linking words essay pdf

IELTS Writing Task 1 and Task 2 – Linking Words (with PDF)

Just how important are linkers for IELTS? When it comes to Writing Task 1 and Writing Task 2, connecting words for IELTS are incredibly important. Overall, they’ll have a significant impact on your band descriptor—in other words, on your IELTS scores. So how do you use IELTS writing linking words well? I’ll show you how in this IELTS linking words PDF!

IELTS Linking Words PDF

Magoosh IELTS Linking Words - Get the PDF

Once you’ve downloaded the IELTS linking words PDF , come back to this post to read on. In this post, we’ll look at linkers for IELTS and how you can use connecting words for IELTS tasks to boost your score.

How to use linking words for ielts writing task 1, how to use linking words for ielts writing task 2, connecting words for both ielts tasks.

Comparison/Opposition
Consequence/Result
Practice with Linking Words for Writing Task 1

Practice with Linking Words for Writing Task 2

Using the ielts linking words pdf, the function of linking words in ielts writing.

The IELTS Writing exam is marked on four criteria : grammar and sentence structure; vocabulary usage; answering the task response; and coherence and cohesion. Each makes up 25% of the overall score. Often, when I read an essay by an ESL student, I’m impressed by their range of vocabulary and their expert grammar use, but disappointed about how incoherently one sentence flows to the next.

In other words? They need more connecting words for IELTS’s higher band descriptors!

To develop coherence and cohesion, we need to use a variety of phrases to link one idea to the next, so that the reader can follow your thinking. How you’ll do this should vary according to the task type that you’re approaching. Take a look at IELTS band descriptors 1 and 2 , then see how to use linkers for IELTS below!

On IELTS Task 1 , you’ll write a report based on two visuals (think: charts and graphs ). You’ll need connecting words for IELTS Task 1 to:

Transition from a description of one visual to a description of the other
Compare and contrast key features of the visuals
Point out and highlight data or details of the visuals

For IELTS Task 2 , you’ll write an extended response to a prompt. In this case, you’ll need linkers for IELTS Task 2 to:

Present your opinion
Move between paragraphs
Provide reasons
Give examples
Explain conditions and consequences of different scenarios

Even though the two IELTS Writing tasks are very different, you’ll still need to structure your responses with an introduction in either case. And a conclusion could potentially be used in both tasks as well, although conclusions are optional in IELTS Academic Writing Task 1. (See our article on Writing Task 1 Academic paragraph structure for details.) Because of this, IELTS Writing linking words that will help you on both tasks are those that:

Connect your introduction to your summary of the visuals
Move from your main discussion to your conclusion.

Categories of Linkers for IELTS Writing

With all of that in mind, let’s take a look at several series of linking words to help you on test day! You can also download these in the IELTS linking words PDF to return to for reinforcement.

While most of these words can be used in either task, I’ve put asterisks (*) by different words that are particularly good for Task 1 or Task 2. Here’s the key:

* Especially good linking words for IELTS Writing Task 1 (Academic) ** Especially good IELTS Writing Task 2 linking words (Note, however, that any of these phrase categories can be pretty useful in either essay!)

I think/feel/believe that…
Personally, I feel that…
As far as I am concerned…
From my point of view…
I admit that….
I concur that…
I agree that….
Furthermore,…
In addition,…
Additionally,…
On top of that,…
Especially,…
In particular,…
Particularly,…
Without a doubt,…
Obviously,…
Importantly,…

Comparison/Opposition*

In contrast,…
By contrast…
In comparison,…
Meanwhile,…
On the other hand,…
Alternatively,…
Nevertheless,…

Condition**

Unless…
On the condition that…
Provided that…
As long as…
Supposing that…

Concession**

Admittedly,…
Even though…
In spite of…
For instance,…
For example,…
A very good example is…
The best example is…
To illustrate,…
First of all,…
To start with…
Thirdly/fourthly/etc.,…

Consequence/Result**

As a result,…
As a consequence,…
Consequently,…
Accordingly,…
Therefore,…
On that account,…
For that reason,…

Conclusion**

In conclusion,…
To conclude,…
In the end,…
To summarize,…
To sum up,…

Ready to put your knowledge from the IELTS linking words PDF to the test? Here are some exercises you can use to practice using linkers for IELTS!

