is paragraph and essay the same

The Similarities and Differences Between a Paragraph and an Essay

Oubria tronshaw.

The relationship between a paragraph and an essay is symbiotic; you can't write an essay without using paragraphs, and four or more consecutive paragraphs about the same subject matter become an essay. Both paragraphs and essays have a distinct beginning, middle and end. They're also both composed of five sections: A paragraph typically has five sentences, and an essay, five paragraphs.

Explore this article

• Topic Sentence
• Supporting Details

1 Topic Sentence

Both paragraphs and essays begin with a topic sentence, or a thesis statement, that explains to the reader what the paragraph, or essay, is about. A thesis statement for an essay is longer and more detailed than the topic sentence at the beginning of a paragraph. For example, a thesis statement for an essay might be: "The gravity of marriage becomes more apparent over time; newlyweds imagine a glamorous life ahead and cannot yet imagine the test their love will endure, while couples married for a decade or more are beginning to understand the depth of their promise." A topic sentence for a paragraph might simply be: "A lasting marriage requires many levels of compromise."

2 Supporting Details

Paragraphs and essays both require supporting details that elaborate on the statements made in the topic sentence or thesis statement. In a paragraph, each subsequent sentence builds upon the point made in the topic sentence; in an essay, the first sentence in each paragraph discusses points made in the thesis statement. In a paragraph, the sentences following the topic sentence are called "supporting details." In an essay, the paragraphs following the thesis statement are called "supporting paragraphs." Each supporting paragraph has its own supporting details.

Paragraphs and essays differ in their length. Paragraphs are typically between five and six sentences long. They're composed of a topic sentence and four or five supporting details. Essays contain at least five paragraphs; they're composed of an introductory paragraph (which includes the thesis statement), at least three supporting paragraphs and a conclusion paragraph.

4 Conclusion

Both paragraphs and essays must end with a conclusion, but the type of conclusion differs. Paragraphs must end with a concluding sentence that states the basic point of the paragraph. It should not rephrase or reiterate the topic sentence. Essays end with a conclusion paragraph that summarizes the content of the essay and reiterates the thesis statement with different phrasing. The conclusion paragraph usually revisits the points introduced in the supporting paragraphs to prove to the reader that, from the writer's point of view, the thesis statement was correct.

About the Author

Oubria Tronshaw specializes in topics related to parenting and business. She received a Bachelor of Arts in creative writing from the Santa Fe University of Art and Design, and a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing from Chicago State University. She currently teaches English at Harper Community College in the Chicago area.

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Difference Between Essay and Paragraph

• Updated on  
• Oct 17, 2024

When it comes to writing, understanding the “Difference Between Essay and Paragraph” is important for clear and effective communication. Both are common forms of writing, but they serve different purposes and follow unique structures. A paragraph is a concise group of sentences, typically ranging from 100 to 150 words , focused on a single idea. In contrast, an essay is a more extensive piece, usually between 300 and 1000 words or more , consisting of multiple paragraphs that explore a topic in depth. Knowing how they differ in terms of word limits and structure can help you become a more skilled writer, whether you’re crafting a brief explanation or a more detailed exploration of a subject.

Table of Contents

• 1 What is an Essay?
• 2 What is a Paragraph?
• 3 Difference Between Essay and Paragraph
• 4.1 What Makes a Good Paragraph?
• 4.2 What Makes a Good Essay?
• 5 Common Features of an Essay and a Paragraph

What is an Essay?

An essay is a structured piece of writing that presents a writer’s thoughts, ideas, or arguments on a particular topic. It is typically longer than a paragraph and is made up of multiple paragraphs. Essays are written to inform, persuade, or entertain the reader, depending on the type of essay.

An essay usually follows a clear structure:

• Introduction – This section introduces the topic and includes a thesis statement, which presents the main argument or point of the essay.
• Body Paragraphs – These are the middle sections of the essay where the writer develops and supports their argument or explanation. Each body paragraph focuses on a specific idea and provides examples or evidence.
• Conclusion – The final part that summarizes the main points and restates the thesis in a new way, giving the reader a sense of closure.

Essays can vary in length, typically ranging from 300 to 1000 words or more , and can be written in various styles, such as narrative , descriptive , expository , or persuasive , depending on the purpose.

