result was the Filipino-American War.

As we look back, the truly unfortunate aspect of this history is that the Filipinos, despite a successful revolt against the Spanish, and despite declaring their independence on June 12, 1898, were doomed to lose their independence to the geopolitical forces at play during this high age of imperialism. A newly-independent Philippines would have been too weak, too rich – and too tempting. The Pearl of the Orient was going to be a victim – again.

Question 7: Who do you think might have taken the Philippines if the Americans had sailed away after defeating Spain?

My guess is Britain. It was the strongest imperial power in Asia and strategically could not allow anyone – but especially its main European rival Germany – to cut off lines of communication between British colonies in Malaya/Singapore/Hong Kong and Australia/New Zealand.

No historical evidence has surfaced yet, but it is plausible that Britain approached the dithering McKinley and said, in effect, “if you don’t, we will, so the Germans can’t.”

Question 8: If the Philippines was likely to be a victim of imperial powers, were features of American colonialism different?

First, let me be perfectly clear that I do not defend colonialism. As a scholar, however, it is important to distinguish among the various forms of colonialism. American colonialism was unique. I call it imperialism with a guilty conscience.

Many prominent Americans opposed taking the Philippines as a colony, seeing it as a betrayal of America’s own history of revolution against a colonial ruler. The Treaty of Paris, for example, was hotly debated and approved by a margin of just one vote.

From the beginning the US publicly proclaimed that it intended to prepare the Philippines for independence – a policy Queen Victoria denounced as utter nonsense for a colonial power. Even before the war was over American teachers arrived to create a free public education system. Local and provincial elections were held in 1904, in 1906 elections were held for the lower house of congress (the Philippine Assembly) and by 1916 both houses of congress were Filipino.

In other words, less than 20 years after June 12, 1898 the great majority of Philippine domestic policy was being decided by elected Filipinos and carried out by Filipino administrators.

Would that have satisfied those assembled in Kawit to celebrate the Declaration of Independence? No. Would the rapid transition to Filipino hands have happened under any other colonial power? Also No.

About the Author

Dr. Frank Jenista grew up in the Philippines as the son of missionary parents and earned his Ph.D. in Philippine History from the University of Michigan. During his 25-year career as a US diplomat, Dr. Jenista twice served “back home” at the US Embassy in Manila.

Comments welcome – [email protected] or [email protected]

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July 4, 1946: the philippines gained independence from the united states.

In WWII’s aftermath, July 4 also became Independence Day for the Philippines in 1946.

Top Image: Commemorative stamps celebrating Independence Day from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.

The 4th of July used to be considered an important national holiday in the Philippines. Not because it was the United States’ birthday, but because it was Philippine Independence Day in 1946. Seventy five years ago, the Philippines was recognized as an independent, sovereign country by the United States, which withdrew its authority over the archipelago as colonizer.

Pre-Independence History of the Philippines

The road to July 4, 1946 was long and tenuous. The Philippines had been a Spanish colony since 1565, and since that time numerous revolts broke out challenging Spanish rule. These revolts were disunited, however, until the nineteenth century when nationalism brought forth a more united anti-colonial movement. This culminated in a revolution that broke out in 1896. After much fighting, a stalemate ensued, leading to a ceasefire agreement between Filipino and Spanish leaders.

The outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898 brought Commodore George Dewey and the US Asiatic Squadron to Manila Bay, where they defeated the Spanish Asiatic fleet. The Philippine Revolution resumed in earnest, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo who established a revolutionary government. At the height of its military successes against Spain, the revolutionary government proclaimed independence on June 12, 1898. Aguinaldo became president and the Philippine Republic was formally inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan, in January 1899.

The Spanish-American war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris which decreed that Spain would give up the Philippines, but in turn the archipelago would become a colony of the United States. Filipinos had not been consulted, and as a result the war for independence turned against the United States.

After over two years of fighting, Aguinaldo was captured and President Theodore Roosevelt declared the end of the Philippine-American War. The campaign for independence continued on the political front, even as sporadic violent resistance against American rule continued to break out.

In August 1916, the Jones Law, more formally known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, was passed, promising independence to the Philippines once Filipinos were able to prove that they could govern themselves. No timetable was set, but once the United States declared war on Germany in World War I, Philippine political leaders offered a division of Filipinos to fight on the side of the United States. Filipinos were given great leeway in running the government at that time, but once the Great War ended, the US government reexamined Philippine conditions and strengthened American control of the insular government. Filipinos sent regular independence missions to Washington to call for concrete steps towards independence, which were rebuffed by the prevailing Republican administrations.

The advent of the Great Depression made Congress rethink US-Philippine relations, and passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act in 1933, over President Herbert Hoover’s veto. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (HHC) envisaged a 10 year transitory period during which time the Philippines would establish a semi-autonomous government under an elected Filipino president. The act was rejected by the Philippine Legislature later that year, after much debate and political wrangling. Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippine Senate, proceeded to Washington immediately after to negotiate a more advantageous law, citing among others issues relating to the continuance of US bases in the Philippines after independence, the limits of authority of the Philippine president in the transitory government, and the abrupt end of Philippine preferential trade relations with the United States.

1934 Philippine Independence Act

Quezon, the dominant political leader in the Philippines at that time, believed he could influence the new American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Democratic congress to rectify his main objections in a new Philippine independence bill. Roosevelt and the congress were busy with New Deal policies and were only willing to resuscitate the HHC with very minor changes. Quezon accepted these and returned to Manila. The ensuing act, the Tydings-McDuffie Law, was accepted by the Philippine legislature in May 1934, thus setting the stage for Philippine independence in 1946.

