Works created by individuals on or after Jan. 1, 1978 are generally protected for the creator's life plus 70 years. ( Circular 1 [pdf], "Copyright Basics," page 4). Works made for hire are protected for longer terms--see the section below on works for hire . For unpublished works where the death date of the creator is not known, the copyright term is 120 years from the date of creation. Note about copyright notices : For some pre-1989 works, publication without a copyright notice may mean that the item is in the public domain. The criterion of the copyright notice is easy enough to apply to books, but a bit tricky with images, since the original work may have had a copyright notice that was not reproduced on subsequent copies or the copyright may have been on the work in which the image appeared, rather than on the image itself. Images without a copyright notice may still be under copyright. The U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3 [pdf; 125 kb], "Copyright Notice" explains the notice requirements for works published between January 1, 1978, and February 28, 1989 and provides a reference for locating information on the requirements prior to 1978.
If you think the item should be considered unpublished , this guidance from the U.S. Copyright Office applies:
Works created before January 1, 1978 but not published or registered by that date are generally protected by copyright law for the life of the creator plus 70 years. ( Circular 1 [pdf], "Copyright Basics, " page 4) . For unpublished anonymous works and works where the death date of the creator is not known, the copyright term is 120 years from the date of creation.
Works created on or after Jan. 1, 1978 are generally protected for the creator's life plus 70 years. ( Circular 1 [pdf], "Copyright Basics," page 4)
Works made for hire : One complicating factor is when someone makes an image for someone else (a “work made for hire”). In that case, the party that hired the individual to create the work is considered the author and holds the copyright in that creation. Works made for hire are under copyright for 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. ( Circular 1 [pdf], "Copyright Basics, " page 3-4)
Anonymous and pseudonymous works : The duration of copyright for works for hire and for anonymous and pseudonymous works is 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. ( Circular 1 [pdf], "Copyright Basics, " page 4)
For use within the United States , the following guidelines apply:
The use of US copyrighted works outside of the United States is complicated and may be affected by international treaties and the laws of other countries. Consult Circular 38A [pdf], "International Copyright Relations" for more information.
Unfortunately, many P&P images lack information on the image or associated with the image (particularly the date of creation or the name of the individual or firm that created the image) to help with rights evaluation.
These images, sometimes called "orphan works," are the most vexing to researchers trying to determine rights. You will need to consider what you know about when and why the image was created, what you plan to use the image for, and then assess the risk of using it for that purpose.
Request a copyright search , even if you have little information to go on. The paperwork from the Copyright Office could show your good faith effort to establish the rights status of the image.
It may or may not help to know that the problem is so vexing that the U.S. Copyright Office recently opened an examination of issues related to orphan works , which it defined as those whose owners are difficult or even impossible to locate.
If you are planning to copy and publish an image from a copyrighted, published source (e.g., a book), you should check with the publisher, since technically it owns the rights to the version appearing in the book--though few publishers realize that or seem to wish to control such copying.
Information is available from the U.S. Copyright Office web site .
The U.S. Copyright Office, the Prints & Photographs Division, and other units of the Library of Congress do not provide legal advice about copyright law. The following resources may be helpful as further guidance:
A chart laying out when items pass into the public domain published by the Cornell Copyright Information Center External .
A book written by professional picture researcher Scott Tambert: How to Use Images Legally External
John Schultz and Barbara Schultz, Picture Research: A Practical Guide . N.Y.: Van Nostrand, 1991. [call number: TR147.S38 1991 P&P] This book, for instance, summarized the problem of the lack of precise copyright/publication information when it comes to images:
...Pictures can fall into a murky area where they may or may not be copyrighted. These situations are perilous to the user, and vexing to the picture researcher or permissions researcher who must try to assure the publisher that he owns the legal right to reproduce. When copyright is unknown or ambiguous, publishers have to make calculated risk decisions.... ( p. 216).
After you have gathered whatever facts are available about the rights associated with the image, consider how you plan to use the image.
Some information on privacy and publicity rights is available in the Library of Congress online legal notice .
A publishing company wants to copy, reprint, and sell as a postcard (intended use) a photograph copyrighted before 1923 (facts about the image). It decides that since the copyright has clearly expired it is ok to do so.