Example: Title: “Why Cats Are the Best Pets”

Many people love pets, but for me, cats are the best. In this essay, I will explain why cats make ideal companions for busy people. First of all, cats are very independent. Unlike dogs, they don’t need to be walked every day. This makes them perfect for people who have hectic schedules. Secondly, cats are quiet and clean animals. They use litter boxes, so they don’t need to go outside to relieve themselves, and they groom themselves regularly, which means less mess for their owners. Lastly, cats are affectionate without being overly demanding. While they love cuddles, they don’t require constant attention. In conclusion, cats are perfect pets because they are independent, clean, and loving.

What is a Paragraph?

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that focus on a single idea or point. It is the basic building block of writing, helping to break down larger pieces like essays or articles into smaller, more manageable sections. A well-written paragraph typically contains 3 to 8 sentences and ranges from 100 to 150 words .

The structure of a paragraph usually follows three key parts:

• Topic Sentence – This is the first sentence, introducing the main idea of the paragraph.
• Supporting Sentences – These sentences expand on the topic, providing details, examples, or explanations.
• Concluding Sentence – This sentence wraps up the thought or transitions to the next paragraph.

A paragraph is meant to express one clear idea in a concise way, making it a critical part of effective writing.

Example: Topic: “My Favorite Animal”

“My favorite animal is the cat. Cats are small and furry, and they make great companions. They are independent, but they also enjoy cuddling and spending time with their owners. I like how playful they are and how they chase after toys. Unlike dogs, cats are quieter, which is perfect for a calm household. Overall, cats are perfect pets because they are affectionate and low-maintenance.”

Here’s a comparison of the difference between an essay and a paragraph given below. This table highlights the main differences in structure, length, purpose, and scope between an essay and a paragraph.

What Makes a Good Paragraph and Essay?

A good paragraph and a good essay share some fundamental characteristics, but each has specific qualities that make them effective in their own contexts. Let’s break down the elements of both:

What Makes a Good Paragraph?

• Clear Topic Sentence: A good paragraph starts with a strong topic sentence that introduces the main idea clearly and concisely. This sets the focus for the rest of the paragraph.

Example: “One of the best ways to stay healthy is by eating a balanced diet.”

• Unity: Every sentence in the paragraph should relate to the main idea expressed in the topic sentence. Irrelevant details can confuse the reader and disrupt the flow.
• Coherence: The sentences should flow logically and smoothly from one to the next. Transition words (like “first,” “in addition,” “however”) help maintain a smooth flow of ideas.

Example: “In addition to regular exercise, staying hydrated is key to maintaining health.”

• Development and Support: A good paragraph is well-developed with supporting details , such as facts, examples, explanations, or descriptions, to back up the main idea.

Example: “For example, fruits and vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals that boost immunity.”

• Concluding Sentence: It ends with a concluding sentence that wraps up the thought or provides a transition to the next paragraph (in the case of a larger work).

Example: “Therefore, maintaining a balanced diet is an important component of staying healthy.”

What Makes a Good Essay?

• Clear Thesis Statement: A good essay starts with an engaging introduction and a clear thesis statement, which is the central idea or argument of the essay. It tells the reader what to expect in the body of the essay.

Example: “This essay will explain why regular exercise is essential for mental and physical health.”

• Introduction : Introduces the topic and presents the thesis.
• Body Paragraphs : Each body paragraph should focus on a specific point that supports the thesis, with clear topic sentences and evidence (facts, examples, research).
• Conclusion : Summarizes the main points and restates the thesis in a new way, providing closure.

Each body paragraph should build on the previous one, maintaining a smooth flow of ideas.

• Strong Supporting Evidence: A good essay presents well-researched evidence to back up its arguments or points. This can include examples, data, quotes, or facts that strengthen the thesis.
• Coherence and Transitions: Like paragraphs, a good essay should be coherent, with ideas flowing logically from one paragraph to the next. Transitions between paragraphs help to maintain the flow and guide the reader through the essay.
• Depth of Analysis: A good essay explores the topic in-depth, providing multiple perspectives or a thorough explanation of the topic. It doesn’t just state facts but analyzes them to make a convincing argument or point.
• Engaging Conclusion: A good essay ends with a strong conclusion that summarizes the main arguments, reinforces the thesis, and leaves the reader with a lasting impression. The conclusion should provide closure without introducing new information.