Practice with IELTS Linking Words for Writing Task 1

You can find the prompt for this question here !

These graphics highlight several key trends. (1) ________, in general terms, slightly more than half the population owned computers in 2002. (2) ________, that number rose to roughly 75% over the next eight years. (3)________, these numbers varied by group. (4)________, postgraduates were always ahead of the general population: roughly three-quarters of postgraduates owned computers in 2002, that figure rose to nearly 95% by 2010. (5)________, those who had not finished high school began with only a 15% computer ownership rate, which increased to about 45% after eight years.

(1) Firstly/First of all/To start with

(2) However/But/Nevertheless

(3) On the other hand/However/But/Nevertheless

(4) Any example linking word would work here except “such as,” because this is the beginning of a sentence.

(1)________, young people need freedom to make choices, especially when it comes to their careers. Deep down, some parents may want their children to choose prestigious careers, or jobs that will impact society in some way. These wishes are normal and not necessarily harmful. (2)________, it can be problematic if these desires turn into firm expectations. (3)________, offering a child freedom does not imply that parents should be absent. Parents should strive to foster open communication about career decisions. (4)_______, if Tim’s aspirations do not line up with his parents’ wishes, he may, (5) _______ fear that approaching them could lead to judgement and confrontation.

(1) Any opinion linking word or phrase would work here except for “I concur that” or “I agree that,” because this is the first idea introduced in the essay.

(2) Admittedly,

(3) However,/But/On the other hand,/Nevertheless,

The best way to improve your use of IELTS Writing linking words is to practice repeatedly, checking your work thoroughly each time. With the IELTS Linking Words PDF, we’ve made this easy for you!

In the IELTS linking words PDF, you’ll find the key information from this post. This includes the lists of linking words, which task(s) each word is best for, and practice using linking words using the exercises below!

Incorporating IELTS Writing linking words into your practice by using the PDF regularly will help you achieve greater fluency for test day–and help you boost your band score. Make it a regular part of your practice! And be sure to read up on the whole IELTS Writing section, so you can study for the test effectively. Magoosh has a complete guide to IELTS Writing that can help.

Eliot Friesen-Meyers is the Senior Curriculum Manager for Magoosh IELTS and TOEFL. He attended Goshen College (B.A.), New York University (M.A.), and Harvard University (M.T.S.), gaining experience and skills in curriculum development, ESOL instruction, online teaching and learning, and IELTS and TOEFL test prep education. Eliot’s teaching career started with Literacy Americorps in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and later, taught ESL programs at Northeastern University, University of California-Irvine, and Harold Washington College. Eliot was also a speaker at the 2019 TESOL International Conference . With over 10 years of experience, he understands the challenges students face and loves helping them overcome those challenges. Come join Eliot on Youtube , Facebook , and Instagram . Recent blog posts Complete Guide to IELTS Writing Task 1 Complete Guide to IELTS Writing Task 2

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11 responses to “IELTS Writing Task 1 and Task 2 – Linking Words (with PDF)”

Hi, Thanks a million. It is very useful.

I wrote IELTS for getting Canadian PR however I got less in “Writing”. My score was “6.5” and “7” in “listening”. My overall band was “7” and the total score as 370. Could anyone share a few tips? Initially I strongly believed that IELTS apart from being a competitive exam, was a source of business as well as they deliberately made us fail but I slowly started feeling that perhaps I could have done errors. Anyways encapsulating my words, “Any tips”?

Thank you. I really found this post useful because I have been struggling to start my body paragraph and have no idea what to write.

Glad you enjoyed it, Gigi!

Hallo there

Is it possible to know one type of writting an easy so it can cover deffrent subject and deferent varaity of topic ensteed I read each topic and subject endevsoual. Best regards Khleed

I’m sorry, but I don’t understand what you are trying to ask here! Can you please ask in a different way or provide some more details or an example of what you are looking for? Thanks!

Yeay 👏 it’s so helpful ❤️

Yeay 👏 it’s so helpful and now I’ll prepare using your ideas

So glad to hear it! 😀

I believe that this will help me to achieve what I really want to claim in my life….. I HOPE SO.