A textbook publisher want to use photographs taken by John Collier for the U.S. Farm Security Administration in a textbook (intended use). He sees that the Rights and Restrictions statement says “Most photographs in this collection were taken by photographers working for the U.S. Government. Work by the U.S. Government is not eligible for copyright protection (see page 5 of the Copyright Office's Circular 1, "Copyright Basics"). However, the FSA occasionally and the OWI frequently bought or otherwise obtained some photographs from other sources. All known information about the source of the images is found in the labels on the photographs.” He double checks the catalog records for the images he wants to use to be sure they are all by John Collier, a photographer who worked for the FSA, and hence for the U.S. government (facts about the image and the collection from which it comes), and decides the images are ok to use.
3. if it displays for me off site does it mean it's ok to use.
The Library displays jpegs and tiffs offsite for those images for which a rights analysis shows:
While the overwhelming majority of images that display jpegs and tiffs off-site fall into the first three categories, be sure you haven't wandered into one of the few collections in the fourth category. Moreover, although the fact that jpegs/tiffs display off-site may offer some clues as to the rights status of an image, you will still need to make your own determination. As always, you need to consider the rights issues, including copyright, privacy, publicity and related rights in light of your intended use .
When material from the Library's collections is reproduced in a publication or website or otherwise distributed, the Library requests the courtesy of a credit line.
Ideally, the credit will include
Such a credit furthers scholarship by helping researchers locate material and acknowledges the contribution made by the Library of Congress.
Example: Wright Brothers collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, LC-ppmsca-04598.
When space considerations preclude such a caption, shorter versions may be used.
Samantha Putterman, PolitiFact Samantha Putterman, PolitiFact
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This fact check originally appeared on PolitiFact .
Project 2025 has a starring role in this week’s Democratic National Convention.
And it was front and center on Night 1.
WATCH: Hauling large copy of Project 2025, Michigan state Sen. McMorrow speaks at 2024 DNC
“This is Project 2025,” Michigan state Sen. Mallory McMorrow, D-Royal Oak, said as she laid a hardbound copy of the 900-page document on the lectern. “Over the next four nights, you are going to hear a lot about what is in this 900-page document. Why? Because this is the Republican blueprint for a second Trump term.”
Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, has warned Americans about “Trump’s Project 2025” agenda — even though former President Donald Trump doesn’t claim the conservative presidential transition document.
“Donald Trump wants to take our country backward,” Harris said July 23 in Milwaukee. “He and his extreme Project 2025 agenda will weaken the middle class. Like, we know we got to take this seriously, and can you believe they put that thing in writing?”
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Harris’ running mate, has joined in on the talking point.
“Don’t believe (Trump) when he’s playing dumb about this Project 2025. He knows exactly what it’ll do,” Walz said Aug. 9 in Glendale, Arizona.
Trump’s campaign has worked to build distance from the project, which the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, led with contributions from dozens of conservative groups.
Much of the plan calls for extensive executive-branch overhauls and draws on both long-standing conservative principles, such as tax cuts, and more recent culture war issues. It lays out recommendations for disbanding the Commerce and Education departments, eliminating certain climate protections and consolidating more power to the president.
Project 2025 offers a sweeping vision for a Republican-led executive branch, and some of its policies mirror Trump’s 2024 agenda, But Harris and her presidential campaign have at times gone too far in describing what the project calls for and how closely the plans overlap with Trump’s campaign.
PolitiFact researched Harris’ warnings about how the plan would affect reproductive rights, federal entitlement programs and education, just as we did for President Joe Biden’s Project 2025 rhetoric. Here’s what the project does and doesn’t call for, and how it squares with Trump’s positions.
To distance himself from Project 2025 amid the Democratic attacks, Trump wrote on Truth Social that he “knows nothing” about it and has “no idea” who is in charge of it. (CNN identified at least 140 former advisers from the Trump administration who have been involved.)
The Heritage Foundation sought contributions from more than 100 conservative organizations for its policy vision for the next Republican presidency, which was published in 2023.
Project 2025 is now winding down some of its policy operations, and director Paul Dans, a former Trump administration official, is stepping down, The Washington Post reported July 30. Trump campaign managers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita denounced the document.
WATCH: A look at the Project 2025 plan to reshape government and Trump’s links to its authors
However, Project 2025 contributors include a number of high-ranking officials from Trump’s first administration, including former White House adviser Peter Navarro and former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson.