Common Features of an Essay and a Paragraph

Although essays and paragraphs differ in length and scope, they share several important features that are essential for clear and effective writing. Here are the common features they both possess:

• Clarity: Both a good paragraph and a good essay should be easy to understand, with clear and precise language .
• Relevance: All information in a good paragraph or essay should be relevant to the main idea or thesis. Irrelevant details weaken the writing.
• Conciseness: Both should avoid unnecessary words or overly complex sentences, making the writing concise yet comprehensive.

A paragraph is a collection of sentences that work together to develop a single main idea. An essay is a longer piece of writing that is organized into paragraphs and develops a central thesis statement.

No, paragraphs and essays are not the same. A paragraph is a collection of sentences that work together to develop a single main idea. An essay is a longer piece of writing that is organized into paragraphs and develops a central thesis statement.

No, an essay cannot be a paragraph. An essay is a longer piece of writing that is organized into multiple paragraphs to develop a central thesis statement. A paragraph is a single unit of thought within an essay.

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Mohit Rajak, a soul entwined with the rhythm of words, finds solace in crafting verses that dance between the lines of poetry. With a pen as his wand, he weaves intricate tales and musings, breathing life into the blank canvas of pages. Through the art of blogging, Mohit embraces the world, sharing his thoughts, emotions, and unique perspective with those who venture into the realm of his written expressions. Each word, a brushstroke painting the canvas of his literary journey.

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Difference Between Paragraph and Essay – IELTS Writing Task 2 Samples

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Updated on 27 August, 2024

Sunita Kadian

Ielts expert.

The difference between an essay and a paragraph is a common topic that you can encounter in the IELTS writing task 2. I have seen many students struggling with the various topics asked in the test. But, with thorough and strategic preparation you can score well in any topic.

Here, I have explained how to craft a winning response to the “difference between an essay and a paragraph” task along with some of the key strategies that can help you crack this section of the IELTS exam. 

Table of Contents

Understanding ielts essay requirement.

• Tips for Writing Effective Essay

What is the Difference Between Paragraph and Essay: Sample Essay 1

Is there any difference between paragraph and essay: sample essay 2, important ielts exam resources.

Before delving into the difference between an essay and a paragraph IELTS writing task, it is important to understand the requirements of the task. This will help you achieve your dream IELTS score and achieve your study abroad dreams.

The different types of essays usually asked in the IELTS writing task are:

• Opinion Essays  
• Discussion Essays 
• Problem Solution Essays 
• Advantages & Disadvantages Essays 
• Double Question Essays

Here’s a detailed guide to help you understand what is expected and how to meet these requirements:

Response to Task

• Clearly address the main idea.
• Write the topic clearly and comprehensively.
• Include relevant examples to support the given statement.

Ensure Coherent Responses

• The structure of the essay should be as follows: introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
• Ensure there is a proper flow between paragraphs.
• Develop each paragraph with a single idea and conclude it within the same paragraph.
• Avoid using unnecessary complex words to convey the idea.
• Avoid grammatical errors and spelling mistakes.
• Include synonyms where required.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

• Use simple sentence structures.
• Ensure the correct use of articles, punctuation, and prepositions.
• Convey complex ideas by creating suitable scenarios.

Tips for Writing  Effective Essay

Some of the strategies that you can follow to improve your scores in the IELTS writing task 2 are:

• Understand the given topic and type of essay.
• Identify the key points to be discussed.
• Plan the essay outline by spending at least 5 to 10 minutes of the given time. 
• Every paragraph must convey a single idea and provide a conclusion to the paragraph. 
• Use simple and crisp language to ensure the idea behind the essay is communicated clearly.
• Revise the essay by correcting all the spelling, punctuation, or grammatical mistakes.

Paragraphs and essays are different forms of write-ups used to express one's point of view. Both writing pieces should be informational, with an idea explained clearly and concisely. Even though they may appear similar, there exists a difference between paragraphs and essays. 

A paragraph is a self-sufficient writing unit created with multiple sentences. All these sentences are arranged in an organized manner to convey the author's perspective. Additionally, all the lines must be in coherence with one another. An ideal paragraph should start with an introductory sentence, followed by the text body explaining the topic, and should end with a concluding sentence. 

A good paragraph will also convey the author's idea to the reader. Each sentence should expand on that point and not stray from the general topic. Usually, paragraphs are composed of 5-7 sentences and don't require much preparation as they do not give out much detail. 

On the other hand, an essay is a formal write-up consisting of at least 2 to 3 paragraphs. Here, the first paragraph introduces the topic the author plans to discuss in the rest of the essay. The following paragraphs are used to express the views in a detailed manner. Finally, an essay is finished with a concluding paragraph, highlighting the crux of the topic.