Hi Malakpreet,

We hope so too! Best of luck to you! 😀

75 linking words for academic writing (+examples)

Linking words play an important role in academic writing: They connect different paragraphs, sections or ideas in a text. Therefore, they considerably improve the readability and argumentation of academic texts such as a thesis, dissertation, essay or journal publication. This list of 75 linking words includes examples of how they can be used in academic writing.

Linking words expressing order and sequence in academic writing

Example: First, I review the existing literature on cross-border collaboration. Second, I explain the methodology …

Example: The event increased public awareness of this issue. Afterwards, politicians debated it more openly.

Example: Before scientists discovered the role of neurons in information processing, they assumed that…

Linking words expressing additions in academic writing

Example: Additionally, the interviewee lamented a lack of attention to his work.

Example: The financial compensation was also appreciated by the study participants.

You may also like: How to paraphrase a quote: 4 simple strategies

Linking words expressing cause and effect in academic writing

Example: As the number of studies increases, better conclusions can be drawn.

Example: The literature highlights the importance of age and physical fitness. Consequently, these factors will be investigated further.

Linking words expressing contrasts and comparisons in academic writing

Example: Many scholars have explored this issue. Yet, to date, no inclusive framework exists to explain…

Example: People often stated that they are aware of the rules whereas they behaved as if they did not.

31. Equally

Example: E qually important, however, is the role of personal beliefs in decision-making processes.

33. On the other hand

If you are looking to elevate your writing and editing skills, I highly recommend enrolling in the course “ Good with Words: Writing and Editing Specialization “, which is a 4 course series offered by the University of Michigan. This comprehensive program is conveniently available as an online course on Coursera, allowing you to learn at your own pace. Plus, upon successful completion, you’ll have the opportunity to earn a valuable certificate to showcase your newfound expertise!

Linking words expressing emphasis in academic writing

36. Especially

37. Above all

Example: Indeed, motivation turned out to be a defining factor of academic success.

38. Clearly

Example: Clearly, these scholars were not aware of recent advances in medical sciences.

39. Definitely

Example: This was definitely the most important event of the year.

40. Importantly

Example: More importantly, the findings underscore the importance of conflict resolution.

41. Undoubtedly

Example: Undoubtedly, all stakeholders had good intentions.

42. Obviously

Linking words expressing illustrations in academic writing

Example: Many interviewees were nervous. For example, when asked to describe the event, some of them started to stutter.

Linking words expressing summaries and conclusions in academic writing

Example: In conclusion, the reviewed literature highlights a clear research gap.

Example: In short, scholars call for more research on climate change mitigation.

Linking words expressing conditionality in academic writing

Example: As long as the conditions do not change, the results should remain stable.

Example: Even if more experiments are conducted, human behaviour remains hard to predict.

Linking words expressing generalisations in academic writing

Linking words expressing concessions in academic writing.

Example: Regardless of their genetic makeup, mice showcased the same symptoms.

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Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Published on May 29, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2023.

Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence.

The proposed solution to the problem did not work. Therefore , we attempted a second solution. However , this solution was also unsuccessful.

For clear writing, it’s essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly.

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When and how to use transition words, types and examples of transition words, common mistakes with transition words, other interesting articles.

Transition words commonly appear at the start of a new sentence or clause (followed by a comma ), serving to express how this clause relates to the previous one.

Transition words can also appear in the middle of a clause. It’s important to place them correctly to convey the meaning you intend.

Example text with and without transition words

The text below describes all the events it needs to, but it does not use any transition words to connect them. Because of this, it’s not clear exactly how these different events are related or what point the author is making by telling us about them.

If we add some transition words at appropriate moments, the text reads more smoothly and the relationship among the events described becomes clearer.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Consequently , France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union initially worked with Germany in order to partition Poland. However , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.

Don’t overuse transition words

While transition words are essential to clear writing, it’s possible to use too many of them. Consider the following example, in which the overuse of linking words slows down the text and makes it feel repetitive.

In this case the best way to fix the problem is to simplify the text so that fewer linking words are needed.