Under the Tydings-McDuffie Law, the Philippines would establish a government to be known as the Philippine Commonwealth, which would steer the Philippines through a 10-year transition period. After completing 10 years of nearly autonomous governance, the United States would withdraw its sovereignty over the islands on July 4 of the succeeding year, and would recognize the Philippines as an independent republic.

Prior to the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth, a constitution had to be drafted. A constitutional convention was thus elected, and finished its draft in February 1935. Roosevelt approved this document, which was to become the legal framework not only of the Philippine Commonwealth, but also of the future Philippine Republic. It was approved in a nationwide plebiscite, and national elections for the new government were held in September 1935. The Philippine Commonwealth was formally inaugurated on November 15, 1935, an unprecedented world event in which the United States, a colonial power, was preparing to let go of its colony. The ramifications were keenly felt among other colonial governments and colonized people. Quezon was predictably elected as president.

The Philippine Commonwealth government had to resolve major problems during the 10-year transition period, among them national defense, social justice, economic development, national integration, and cultural identity. During the over three decades of American colonial rule, the Philippines had become dependent on the US economically, and had no armed forces of its own. These and major agrarian and labor problems had to be resolved. A Philippine Army was formed, and government enterprises in business were launched.

The Philippine Commonwealth was an untried experiment, and the Tydings-McDuffie Law appointed a representative of the US president in the form of a High Commissioner. Gone was the Governor General of earlier years. The High Commissioner would report on the progress of the Philippine experiment, and the US government had oversight functions over legislative, executive, and judicial actions of the Commonwealth. Furthermore, the US government held on to foreign affairs and currency matters. In case the experiment failed, the transition could be scrapped and it would be back to square one. Neither Quezon nor Roosevelt wanted this, so despite much power granted him, Quezon held back where he could.

World War II and the Filipino Guerrilla Movement

Halfway through the experiment, World War II broke out in Europe. Trade was disrupted, and the reality of war reaching the Philippines loomed. The gravity of some problems delayed enforcement of various plans, and some began to ask whether 10 years were enough. Quezon, however, attempted to advance independence at least privately, although this did not bear fruit.

The outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1937 also brought forth the specter of war, through refugees and news of defenseless cities being bombed. But it was the war in Europe that seemed closer: The European capitals were better known to most Filipinos, and the Blitzkrieg and the Battle of Britain became household words.

War did reach the Philippines in December 1941, although strenuous last-minute preparations were made. The US Army Forces in the Far East was created, placing under one command the US Army forces in the Philippines and the mobilized Philippine Army forces. Gen. Douglas MacArthur was placed in command, and modern aircraft and weapons were rushed to the Philippines. It was too late.

The Japanese struck before the defense preparations were completed, decimating the US air forces and naval facilities in the first days of the war. Beach defenses were unable to hold against the Japanese juggernaut, but a fighting withdrawal to Bataan and Corregidor was successful and held against all odds. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to Australia; the Philippine Commonwealth government, which had moved to Corregidor to save Manila from bombing, was itself also removed. Quezon would establish the Commonwealth government in exile in Washington as Bataan and Corregidor were forced to surrender. Roosevelt had, in the meantime, promised to redeem Philippine freedom and to pay for war damages,

For three years the Philippines was in the hands of the Japanese, who set up a military administration. Wanting to win Filipino loyalty, the Japanese declared the Philippines independent in 1943, ahead of the US promise. A government was set up, but most Filipinos saw through the Japanese aims and instead supported the guerrilla resistance movement. The guerrillas remained loyal to the Philippine Commonwealth and the United States, and were a major threat to the Japanese occupation forces.

Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese

Gen. MacArthur, who had promised to return, landed in Leyte in October 1944, thus commencing the military campaign to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. In the ensuing struggle, Manila and most of the major Philippine cities suffered grievous damage. MacArthur declared the military campaign on Luzon closed on July 4, 1945, but the bulk of the Japanese ground forces were still intact in the mountains. Fighting continued in Mindanao. And Japan had not yet surrendered.

The Philippine Commonwealth government returned with Gen. MacArthur. Quezon had died while in the United States, and Sergio Osmeña, the vice president, automatically took over. Osmeña landed with MacArthur on Leyte, and as the Battle of Manila neared its end, restored the government to Malacañang Palace in Manila. While in Washington, the Commonwealth government did all it could to hasten the return of American forces to the Philippines. It also sought to ensure that war damage would be rehabilitated by the US government. The Philippines actively participated in the early meetings that would result in the United Nations.

Upon his return to Manila, Osmeña pledged a Philippine Army division to participate in the assault landings on Japan. Guerrillas, now part of the army, trained accordingly. The atomic bombs negated the need for such action, and Japan accepted the Allied terms on August 15, 1945.

Post-war Rehabilitation

As the war ended, the Philippines counted the cost. Over a million Filipinos had died or were killed, out of a population of 18 million. Manila and most of the major cities were in ruins. Severe inflation had set in as a result of the Japanese occupation, and farms were fallow; farm animals too had died because of the war. Industries, transportation, and communication facilities were destroyed.

Should the original timetable for independence be kept? The tasks facing Osmeña and the Commonwealth government were daunting; none of this had been foreseen when the Tydings-McDuffie Act had become law.