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In any fictional or non-fictional write-up, we come across multiple texts divided into separate portions for better understanding. Writing sections can be classified as either a paragraph or an essay. Despite the apparent similarities, there is a stark difference between paragraph and essay. 

A paragraph is an arrangement of multiple sentences. Here, you don't have to form a sync with other parts of the text as it is singular. On the other hand, an essay must follow a specific pattern. It should have an introduction and a conclusion paragraph apart from the general text. You can also add quotes from relevant sources in the essay to make it more credible for the readers. 

The next difference is the text length in both write-ups. A paragraph is a coherent collection of approximately 5-7 sentences. However, the pattern of an essay has no such limitations. It is composed of multiple paragraphs. Based on the requirements, a short essay can have a minimum of 2-3 paragraphs, and an extensive essay can have 6-8 paragraphs or more.

A paragraph is hence a part of an essay. The beginning of a new paragraph is indicated by inserting a line break, while an introductory paragraph marks the beginning of an essay.

Read More Essay Samples For IELTS:

Conclusion 

The IELTS score required is dependent on the country and the university in which you are applying. By practicing thoroughly for topics like the difference between an essay and a paragraph, you can improve your score in the writing task. With the above mentioned strategies, you can surely ace the IELTS Writing Task 2. 

IELTS Exam Overview

IELTS is required to be taken by international students and workers who wish to study or work in a country where English is the primary language of communication. Know the complete details.

IELTS Exam Syllabus

With the right knowledge of the IELTS exam syllabus and pattern, cracking the popular English test won’t be difficult.

The IELTS exam pattern encompasses four major sections, i.e. listening, speaking, writing, and reading.

Register For IELTS

IELTS is the most popular and crucial test for evaluating English language proficiency throughout the world. Learn how to register for the IELTS exam.

IELTS Exam Eligibility Criteria

It becomes necessary for candidates to meet the eligibility for IELTS exam and demonstrate their language proficiency while being assessed on four parameters, namely, Writing, Reading, Speaking and Listening.

The IELTS exam fee in India varies based on the types of IELTS tests. The link below shows detailed information on the IELTS exam fees.

IELTS Exam Dates 2022

The IELTS exam dates are allotted on a first-come and first-serve basis. Choose your date and timings beforehand to avoid the delay. You can register for the test both in online and offline mode.

IELTS Test Centres in India

Fully aware of the growing popularity of the language test, we bring to you a list of IELTS exam centers in India. The list will enable aspirants in better planning before registering for the test.

Band Score for Reading

IELTS reading band score decides the knowledge and proficiency of the English language of the applicants.

IELTS Listening Band Score

The listening section evaluates the comprehension level of candidates. The scores also depend on the understanding of different accents and dialects.

IELTS Score Validity

The IELTS score validity for General and Academic is two years across the globe. The IELTS result validity for Canada is two years.

• Types of IELTS Exam

There are two types of IELTS tests – i) Academic IELTS and ii) General Training IELTS. Candidates are often confused about making the right choice of IELTS test that can meet their requirements regarding their education or job.

Books for IELTS Preparation

Picking the best IELTS books for preparation is essential for scoring well. It may seem tough at first but cracking the examination successfully is not impossible.

Writing task 2 in IELTS is descriptive essay writing. The applicants are supposed to write an essay in response to the statement or situation given in the essay.

Tips for IELTS Writing

Before appearing for the test, let’s take a look at the below-mentioned IELTS writing tips and tricks to score well in the writing section.

Reading Section IELTS

Reading is the second part of the IELTS test and takes 60 minutes. It consists of three or sometimes four reading passages to increase difficulty, and there are a total of 40 questions to answer.

IELTS Speaking Preparation

Please note that your performance on the speaking test is assessed based on the following criteria- fluency and coherence, grammatical range and accuracy, lexical resource, and pronunciation.

There are many phrases for IELTS speaking that a candidate should practice beforehand. If you aim for band 9, you should know these phrases.

IELTS is one of the most used English Language Proficiency Tests. The exam is scored in bands. Your IELTS band score determines the performance level of your test.

Understanding the IELTS band score is not difficult. The results of the examination are reported on a scale of 9 bands.

• IELTS Slot Booking

To book the IELTS exam, the candidates can either visit their nearest test center or book the slot online by visiting the official website of IDP. If they choose to go with the second option, they should follow the steps given below.