A recently released recording of Russell Vought, a Project 2025 author and the former director of Trump’s Office of Management and Budget, showed Vought saying Trump’s “very supportive of what we do.” He said Trump was only distancing himself because Democrats were making a bogeyman out of the document.
The Harris campaign shared a graphic on X that claimed “Trump’s Project 2025 plan for workers” would “go after birth control and ban abortion nationwide.”
The plan doesn’t call to ban abortion nationwide, though its recommendations could curtail some contraceptives and limit abortion access.
What’s known about Trump’s abortion agenda neither lines up with Harris’ description nor Project 2025’s wish list.
Project 2025 says the Department of Health and Human Services Department should “return to being known as the Department of Life by explicitly rejecting the notion that abortion is health care.”
It recommends that the Food and Drug Administration reverse its 2000 approval of mifepristone, the first pill taken in a two-drug regimen for a medication abortion. Medication is the most common form of abortion in the U.S. — accounting for around 63 percent in 2023.
If mifepristone were to remain approved, Project 2025 recommends new rules, such as cutting its use from 10 weeks into pregnancy to seven. It would have to be provided to patients in person — part of the group’s efforts to limit access to the drug by mail. In June, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a legal challenge to mifepristone’s FDA approval over procedural grounds.
WATCH: Trump’s plans for health care and reproductive rights if he returns to White House The manual also calls for the Justice Department to enforce the 1873 Comstock Act on mifepristone, which bans the mailing of “obscene” materials. Abortion access supporters fear that a strict interpretation of the law could go further to ban mailing the materials used in procedural abortions, such as surgical instruments and equipment.
The plan proposes withholding federal money from states that don’t report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention how many abortions take place within their borders. The plan also would prohibit abortion providers, such as Planned Parenthood, from receiving Medicaid funds. It also calls for the Department of Health and Human Services to ensure that the training of medical professionals, including doctors and nurses, omits abortion training.
The document says some forms of emergency contraception — particularly Ella, a pill that can be taken within five days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy — should be excluded from no-cost coverage. The Affordable Care Act requires most private health insurers to cover recommended preventive services, which involves a range of birth control methods, including emergency contraception.
Trump has recently said states should decide abortion regulations and that he wouldn’t block access to contraceptives. Trump said during his June 27 debate with Biden that he wouldn’t ban mifepristone after the Supreme Court “approved” it. But the court rejected the lawsuit based on standing, not the case’s merits. He has not weighed in on the Comstock Act or said whether he supports it being used to block abortion medication, or other kinds of abortions.
“When you read (Project 2025),” Harris told a crowd July 23 in Wisconsin, “you will see, Donald Trump intends to cut Social Security and Medicare.”
The Project 2025 document does not call for Social Security cuts. None of its 10 references to Social Security addresses plans for cutting the program.
Harris also misleads about Trump’s Social Security views.
In his earlier campaigns and before he was a politician, Trump said about a half-dozen times that he’s open to major overhauls of Social Security, including cuts and privatization. More recently, in a March 2024 CNBC interview, Trump said of entitlement programs such as Social Security, “There’s a lot you can do in terms of entitlements, in terms of cutting.” However, he quickly walked that statement back, and his CNBC comment stands at odds with essentially everything else Trump has said during the 2024 presidential campaign.
Trump’s campaign website says that not “a single penny” should be cut from Social Security. We rated Harris’ claim that Trump intends to cut Social Security Mostly False.
Project 2025 does propose changes to Medicare, including making Medicare Advantage, the private insurance offering in Medicare, the “default” enrollment option. Unlike Original Medicare, Medicare Advantage plans have provider networks and can also require prior authorization, meaning that the plan can approve or deny certain services. Original Medicare plans don’t have prior authorization requirements.
The manual also calls for repealing health policies enacted under Biden, such as the Inflation Reduction Act. The law enabled Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers for the first time in history, and recently resulted in an agreement with drug companies to lower the prices of 10 expensive prescriptions for Medicare enrollees.
Trump, however, has said repeatedly during the 2024 presidential campaign that he will not cut Medicare.
The Harris campaign said Project 2025 would “eliminate the U.S. Department of Education” — and that’s accurate. Project 2025 says federal education policy “should be limited and, ultimately, the federal Department of Education should be eliminated.” The plan scales back the federal government’s role in education policy and devolves the functions that remain to other agencies.