The key to using transition words effectively is striking the right balance. It is difficult to follow the logic of a text with no transition words, but a text where every sentence begins with a transition word can feel over-explained.

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There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential. Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.

Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It’s important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition.

Additive transition words

Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.

Function	Example sentence	Transition words and phrases
Addition	We found that the mixture was effective. , it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted.	indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both and , not only but also , , in fact
Introduction	Several researchers have previously explored this topic. , Smith (2014) examined the effects of …	such as, like, particularly, including, as an illustration, for example, for instance, in particular, to illustrate, especially, notably
Reference	The solution showed a high degree of absorption. , it is reasonable to conclude that …	considering , regarding , in regard to , as for , concerning , the fact that , on the subject of
Similarity	It was not possible to establish a correlation between these variables. , the connection between and remains unclear …	similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in like manner, equally, likewise
Clarification	The patient suffered several side effects, increased appetite, decreased libido, and disordered sleep.	that is (to say), namely, specifically, more precisely, in other words

Adversative transition words

Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.

Function	Example sentence	Transition words and phrases
Conflict	The novel does deal with the theme of family. , its central theme is more broadly political …	but, however, although, though, equally, by way of contrast, while, on the other hand, (and) yet, whereas, in contrast, (when) in fact, conversely, whereas
Concession	Jones (2011) argues that the novel reflects Russian politics of the time. this is correct, other aspects of the text must also be considered.	even so, nonetheless, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, admittedly, despite , notwithstanding , (and) still, although, , regardless (of ), (and) yet, though, granted
Dismissal	It remains unclear which of these hypotheses is correct. , it can be inferred that …	regardless, either way, whatever the case, in any/either event, in any/either case, at any rate, all the same
Emphasis	The chemical is generally thought to have corrosive properties. , several studies have supported this hypothesis.	above all, indeed, more/most importantly
Replacement	The character of Godfrey is often viewed as selfish, self-absorbed.	(or) at least, (or) rather, instead, or (perhaps) even, if not

Causal transition words

Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express purpose, consequence, and condition.

Function	Example sentence	Transition words and phrases
Consequence	Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany.	therefore, because (of ), as a result (of ), for this reason, in view of , as, owing to x, due to (the fact that), since, consequently, in consequence, as a consequence, hence, thus, so (that), accordingly, so much (so) that, under the/such circumstances, if so
Condition	We qualified survey responses as positive the participant selected “agree” or “strongly agree.” , results were recorded as negative.	(even/only) if/when, on (the) condition that, in the case that, granted (that), provided/providing that, in case, in the event that, as/so long as, unless, given that, being that, inasmuch/insofar as, in that case, in (all) other cases, if so/not, otherwise
Purpose	We used accurate recording equipment our results would be as precise as possible.	to, in order to/that, for the purpose of, in the hope that, so that, to the end that, lest, with this in mind, so as to, so that, to ensure (that)

Sequential transition words

Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it’s the order in which events occurred chronologically or the order you’re presenting them in your text. They can be used for signposting in academic texts.

Function	Example sentence	Transition words and phrases
Enumeration	This has historically had several consequences: , the conflict is not given the weight of other conflicts in historical narratives. , its causes are inadequately understood. , …	first, second, third…
Initiation	, I want to consider the role played by women in this period.	in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, at first
Continuation	, I discuss the way in which the country’s various ethnic minorities were affected by the conflict.	subsequently, previously, eventually, next, before , afterwards, after , then
Conclusion	, I consider these two themes in combination.	to conclude (with), as a final point, eventually, at last, last but not least, finally, lastly
Resumption	my main argument, it is clear that …	to return/returning to , to resume, at any rate
Summation	Patel (2015) comes to a similar conclusion. , the four studies considered here suggest a consensus that the solution is effective.	as previously stated/mentioned, in summary, as I have argued, overall, as has been mentioned, to summarize, briefly, given these points, in view of , as has been noted, in conclusion, in sum, altogether, in short

Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don’t necessarily work the same way grammatically.

Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

Confused use of therefore

“Therefore” and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of, or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies illogical connections.

We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore , the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

The use of “therefore” in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix this, we simply remove the word “therefore.”