IELTS Academic Writing Task 1

IELTS Academic writing is meant for students who are applying for top-ranked universities and colleges in English-speaking countries. The writing task one is an academic summary writing based on diagrammatic and graphical representation.

Writing Task 2 is the second part of the writing section of IELTS, where aspirants are presented with a point of view, argument, or problem and asked to write an essay in response to the question.

Writing Task 1 IELTS

In IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 starts with a diagram, a visual representation of information. It can be a table, map, graph, process, diagram, or picture.

IELTS Essay Samples

The essay for IELTS is part of Writing Task 2. It is the same for the General Training and Academic of the IELTS. You will get a topic and have to write an essay on the same.

IELTS Cue Cards

The IELTS speaking cue cards come into play for the second part when the candidate will be choosing cue cards and then speaking on a topic for two minutes at least.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many sentences should a typical paragraph contain in an ielts essay.

A paragraph typically contains 3-5 sentences. An essay includes an introduction, body content, and conclusion. It is suggested that candidates include 2 to 3 body paragraphs in the IELTS exam. This strategy can help candidates score well.

What is the role of a thesis statement in an essay?

A thesis statement plays a prominent role in an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. This statement conveys the main idea of the given topic. The thesis statement acts as a summary for the examiner about the essay. It represents the writer's opinion on the given topic and is a critical part of the introduction.

Can a paragraph be considered an IELTS essay?

No, a paragraph can never be considered an essay. A paragraph has no line breaks and includes all text in continuation. On the other hand, an essay has several line breaks marking the beginning of each paragraph. Also, an essay consists of several paragraphs.

How many paragraphs are required in an IELTS essay?

All essays in IELTS must have an introduction and conclusion. This is two paragraphs. Additionally, the body must be divided into 2-3 paragraphs. Therefore, the total number of paragraphs your IELTS essay must have is 4 to 5.

Sunita Kadian, co-founder and Academic Head at Yuno Learning is an expert in IELTS and English communication. With a background in competitive exam preparation (IELTS, GMAT, CAT, TOEFL), interview prep, and corporate soft skills training, she has adapted these programs for the Yuno platform. Her dedication and commitment earned high praise from students, especially for her public speaking and advanced speaking English courses. Sunita's mastery of language nuances and articulation makes her a favorite among IELTS students. She holds a Postgraduate degree in English Literature, a B.Ed., and a Post Graduate Diploma in Public Relations.

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The Difference between an Essay and a Paragraph

Paragraphs are the building blocks of an essay, so the difference between the two is comparative to the difference between a brick and a house. Your house may be made of bricks, but it's not likely you'll ever live in just a single brick.

Yes, There Are Similarities, But...

Both a good paragraph and a good essay make a point. One thought logically flows into another with one central point in mind.

A paragraph includes a topic sentence that is followed by at least two to three sentences that elaborate on that topic. It ends with a final sentence that sums up those thoughts and reaches a conclusion about them.

An essay includes an introduction that presents a topic followed by at least two to three paragraphs that elaborate on that topic along with a final paragraph that sums up those thoughts and reaches a conclusion about them.

The difference is that the topic in an essay is generally broader and requires multiple paragraphs to explain the points its writer intends to make about that topic.

What Makes A Good Paragraph

A good paragraph makes a point and each sentence supports and expands on that one point. Paragraphs should be limited to a single topic and each body sentence should simply flesh out the topic at hand. Traditionally, a paragraph should include at least four to five sentences of writing with this specific structure in mind to be complete.

What Makes A Good Essay

A good essay includes a thesis statement that can be expanded to make many points that relate back to it. Each paragraph in an essay will include a topic sentence that both support and flesh out the thesis statement. Further, a good essay takes quite a bit more preparation than a single paragraph. Few good essays include less than five paragraphs since a much broader topic is being explored than in a single paragraph.

The ability to write a good paragraph is essential to writing a good essay. However, you're going to have to work a little harder on an essay, because a single paragraph is generally not going to make a broad enough point to be considered an essay. Use good, well-structured paragraphs with topic sentences that make each point in explain a thesis statement as your building blocks, and you'll be well on your way to completing a great essay.

What this handout is about

This handout will help you understand how paragraphs are formed, how to develop stronger paragraphs, and how to completely and clearly express your ideas.

What is a paragraph?