Apart from the physical destruction and the loss of lives, the Philippines was divided: there had been those who had collaborated with the Japanese, while most had resisted either directly or indirectly. The country was split on whether the collaborators were to be dealt with harshly or not. Many key government officials from before the war had—willingly or not—served in the Japanese-controlled administration.

There was an immediate need for relief. People had to be fed, clothed, and given shelter. All the basic necessities were initially provided by the US Army—water, clothing, food, power, communications, and jobs. Other assistance came in from the United States and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration as the piers were restored, and ships arrived.

Peace and order problems were serious—some stemming from the pre-war social and agrarian issues, others because of loose firearms. Guerrilla units were plenty, but not all were legitimate, and there was an upsurge of crimes. Morality was in tatters, as people had to survive in whatever ways they could. Inflation was rampant, even as the government strove to bring prices down with newly printed currency and price controls. Besides, after having been away for three years, it was a difficult task to win back the people’s confidence in the government.

The Philippine Congress was convened in June 1945—the first time it sat since the elections of November 1941. Some of its members had died during the war; others were tainted by charges of collaboration. It began its work of legislating, but was hampered by the unstable postwar conditions.

Osmeña travelled to the United States three times in 1945—a last meeting with FDR in April and two meetings with President Harry S. Truman, to negotiate aid and assistance for the Philippines—as well as assurances that independence would come as scheduled.

For a while an earlier independence date was broached, but this would have required legislation which was not a priority. There were mutterings that Philippine independence be delayed, owing to the unsettled conditions after the war, but this would mean political suicide to those seeking office. And so independence would take place as planned, on July 4, 1946.

The post-war Philippine Commonwealth faced severe problems not anticipated before the war. Land reform, reopening of schools, reconstruction, trials of suspected collaborators with the Japanese, recognizing and compensating veterans, restarting the economy, restoring trade, attracting investment—these and more had to be dealt with in the last months of the Philippine Commonwealth government.

The government was now more strongly reliant on the United States, more so than before the war. The Philippine Army was totally dependent on the US Army for equipment and weapons, and relief only coming from the United States. External defense would now be too costly for the cash-strapped government. Thus the presence of US bases could be seen as mutually beneficial.

The last American High Commissioner was Paul V. McNutt, who had served in that position in the late 1930s. He advised Osmeña on various matters. Secretary of State Harold Ickes insisted that the Philippines take a hard line on alleged collaborators—something that would be difficult to do due to the many issues involved. Ickes threatened to withhold assistance if the government did not punish those who had reneged on their oaths of loyalty to the United States.

Paul McNutt, High Commissioner to the Philippines, reads a proclamation at the ceremony. US Signal Corps photograph from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.

An ally of the Philippines in Washington was Senator Millard Tydings, co-author of the pre-war Philippine Independence Act. He sponsored a bill granting what he felt were sufficient funds for rehabilitation. On a personal visit to the Philippines, however, he found out that earlier estimates had been underestimated, and that more funds were needed. His bill did allot a generous $620 million—later raised to $800 million—to the Philippines.

The Rehabilitation Bill was, however, tied to a trade bill, authored by Representative Jasper Bell. The Bell Trade bill sought to extend the free trade relations between the United States and the Philippines for another eight years, after which tariffs would be gradually imposed for 20 years. Bell insisted that to convince Americans to invest in the Philippines they had to be given the same rights as Filipinos. This necessitated amending the 1935 Philippine constitution, which limited land ownership, access to natural resources, among others, to Filipino citizens and majority Filipino-owned corporations. The parity amendment would thus become a requisite for receiving the bulk of the rehabilitation aid in the Tydings bill. The Bell Trade Bill also tied the Philippine peso to the US dollar and could not be independently revalued.

Other issues that emerged on the eve of independence. In February 1946, President Truman signed the Rescission Law, which denied most Filipino veterans of benefits due them, voiding their service in the US armed forces.

A strong US military presence remained in early 1946, with the 86th Infantry Division in full strength, prepared to protect American interests. With World War II over, many of its members felt their duty was done and rallied to be sent home. But there was discontent brewing in the provinces, with long agrarian issues remaining unsolved. Many military bases were still in US hands, and negotiations as to which would be kept after Philippine independence were begun. As set in the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the United States would maintain bases even after Philippine independence to protect American interests in the region.

Philippine Commonwealth Election of 1946

As the date of independence approached, a multitude of problems had to be solved. Amidst the disunity, tension, and uncertainty of the immediate post-war Philippines, there had to be a final election for the Commonwealth. Osmeña chose to run for reelection; Manuel Roxas, ambitious contender and also Quezon’s own choice as successor, ran against him. While Roxas had participated in the defense of the Philippines, he had also served in the Japanese-sponsored government under Jose P. Laurel. To some he was tainted with collaboration and might bring other collaborators back to power. Osmeña was the guerrillas’ choice, and also the peasants; Osmeña leaned left of center. But Roxas was backed by McNutt and General MacArthur.

Roxas won the election of April 1946, but by only a slim margin, garnering some 54 percent of the votes cast. He took his oath of office on May 28, 1946, in a temporary stage built in front of the ruins of the Legislative Building, as the third and last president of the Philippine Commonwealth.

Prior to his assumption of office, Roxas went to the United States via Tokyo, where he paid a visit to MacArthur. Roxas’ Washington visit was a frenzied week-long one, meeting with President Truman and ranking American officials to discuss Philippine affairs and concretize plans for US assistance to the Philippines.