Aside from eliminating the department, the project also proposes scrapping the Biden administration’s Title IX revision, which prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It also would let states opt out of federal education programs and calls for passing a federal parents’ bill of rights similar to ones passed in some Republican-led state legislatures.
Republicans, including Trump, have pledged to close the department, which gained its status in 1979 within Democratic President Jimmy Carter’s presidential Cabinet.
In one of his Agenda 47 policy videos, Trump promised to close the department and “to send all education work and needs back to the states.” Eliminating the department would have to go through Congress.
In the graphic, the Harris campaign says Project 2025 allows “employers to stop paying workers for overtime work.”
The plan doesn’t call for banning overtime wages. It recommends changes to some Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, regulations and to overtime rules. Some changes, if enacted, could result in some people losing overtime protections, experts told us.
The document proposes that the Labor Department maintain an overtime threshold “that does not punish businesses in lower-cost regions (e.g., the southeast United States).” This threshold is the amount of money executive, administrative or professional employees need to make for an employer to exempt them from overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
In 2019, the Trump’s administration finalized a rule that expanded overtime pay eligibility to most salaried workers earning less than about $35,568, which it said made about 1.3 million more workers eligible for overtime pay. The Trump-era threshold is high enough to cover most line workers in lower-cost regions, Project 2025 said.
The Biden administration raised that threshold to $43,888 beginning July 1, and that will rise to $58,656 on Jan. 1, 2025. That would grant overtime eligibility to about 4 million workers, the Labor Department said.
It’s unclear how many workers Project 2025’s proposal to return to the Trump-era overtime threshold in some parts of the country would affect, but experts said some would presumably lose the right to overtime wages.
Other overtime proposals in Project 2025’s plan include allowing some workers to choose to accumulate paid time off instead of overtime pay, or to work more hours in one week and fewer in the next, rather than receive overtime.
Trump’s past with overtime pay is complicated. In 2016, the Obama administration said it would raise the overtime to salaried workers earning less than $47,476 a year, about double the exemption level set in 2004 of $23,660 a year.
But when a judge blocked the Obama rule, the Trump administration didn’t challenge the court ruling. Instead it set its own overtime threshold, which raised the amount, but by less than Obama.
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IMAGES
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Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples). Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.) Title of the image; Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created; Date the image was posted online
The image below was found through Google Images and downloaded from the internet. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation, classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows: [Figure 2. This image shows the interior of Bibliotheca Alexandrina designed by the Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta in 2001. Image downloaded from ...
There are three main ways to include pictures research paper needs in its text: At the end of your research paper. You can place pictures after the text of your research writing, living a reference or a link to a correspondent picture inside your text. Inside your paper, separately from the text. It's also possible to place a picture on a ...
1. Editable Images. The best kind of science images are editable vector files that allow you to customize the designs to best match the main points of your research. These include image file types such as Scalable Vector Graphics (.svg), Adobe Illustrator (.ai), Affinity Designer (.afdesign), Encapsulated PostScript (.eps), and some files in ...
The only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA's unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements facts, common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date that allows writers to cite any type of work, from books, e-books, and journal articles in databases to song lyrics, online images, social media posts ...
The use of images in research papers can bring many benefits, making them valuable tools for researchers and authors. Some of the key benefits include: Enhancing readability and engagement: Images can make research papers more visually appealing and engaging, encouraging readers to stay focused and interested in the work. They can also help to ...
For simplicity, the examples in this article will focus entirely on how to cite digital (internet) pictures. MLA style. Format: Image Creator's Last Name, First Name. "Image Title.". Website Name, Day Month Year Published, URL. Example: Jones, Daniel. "The Hope Creek nuclear plant.".
Using and citing images in a research paper as already explained can make your research paper more understanding and structured in appearance. For this, you can use photos, drawings, charts, graphs, infographics, etc. However, there are no mandatory regulations to use or cite images in a research paper, but there are some recommendations as per ...
Many scholarly publications are enhanced with images, ranging from reproductions of fine art to graphs showing the results of scientific research. Including images in books and articles can complement the text, visually demonstrate the author's analysis, and engage the reader. Using images in publications, however, raises copyright issues ...
Types of Figures in Research Paper. There are several types of figures commonly used in research papers, including: Line graphs: These are used to show trends or changes in data over time. Bar graphs: These are used to compare data across different categories or groups. Pie charts: These are used to show proportions or percentages of data.