Paragraphs are the building blocks of papers. Many students define paragraphs in terms of length: a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences, a paragraph is half a page long, etc. In reality, though, the unity and coherence of ideas among sentences is what constitutes a paragraph. A paragraph is defined as “a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit” (Lunsford and Connors 116). Length and appearance do not determine whether a section in a paper is a paragraph. For instance, in some styles of writing, particularly journalistic styles, a paragraph can be just one sentence long. Ultimately, a paragraph is a sentence or group of sentences that support one main idea. In this handout, we will refer to this as the “controlling idea,” because it controls what happens in the rest of the paragraph.

How do I decide what to put in a paragraph?

Before you can begin to determine what the composition of a particular paragraph will be, you must first decide on an argument and a working thesis statement for your paper. What is the most important idea that you are trying to convey to your reader? The information in each paragraph must be related to that idea. In other words, your paragraphs should remind your reader that there is a recurrent relationship between your thesis and the information in each paragraph. A working thesis functions like a seed from which your paper, and your ideas, will grow. The whole process is an organic one—a natural progression from a seed to a full-blown paper where there are direct, familial relationships between all of the ideas in the paper.

The decision about what to put into your paragraphs begins with the germination of a seed of ideas; this “germination process” is better known as brainstorming . There are many techniques for brainstorming; whichever one you choose, this stage of paragraph development cannot be skipped. Building paragraphs can be like building a skyscraper: there must be a well-planned foundation that supports what you are building. Any cracks, inconsistencies, or other corruptions of the foundation can cause your whole paper to crumble.

So, let’s suppose that you have done some brainstorming to develop your thesis. What else should you keep in mind as you begin to create paragraphs? Every paragraph in a paper should be :

• Unified : All of the sentences in a single paragraph should be related to a single controlling idea (often expressed in the topic sentence of the paragraph).
• Clearly related to the thesis : The sentences should all refer to the central idea, or thesis, of the paper (Rosen and Behrens 119).
• Coherent : The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development (Rosen and Behrens 119).
• Well-developed : Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explain the paragraph’s controlling idea (Rosen and Behrens 119).

How do I organize a paragraph?

There are many different ways to organize a paragraph. The organization you choose will depend on the controlling idea of the paragraph. Below are a few possibilities for organization, with links to brief examples:

• Narration : Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish. ( See an example. )
• Description : Provide specific details about what something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, or feels like. Organize spatially, in order of appearance, or by topic. ( See an example. )
• Process : Explain how something works, step by step. Perhaps follow a sequence—first, second, third. ( See an example. )
• Classification : Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a topic. ( See an example. )
• Illustration : Give examples and explain how those examples support your point. (See an example in the 5-step process below.)

Illustration paragraph: a 5-step example

From the list above, let’s choose “illustration” as our rhetorical purpose. We’ll walk through a 5-step process for building a paragraph that illustrates a point in an argument. For each step there is an explanation and example. Our example paragraph will be about human misconceptions of piranhas.

Step 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentence

Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea directs the paragraph’s development. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraph’s controlling idea.

Controlling idea and topic sentence — Despite the fact that piranhas are relatively harmless, many people continue to believe the pervasive myth that piranhas are dangerous to humans.

Step 2. Elaborate on the controlling idea

Paragraph development continues with an elaboration on the controlling idea, perhaps with an explanation, implication, or statement about significance. Our example offers a possible explanation for the pervasiveness of the myth.

Elaboration — This impression of piranhas is exacerbated by their mischaracterization in popular media.

Step 3. Give an example (or multiple examples)

Paragraph development progresses with an example (or more) that illustrates the claims made in the previous sentences.

Example — For example, the promotional poster for the 1978 horror film Piranha features an oversized piranha poised to bite the leg of an unsuspecting woman.

Step 4. Explain the example(s)

The next movement in paragraph development is an explanation of each example and its relevance to the topic sentence. The explanation should demonstrate the value of the example as evidence to support the major claim, or focus, in your paragraph.

Continue the pattern of giving examples and explaining them until all points/examples that the writer deems necessary have been made and explained. NONE of your examples should be left unexplained. You might be able to explain the relationship between the example and the topic sentence in the same sentence which introduced the example. More often, however, you will need to explain that relationship in a separate sentence.

Explanation for example — Such a terrifying representation easily captures the imagination and promotes unnecessary fear.

Notice that the example and explanation steps of this 5-step process (steps 3 and 4) can be repeated as needed. The idea is that you continue to use this pattern until you have completely developed the main idea of the paragraph.