As Roxas took office, conservative congressmen ousted more liberal legislators on unfounded charges. It marked a split between peasant leaders who were open to pursuing change in the government and conservatives who felt threatened by them. On the eve of Philippine independence, left-leaning peasant and labor groups threatened to secede and launch a rebellion, reacting to the blatant politicization of the congress.

Philippine Independence Day 1946

This was a big international event, but the Philippines did not yet have a Department of Foreign Affairs. It had to rely on the US government for much of the preparations.

May 1946 saw the start of a flurry of events to plan out the final days of the Commonwealth and prepare for Independence Day. A joint Filipino-American committee was formed to iron out details. The Manila Hotel, which had been gutted during the Battle of Manila, was cleaned up and prepared for gala events. Invitations were issued to distinguished guests from the United States and various countries. President Truman was invited, but he declined, owing to pressure of work. Independence related contests were launched—for an appropriate poster, essay, poem, and hymn. A US flag was to be hand-sewn by past and present Philippine first ladies, to be presented to President Truman. Commemorative postage stamps, medals, and other souvenirs were issued.

The venue for the independence rites was chosen and a stage shaped in the form of a ship’s prow (symbolizing the ship of state) was built with towering pillars behind it. The stage and grandstand were built in front of the iconic memorial of the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, in Luneta Park. A large arch was erected near it, in front of the Manila Hotel, to welcome visitors.

As the month of July 1946 began, so did the numerous events and preparations to climax in Philippine Independence on July 4. Private homes and government buildings were decorated. Bands paraded and gave concerts. The University of the Philippines’ Conservatory of Music held a gala concert at the Rizal Coliseum, where numerous international sports matches were held. Distinguished visitors from the US and other countries arrived. The US Navy’s Task Force 77 anchored in Manila Bay to salute the birth of the republic. It consisted of the flagship USS Bremerton , two aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and seven destroyers.

Among the Very-Important-Persons who arrived in the first days of July was General MacArthur, who flew from Tokyo. Representing the US government was High Commissioner McNutt, now destined to be the first US Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. From the United States were Senator Tydings, Representative Bell, US Postmaster General Robert E. Hannegan, former Governor General Francis B. Harrison, and others. Representatives from 27 nations arrived, among them the French WWI hero Lt. Gen. Zinovi Peckoff (at that time serving with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Tokyo) and Lt. Gen. Sook Chatinakrob, Thailand’s Chief of Staff. In Manila Bay were Australian, Portuguese and Thai warships.

All these activities were taking place as the Cold War began: the United States tested an atomic bomb in Bikini Atoll on July 1. Communist-linked movements were beginning to threaten the post-war order.

On July 3, the Philippine Congress accepted the Bell Trade Act and authorized President Roxas to sign an executive agreement with the US laying the groundwork for formal negotiations and mutual recognition. That same day, Roxas and McNutt visited the commander of Task Force 77 on his flagship; later they recorded messages to be broadcast nationwide and to the United States. McNutt hosted a reception at his official residence and capped the day with a formal dinner in honor of Roxas at the Manila Hotel.

Thursday, July 4 1946, was a cloudy, sunless day. It was the rainy season in the Philippines, but this did not dampen the excitement building up towards the Philippine independence ceremony. Religious services were held in the various churches of Manila and provincial capitals, cities, and towns. Guests began arriving at the venue shortly before 7:00 in the morning. Dignitaries arrived from 7:20; the crowd craned their necks to get a glimpse of Gen. MacArthur. A bugle sounded, and the audience rose to welcome President Roxas and his wife at 7:55. He was followed by Vice President Elpidio Quirino and finally High Commissioner McNutt, accompanied by their respective wives.

With McNutt serving as emcee, the program began at precisely 8:00 am. The Rt. Rev. Robert F. Wilmer, ranking Protestant in the Philippines, gave the invocation. McNutt then introduced the speakers; there were wild cheers for Senator Tydings and Gen. MacArthur. Tydings reviewed the events which led to this day, and then wished the new republic “Godspeed.” MacArthur reviewed the “special relationship” between the Philippines and the United States.

The highlight of the program was McNutt’s reading of President Truman’s Proclamation of Independence. As he began speaking, a heavy downpour drenched the audience, but they braved the rain. The downpour lifted in time for McNutt to read the proclamation, which first laid out the legal basis for the United States’ acquisition of the Philippines, the United States’ desire to grant the Philippines independence, and the provisions of the Tydings McDuffie Act. Truman, as president of the United States, then withdrew all “rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty” exercised by the United States over the territory and people of the Philippines, and recognized the independence of the Philippines.

McNutt ended with his own words:

“A new nation is born. Long live the Republic of the Philippines. May God bless and prosper the Philippine People, keep them safe and free.”

Paul V. McNutt

At 9:15 am, the US Army band played the US National Anthem as McNutt began lowering the American flag. President Roxas, pulling on the same cord, began raising the Philippine flag, to the accompaniment of the Philippine National Anthem, played by the Philippine Army Band.

As the United States and Philippine flags passed each other, they touched—“as if in a last caress, a last kiss,” wrote one witness. As the Philippine flag fluttered from the top of the flagpole, United States, Australian, Portuguese, and Thai warships in the bay fired a 21-gun salute. Church bells throughout the Philippines rang and a whistle announced that the Philippines was now independent.