You can find images on the web but you should be concerned with using images legally and ethically. Use the resources to the right to locate free and reusable images. You can legally use photos in four ways: 1) find photos that are licensed as Creative Commons (flickr) , 2) ask permission from the photographer, 3) buy your photos from a stock ...
Citing an image in APA Style. In an APA Style reference entry for an image found on a website, write the image title in italics, followed by a description of its format in square brackets. Include the name of the site and the URL. The APA in-text citation just includes the photographer's name and the year. APA format. Author last name, Initials.
Unless the paper is available under a very permissive license, such as Creative Commons Attribution, you will need to seek permission. (There may be other legal possibilities, such as fair use or fair dealing, but that's a little subtle. See this story for more information on that.) The copyright owner is the person you need permission from.
By using tools to perfect scientific illustration, your manuscript can grab reviewers' attention. More importantly, it will help your readers understand data quickly, increasing the likelihood of citing and sharing your research paper. Why Image Quality Matters
An APA image citation includes the creator's name, the year, the image title and format (e.g. painting, photograph, map), and the location where you accessed or viewed the image. Last name, Initials. ( Year ). Image title [ Format ]. Site Name. or Museum, Location. URL.
Scientists routinely use images to display data. Readers often examine figures first; therefore, it is important that figures are accessible to a broad audience. Many resources discuss fraudulent image manipulation and technical specifications for image acquisition; however, data on the legibility and interpretability of images are scarce. We systematically examined these factors in non-blot ...
In Chicago style, when you don't just refer to an image but actually include it in your (research) paper, the image should be formatted as a figure. Place the figure before or after the first paragraph where it is mentioned. Refer to figures by their numbers in the text (e.g., "see fig. 1"). Below the figure, place a caption providing the ...
Google Image Search. Google provides both basic and advanced image searching for over 1 billion images. Google's Advanced Image Search searching allows you to limit results based on usage rights, by size and quite a bit more - as does the Search Tools button. Digital Public Library of America (DPLA)
July 6, 2022. The conventional format of a research paper doesn't have room for pictures. However, that doesn't mean you can't include images in your assignment. You can add non-textual elements such as pictures, charts, vectors, and graphs in your research paper provided they're relevant to the research question.
7. You have two different questions: one in your title, regarding coping an image, and another regarding the results. Copying a figure: It depends on the license of the paper. If it is appropriately licensed (as with a Creative Commons Attribution license), you generally can, as long as you indicate it. If it is copyrighted, you are in the grey ...
yes , you should take the permision from the journal and then they will send an email to you. you should write: "with copyright permission from the journal", under the fig. Cite. Samy A. Azer ...
References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements with ease.
As neuroscientists in the fields of physical therapy and psychology, we think about the ways people use mental imagery. Here is what researchers do know so far. Here is what researchers do know so ...
Find Us. Undergraduate Research Peter T. Flawn Academic Center (FAC) Room 33 2304 Whitis Ave. Austin, Texas 78712 512-471-7152
As neuroscientists in the fields of physical therapy and psychology, we think about the ways people use mental imagery.Here is what researchers do know so far. The brain and mental imagery. Mental ...
If the image/research paper is marked as released to the Public Domain, then you can use the content as you wish. That being said, if the image is actually from someone/somewhere else, you may still be able to use it as per the Fair Use Act: These sites may help you understand more: Stanford University - Fair Use Overview
He double checks the catalog records for the images he wants to use to be sure they are all by John Collier, a photographer who worked for the FSA, and hence for the U.S. government (facts about the image and the collection from which it comes), and decides the images are ok to use.
Introduction. In this article we share the challenges involved in our image-based research methods concerning plant awareness. In doing so, we wish to contribute to further discussion on image-based research concerning plant awarenes, beyond recall studies (Schussler and Olzak Citation 2008; Balas and Momsen Citation 2014; Zani and Low Citation 2022).In an earlier study, New, Cosmides, and ...
Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, has warned Americans about "Trump's Project 2025" agenda — even though former President Donald Trump doesn't claim the ...
A PowerPoint presentation was also provided complete with supporting images and videos to share with the students each session. Research Methods Students were asked to complete a pre-test and post-test survey to assess knowledge outcome, self-efficacy in first aid, and overall appeal of the workshop.