Step 5. Complete the paragraph’s idea or transition into the next paragraph

The final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose ends of the paragraph. At this point, you can remind your reader about the relevance of the information to the larger paper, or you can make a concluding point for this example. You might, however, simply transition to the next paragraph.

Sentences for completing a paragraph — While the trope of the man-eating piranhas lends excitement to the adventure stories, it bears little resemblance to the real-life piranha. By paying more attention to fact than fiction, humans may finally be able to let go of this inaccurate belief.

Finished paragraph

Despite the fact that piranhas are relatively harmless, many people continue to believe the pervasive myth that piranhas are dangerous to humans. This impression of piranhas is exacerbated by their mischaracterization in popular media. For example, the promotional poster for the 1978 horror film Piranha features an oversized piranha poised to bite the leg of an unsuspecting woman. Such a terrifying representation easily captures the imagination and promotes unnecessary fear. While the trope of the man-eating piranhas lends excitement to the adventure stories, it bears little resemblance to the real-life piranha. By paying more attention to fact than fiction, humans may finally be able to let go of this inaccurate belief.

Troubleshooting paragraphs

Problem: the paragraph has no topic sentence.

Imagine each paragraph as a sandwich. The real content of the sandwich—the meat or other filling—is in the middle. It includes all the evidence you need to make the point. But it gets kind of messy to eat a sandwich without any bread. Your readers don’t know what to do with all the evidence you’ve given them. So, the top slice of bread (the first sentence of the paragraph) explains the topic (or controlling idea) of the paragraph. And, the bottom slice (the last sentence of the paragraph) tells the reader how the paragraph relates to the broader argument. In the original and revised paragraphs below, notice how a topic sentence expressing the controlling idea tells the reader the point of all the evidence.

Original paragraph

Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won’t bite humans.

Revised paragraph

Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won’t bite humans.

Once you have mastered the use of topic sentences, you may decide that the topic sentence for a particular paragraph really shouldn’t be the first sentence of the paragraph. This is fine—the topic sentence can actually go at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph; what’s important is that it is in there somewhere so that readers know what the main idea of the paragraph is and how it relates back to the thesis of your paper. Suppose that we wanted to start the piranha paragraph with a transition sentence—something that reminds the reader of what happened in the previous paragraph—rather than with the topic sentence. Let’s suppose that the previous paragraph was about all kinds of animals that people are afraid of, like sharks, snakes, and spiders. Our paragraph might look like this (the topic sentence is bold):

Like sharks, snakes, and spiders, piranhas are widely feared. Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless . Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won’t bite humans.

Problem: the paragraph has more than one controlling idea

If a paragraph has more than one main idea, consider eliminating sentences that relate to the second idea, or split the paragraph into two or more paragraphs, each with only one main idea. Watch our short video on reverse outlining to learn a quick way to test whether your paragraphs are unified. In the following paragraph, the final two sentences branch off into a different topic; so, the revised paragraph eliminates them and concludes with a sentence that reminds the reader of the paragraph’s main idea.

Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. A number of South American groups eat piranhas. They fry or grill the fish and then serve them with coconut milk or tucupi, a sauce made from fermented manioc juices.

Problem: transitions are needed within the paragraph

You are probably familiar with the idea that transitions may be needed between paragraphs or sections in a paper (see our handout on transitions ). Sometimes they are also helpful within the body of a single paragraph. Within a paragraph, transitions are often single words or short phrases that help to establish relationships between ideas and to create a logical progression of those ideas in a paragraph. This is especially likely to be true within paragraphs that discuss multiple examples. Let’s take a look at a version of our piranha paragraph that uses transitions to orient the reader:

Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, except in two main situations, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas’ instinct is to flee, not attack. But there are two situations in which a piranha bite is likely. The first is when a frightened piranha is lifted out of the water—for example, if it has been caught in a fishing net. The second is when the water level in pools where piranhas are living falls too low. A large number of fish may be trapped in a single pool, and if they are hungry, they may attack anything that enters the water.

In this example, you can see how the phrases “the first” and “the second” help the reader follow the organization of the ideas in the paragraph.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Lunsford, Andrea. 2008. The St. Martin’s Handbook: Annotated Instructor’s Edition , 6th ed. New York: St. Martin’s.

Rosen, Leonard J., and Laurence Behrens. 2003. The Allyn & Bacon Handbook , 5th ed. New York: Longman.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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