Vice President Quirino then took his oath, followed by President Roxas. These were administered by Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran of the Philippine Supreme Court. Roxas proceeded with his inaugural address: “As we are masters of our own destiny, so too must we bear all the consequences of our actions,” he announced. The Philippines was no longer protected by the mantle of American sovereignty and thus “we must find our own way… [but in the atomic age] we cannot retreat within ourselves… On all fronts the doctrine of absolute sovereignty is yielding ground… But we have yet a greater bulwark today… the friendship and devotion of America… Our safest course is in the glistening wake of America whose sure advance with mighty prow breaks for smaller craft the waves of fear.”

The future direction of the Philippines under President Roxas was thus charted, and to highlight this orientation he and McNutt signed an agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations and an interim trade agreement. Roxas now signed as president of the Republic of the Philippines, and McNutt as first US ambassador.

A chorus of one thousand voices—college students all—then sang the Philippine Independence Hymn. This had been the winner of the independence hymn contest composed by acclaimed composer Restie Umali. The official program ended with a closing Invocation by Most Reverend Gabriel Reyes, Filipino archbishop of Cebu.

As the program ended, a bugle call sounded at 11:00 am to signal the start of the civic-military parade. Units from the Philippine and US armed forces marched in splendor, followed by Filipino veterans of the 1890s revolution and WWII guerrilla members. As the aged revolutionary war veterans marched past the grandstand, US bombers and fighters flew overhead, spelling first a V for Victory, and then the letters P and R, representing the Philippine Republic.

The military contingents were followed by several floats from different government offices and schools. Of note was that of the General Auditing Office, represented by a bulldog watching over a safe. The last float contained figures of Filipinas (representing the Philippines) and Miss Columbia, representing liberty.

By noon the ceremony was over, and the dignitaries and audience retired. The day was not yet over, however. At 4:30 pm a tree symbolizing Philippine independence was planted in front of the Manila City Hall. At 7:00 pm President Roxas hosted a formal dinner, reception, and ball at the presidential palace. The historic day was capped by a grand fireworks display at the Sunken Gardens just outside the old Walled City of Intramuros, as US Navy ships put up a searchlight display and pyrotechnics show in Manila Bay.

Celebrations continued for two more days: in the afternoon of July 5, a Philippine sports exhibition was held at the University of Santo Tomas Gymnasium. That evening, a Gala Symphony Concert by the Manila Symphony Orchestra, was held at the Rizal Coliseum. The final celebration of the momentous week was a Barrio Fiesta—a dinner feast—in the evening of July 6 at the Manila Hotel.

1946 to Present Day

It was a time of great rejoicing. But as the new era dawned, there were numerous sticking points—the US bases, the Bell Trade Act, Philippine war damage claims, and discriminatory treatment of Filipino WWII veterans. The Military Bases Agreement was to last for 99 years, during which period there was no clear cut guarantee that these bases would protect the Philippines. The bases agreement was shortened in 1966, and finally lapsed in 1991. The Bell Trade Act extended free trade and required the granting of parity rights to American nationals, which in turn required amending the 1935 Constitution, which had reserved numerous rights to only Filipino citizens. Free trade, with quota limitations, would continue on until 1954, after which gradual tariffs would be applied for a period of 20 years, ending in 1974. Parity rights were granted American citizens after stormy debates which almost cost President Roxas his life. The Bell Trade Act also tied the peso to the US dollar until 1955.

July 4, 1946 thus saw the birth of the Philippine Republic, but with lots of unfinished business. And this amidst the backdrop of the developing Cold War, a civil war, and deep rooted problems.

The independence that was gained (restored, according to some pundits, referring to the 1898 declaration) was questioned—was it a real, total independence? In addition, Philippine Independence Day celebrations coincided with US Independence Day, resulting in some confusion in the Philippines and abroad. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved Philippine Independence Day to June 12, commemorating the 1898 Filipino proclamation. Aguinaldo was then still alive and was happy to see the change. July 4 had been an afterthought, opined some, with June 12 the real Filipino act.

July 4 became Republic Day, still a national holiday, in 1964. During the period of Martial Law under President Ferdinand Marcos, July 4 was changed to Philippine-American Friendship Day, and relegated to a working holiday. President Corazon Aquino did away with Philippine-American Friendship Day altogether, but President Fidel V. Ramos restored it on the occasion of the 50th anniversary.

The event 75 years ago was much welcomed at the time and did see the end of formal aspects of colonial rule. There was no longer direct US oversight, no more American High Commissioner, the Philippine flag flew alone (except in the US bases) and the Philippine National Anthem was played alone. But critics argued that it ushered in a neo-colonial relationship. Some trumpeted the Philippine-American relationship as a “special relationship,” but it did not seem so to others.

July 4, 1946 was overshadowed by the events of World War II. Commemorations of the 75th anniversary of key WWII events were many and well publicized, but were suddenly stymied by the Covid-19 pandemic. The 1946 independence ceremonies have also been overtaken by rites commemorating the 500th anniversary of Magellan’s arrival—and the bringing in of Christianity to the Philippines, which was given full support by the Philippine Government and the Spanish government. Given the importance of July 4, 1946, however, it is sad to see the day not recognized for what it was.

Meet the Author

Ricardo Trota Jose is professor of history at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. He obtained his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in history at U.P., and his PhD from the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He specializes in military and diplomatic history, with focus on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Jose has published widely in various journals and books. Among his major publications are The Philippine Army, 1935-1942 (Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992) and Volume 7 (on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines) of the multi-volume Kasaysayan set (Reader’s Digest, 1998). He was awarded the Metrobank Foundation Outstanding Filipino in teaching in 2019.

This article is part of a series commemorating the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II made possible by the Department of Defense.

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Time for reflection and self-examination

From June 12, 1898, the day Philippine Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite, to June 12, 2017—a span of 119 years—the Filipino people have endured a long and tortuous trek in quest of freedom and full nationhood. Sadly the journey has been dark and inconsistent.

Perhaps it is time we paused and asked ourselves: What have we, as individuals, done for this country, such that peace and inclusive progress has been so elusive?

If a nation’s greatness were to be measured in terms of its GNP (gross national product) or the excellence of each individual citizen in the pursuit of his calling, then we deserve some breast-beating. But who benefited from these giant strides? Evidently something is missing, and this we must resolve.

Toward this end, the following historical events may prove useful:

The capture of Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the first Philippine Republic at Palanan, Isabela, on March 25, 1901 (actually a “sellout” conspiracy by his own men) was a major setback in our struggle for independence and nationhood. It doused the fire of nationalism that ignited the Katipunan revolution against Spain and resistance against American occupation.

Aguinaldo’s downfall, machinated by Filipino conservatives who advocated annexation to the United States, led to our century-long “waltz” with the Americans. But thanks anyway for the tutelage in democratic concepts of governance and some measure of material progress.

Fast forward to the Cold War era when the old empires crumbled and former emperors had to change clothes, so to speak, to somehow hold on to their former colonies. With a new concept (read: weapon—transnationalism—and with their “market forces,” they then broke through national borders and infiltrated governments of small states.

These forces maligned nationalism and gave it ugly connotations. Our own leaders genuflected in obeisance before them and facilitated the smooth acceptance of their version of economic and political policies. The divide-and-conquer strategy lived on, leaving behind more divisions within and among states.

Soon enough, the Cold War stoked the fires of a peasant rebellion and cities were afire with protest rallies, intensifying the ideological hostilities, and militants were placed under surveillance. Even student leaders—who, out of touristic curiousity, slipped into China and Moscow to attend international conferences—were investigated by the congressional committee on anti-Filipino activities as soon as they came back. Activists were hauled to Camp Crame; others simply disappeared; the rest took to the hills to provide intellectual substance to the insurgency.

These events provided then-president Ferdinand Marcos the backdrop to declare martial law which all the more spawned violence and divisiveness. This singular political act inspired concerted moves that led to the famous Edsa revolution. The rest is history.

To make this year’s celebration of Independence Day more meaningful, Filipinos must act together as one people and one nation in the pursuit of common goals. The nation’s interest must be prioritized in every citizen’s mind and in all programs of government. This may be the only way to attain inclusive progress and find the missing link to national greatness.

EVA MAGGAY-INCIONG, Unions Square One Condominium, 15th Avenue, Cubao, Quezon City

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the Philippines flag during an Independence Day celebration

Filipino Marines raise their country’s flag for Independence Day on June 12, 2012. For the first decade and a half after World War II, the country actually celebrated its independence on July 4.

The Surprising Connection Between the Philippines and the Fourth of July

Seventy years ago, the Philippines won independence on the famous American holiday.

The United States isn't the only country to ever celebrate independence on July 4. In the mid-20th century, people in the Philippines also marked July 4 as the day that they broke away from a colonizing nation. But in this case, that colonizing nation was the United States.

It’s no coincidence that the Philippines shared an independence day with its former colonizer. But this overlap was short-lived. When the Philippines changed the date of its Independence Day holiday in 1962, it marked yet another step away from a long history of western interference.

Independence, Kind of

Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Philippines was a colony in the Spanish Empire. In 1896, the islands attempted to break free in what’s called the Philippine Revolution, or Tagalog War. When the Spanish-American War began in 1898, some Filipinos saw an opportunity to ally with the Americans against their imperial rulers.

The Americans encouraged this alliance, and led the Filipinos to believe that they had no desire to colonize the country once it was free from Spain, says Vicente L. Rafael , professor of history and Southeast Asian studies at the University of Washington in Seattle. This culminated with a Filipino declaration of independence on June 12 of that year. An American officer was even among the signees.

The United States’ disregard for that declaration was made plain a few months later. After Spain surrendered, the 1898 Treaty of Paris gave the Philippines to the U.S. But Filipinos fought this handover, and rose up in the Philippine-American War in 1899.

The year in which that war ended depends on who you talk to, says Rafael. Although fighting continued until the 1910s, President Teddy Roosevelt declared a “victory” over the Philippines in 1902.

July 4, 1902, to be exact.

“That’s the irony,” Rafael says. “The Fourth of July is supposed to be a declaration of independence. But for Roosevelt in 1902, the Fourth of July was a declaration of conquest.”

Independence Day(s)

The Philippines continued to push for its independence; and in the mid-1930s, the United States began a transition toward sovereignty. The day the country was planned to become independent? July 4, 1945. That’s right—the Philippines would be freed on the same day that it was conquered.

World War II threw a wrench into the plan. The Japanese invaded the Philippines in 1942, and independence was delayed until July 4, 1946.

But the Philippines only celebrated July 4 as its Independence Day until 1962. That year, President Diosdado Macapagal changed the country’s official Independence Day to June 12, to mark the day that the Philippines had declared independence from Spain in 1898.

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Why did Macapagal dump the fourth? Well, there are a few probable reasons.

It was pretty callous of the United States to “give” its former colony the same Independence Day as itself, especially since that was also the day that the U.S. conquered it. Rising Filipino nationalism in the 1960s could have also influenced Macapagal’s decision to reject the date.

Rafael thinks there was also something else in play.

“It was his way of registering his unhappiness with the U.S. Congress, which had turned down a $73 million aid package to the Philippines,” writes Rafael in an essay he shared with National Geographic. “Though he had also claimed to be bringing Philippine independence out of the shadow of its former colonial master, Macapagal’s decision to change the date was also a piece of political brinkmanship.”

When Macapagal threw out the paternalistically bestowed July 4, he replaced it with a day that represented the Philippines’ rejection of the Spanish Empire. But by the 1960s, it’s not clear that that date still held any real significance for everyday citizens.

Friends With Political Benefits

At the time that Macapagal did away with July 4, the June 12 declaration of independence from Spain wasn’t something that many Filipinos were familiar with. Indeed, Rafael thinks that there is still some ambivalence toward the day because the country remained a colony for decades after. Born and raised in Manila, the capital of the Philippines, Rafael recalls that Independence Day is celebrated on a small scale.

“It’s not like this huge orgy of self-congratulation, which is what you get in the United States,” he says.

Augusto Espiritu , associate professor of history and Asian-American studies at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , also doesn’t recall Independence Day being a huge deal as a child in Manila.

“What’s interesting though is that when I came to this country, in Los Angeles especially, June 12 was celebrated quite a bit” by Filipino immigrants, he says. (It’s not unusual to see this in immigrant communities: St. Patrick’s Day didn’t become the large celebration that it is today until Irish immigrants began to hold parades in America .)

But what became of July 4 in the Philippines? Since 1962, it’s been known as Philippine-American Friendship Day—a non-holiday that, according to Rafael, is basically only celebrated at the U.S. Embassy.

Internationally, July 4 is mainly only celebrated by Americans. And even some Americans argue that Juneteenth , which commemorates the June 19, 1865, abolition of slavery in Texas, should be celebrated in addition to or instead of the Fourth of July.

To date, the most successful globalization of America’s Independence Day is, and will likely remain, the one in the movies .

Follow Becky Little on Twitter.

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IMAGES

True Philippine Independence Day Essay Example
Essay on Independence Day In Philippines
Philippine Independence Day
Analysis OF Declaration of Philippine Independence
SOLUTION: Reflection paper declaration of philippine independence
Why Do We Celebrate Independence Day In The Philippines Essay

COMMENTS

Essay on Independence Day In Philippines
Independence Day in the Philippines is a very important national holiday. It takes place every year on June 12th. This day marks the time when the Philippines became free from Spain's rule. For over 300 years, Spain controlled the Philippines. But on June 12, 1898, Filipinos said they were no longer part of Spain.
The Story of June 12, 1898: The Philippine Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence on June 12. On June 12, 1898, a month after his return, Aguinaldo gathered revolutionary leaders and local representatives in his home in Kawit. There, between 4 and 5 p.m., he formally proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain. The event, attended by a huge crowd, involved the first public ...
Independence Day (Philippines)
Independence Day[1] (Filipino: Araw ng Kasarinlán; also known as Araw ng Kalayaan, "Day of Freedom") is a national holiday in the Philippines observed annually on June 12, [2] commemorating the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain in 1898. [2] Since 1978, it has been the country's National Day.
Why June 12 is the pinnacle of Philippine independence
Share. MANILA - The day the Philippines gained independence is the pinnacle of patriotism, and June 12 holds that symbolic sense of a truly independent Filipino nation. More than half a century ago, Filipinos commemorated the declaration of Philippine independence on July 4, which is the same day as the American Independence Day.
The Impact of Philippine Independence Day on Modern Filipino Identity
Reclamation of Independence Day: President Macapagal's designation of June 12 as Philippine Independence Day in 1964 aimed to honor the Filipino struggle for independence against Spain. U.S. Colonial Rule : Half a century of colonial rule by the United States brought new challenges to the Filipino pursuit of independence, impacting the nation ...
Why the Philippines' Independence Day is on June 12, Not July 4
On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved the commemoration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. Because of it, many people during that time accused him of politicizing the holiday. In an address on June 12, 1962, Macapagal explained why he moved Philippines' Independence Day from July 4, 1946 to June 12, 1898. "Let me ...
Philippine independence declared
During the Spanish‑American War, Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim the independence of the Philippines after 300 years of Spanish rule. By mid‑August, Filipino rebels and U.S ...
Three important reasons to remember Independence Day
Since 1962, Philippine Independence Day has been celebrated every June 12 after President Diosdado Macapagal changed the date from July 4, the day when a treaty was made declaring the freedom of ...
Today's State of Philippine Independence
June 12 was not always our official Independence Day. It was made-so on May 12, 1964, by then-president Diosdado Macapagal. Macapagal moved the celebration to June 12 in order to commemorate Emilio Aguinaldo's original proclamation of Philippine independence from Spain on the same date in 1898. In his 1962 Independence Day Address, Macapagal ...
Philippine Independence Day: Freedom, Culture, and Language
Philippine Independence Day: A Celebration of Freedom, Culture, and Language. Every year on June 12, the Philippines comes alive with vibrant celebrations, as Filipinos commemorate Independence Day. This national holiday marks the anniversary of the country's declaration of independence from Spanish rule in 1898.
A history of Philippine Independence Day
Recognising the Philippine Revolution and its revolutionaries as the zenith of Filipino assertion of power and identity, Macapagal continued to speak about the unfinished revolution during the day of recognition of Filipino revolutionary heroes like Andres Bonifacio, writes Luis Zuriel P. Domingo. On 12 June 2023, Filipinos celebrated the 125th anniversary of Philippine independence.
Today, let's celebrate and reflect on our 'independence'
Today the nation celebrates Independence Day. It was on June 12, 1898 when Filipino revolutionary forces led by General Emilio Aguinaldo held the public reading of the "Acta de la proclamación ...
12 reasons why we commemorate the PH Independence Day
Way back 1962, the Philippine Independence Day was celebrated every June 12 after president Diosdado Macapagl changed the date from July 4, the day when a treaty was signed, declaring independence of the Philippines from the United States. ... But before that, the said document was one of the many revolutionary papers that were stolen from the ...
Celebrating the 123rd Philippine Independence Day: What independence
JUNE 12 marks the day the Philippines gained independence from Spain after being under its colonial rule for four centuries. On this day every year, Filipinos — in the Philippines and beyond — commemorate and celebrate the country's hard-won freedom. However, there was a time when Filipinos observed "Araw ng Kasarinlan" or "Araw ng Kalayaan"...
Philippine Declaration of Independence
The Philippine Declaration of Independence (Filipino: Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Declaración de Independencia de Filipinas) [a] was proclaimed by Filipino revolutionary forces general Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, in Cavite el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines.It asserted the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine islands from the 300 years of ...
Philippines Independence Day
June 12, 1898. General Emilio Aguinaldo Declares Independence. Independence Day is celebrated on June 12 because of the general's declaration 121 years ago. July 4, 1946. The Philippines Gains Independence. The U.S. occupied the islands from the time they declared their independence from Spain until 1946. 1958.
For Filipinos across the globe, June is a time to honor the Philippines
Children play at an obstacle course as organizers stage games as part of celebrations for Philippine Independence Day in Manila, Philippines, Monday, June 10, 2024. The revelry surrounding Philippine Independence Day, which falls on June 12, stretches far beyond the Southeast Asia archipelago.
Weekly Issues
June 8, 2020 Featured Contributor Dr. Frank Jenista U.S. Foreign Service Officer Question 1: From the perspective of a historian, what are some lesser known aspects of the Philippines' Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898? Filipinos know a great deal about that momentous day. General Aguinaldo had recently returned from ...
Be proud of being a Filipino (even if it's not easy)
Independence Day Essays. Be proud of being a Filipino (even if it's not easy) INQUIRER.net / 04:50 PM June 12, 2015. Editor's Note: In celebration of the Philippines' 117th Independence Day, INQUIRER.net is publishing short essays submitted by our readers. Gemma Louise Heaton, a teacher at The Lord of Grace Christian School, asked ...
July 4, 1946: The Philippines Gained Independence from the United
Top Image: Commemorative stamps celebrating Independence Day from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose. The 4th of July used to be considered an important national holiday in the Philippines. Not because it was the United States' birthday, but because it was Philippine Independence Day in 1946.
Time for reflection and self-examination
Latest Opinion. Time for reflection and self-examination. Philippine Daily Inquirer / 12:14 AM June 14, 2017. From June 12, 1898, the day Philippine Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite, to June 12, 2017—a span of 119 years—the Filipino people have endured a long and tortuous trek in quest of freedom and full nationhood.
A Critical Essay of The "Declaration of Philippine Independence" of
The Philippines celebrates independence day annually on June 12th to commemorate this historic event that freed the country from Spanish colonization. The document summarizes a critical essay on the Declaration of Philippine Independence written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in 1898. It provides background on Bautista, who was a lawyer and ...
The Surprising Connection Between the Philippines and the Fourth of July
July 4, 1945. That's right—the Philippines would be freed on the same day that it was conquered. World War II threw a wrench into the plan. The Japanese invaded the Philippines in 1942, and ...

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Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

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250 Words Essay on Independence Day In Philippines

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The Story of June 12, 1898: The Philippine Declaration of Independence

Background: The Philippine Revolution

The Spanish-American War and Aguinaldo’s Return

The Declaration of Independence on June 12

Diplomatic Complexities and the Malolos Congress

The Treaty of Paris and the Philippine-American War

The Long Road to Internationally-Recognized Independence

June 12 as the National Day of Independence

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The Impact of Philippine Independence Day on Modern Filipino Identity

Key Takeaways

Historical Significance of Independence Day

Evolution of Cultural Identity

Identity Formation

Historical Influences

Influence on National Unity

Patriotism and Civic Responsibility

Inter-generational Impact

Reflections on Contemporary Relevance

Global Recognition and Representation

Global Filipino Identity

International Visibility

Cultural Representation

Frequently Asked Questions

What Resulted in Filipino Independence?

When Were the Philippines Granted Independence What Was the Significance of the Date?

What Were the Changes Brought About by American Colonization in the Philippines?

Why the Philippines’ Independence Day is on June 12, Not July 4

The Many Declarations of the Philippines’ Independence Day

Why Do We Celebrate Philippine Independence Day on June 12?

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To remember the sacrifices of our heroes and appreciate sovereignty

To show your love for your country

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