We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

Starting a sentence with also , and , or so

While the words “also,” “and,” and “so” are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence.

Also , a second round of testing was carried out.

To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or use a more formal alternative.

A second round of testing was also carried out.
Additionally , a second round of testing was carried out.

Transition words creating sentence fragments

Words like “although” and “because” are called subordinating conjunctions . This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.

The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the “although” clause.

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers disagree.

We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem, like “however.”

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers disagree.
Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However , other researchers disagree.

And vs. as well as

Students often use the phrase “ as well as ” in place of “and,” but its usage is slightly different. Using “and” suggests that the things you’re listing are of equal importance, while “as well as” introduces additional information that is less important.

Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my analysis of To the Lighthouse .

In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this mistake, we can use “and,” or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important information comes first. Note that we add a comma before “as well as” but not before “and.”

Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse .
Chapter 1 presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse , as well as discussing some background information on Woolf.

Note that in fixed phrases like “both x and y ,” you must use “and,” not “as well as.”

Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.
Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.

Use of and/or

The combination of transition words “and/or” should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.

First consider whether you really do mean “and/or” and not just “and” or “or.” If you are certain that you need both, it’s best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.

Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.
Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.

Archaic transition words

Words like “hereby,” “therewith,” and most others formed by the combination of “here,” “there,” or “where” with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.

Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby , we not only see that it is hereditary, but acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement relates to the preceding one.

Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such , we not only see that it is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

Using a paraphrasing tool for clear writing

With the use of certain tools, you can make your writing clear. One of these tools is a paraphrasing tool . One thing the tool does is help your sentences make more sense. It has different modes where it checks how your text can be improved. For example, automatically adding transition words where needed.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or writing rules make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Academic Writing

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Academic writing
Commonly confused words
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Linking/transition words
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Action Words: What is description, application, analysis and evaluation

Linking/transition words: Things you need to know...

All assignments are written in formal language. You need to ensure that you demonstrate your knowledge and understanding alongside your ability to answer the question/solve the problem.

Below are some ideas to help you to develop your structure and flow.

Linking / transition words and phrases join ideas, sentences and paragraphs together. They should be used within sentences and to move from one idea to another (between sentences).

These words and phrases indicate the direction, order and flow of ideas. Significantly, they strengthen the quality and structure of your work.

Redundant Words - less is more. P articularly when trying to reduce the word count, it is important to look for phrases which can be replaced with a single word.

Linking/Transition Words

Transitions link one main idea to another separated by a semi-colon or full-stop. When the transition word is at the beginning of the sentence, it should be followed by a comma:

Among other functions, they can signal cause and effect or sequencing (see examples in the table below).

Additional comments or ideas	additionally; also; moreover; furthermore; again; further; then; besides; too; similarly; correspondingly; indeed; regarding.
Alternatives	whereas; conversely; in comparison; by contrast; another view is…; alternatively; although; otherwise; instead.
Analysing results	therefore; accordingly; as a result of; the result is/results are; the consequence is; resulting from; consequently; it can be seen; evidence illustrates that; because of this; thus; hence; for this reason; owing to x; this suggests that; it follows that; otherwise; in that case; that implies; Author (year) suggests that;
Cause / Reason	as a result of; because ( )
Compare	compared with; in the same way; likewise
Contrast	by contrast; although; compared with; conversely; despite; however, nevertheless; yet
Effect / Result	As a result; therefore; thus
Emphasising earlier statements	however; nonetheless; furthermore; in the final analysis; despite x; notwithstanding x; in spite of x; while x may be true, nonetheless although; though; after all; at the same time; even if x is true; count
Introducing examples	for example; for instance; namely; such as; as follows; as exemplified by; such as; including; especially; particularly; in particular; notably; mainly;
Re-phrasing	in other terms; rather; or; better; in view of this; in contrast
Sequencing	first (ly); second (ly); third (ly); another; additionally; finally moreover; also; subsequently; eventually; next; then
Summary or Conclusion	in conclusion; therefore; to conclude; on the whole; hence; thus to summarise; altogether; overall; …following the research of…after analysis

Linking words: conjunctions

Linking words within a sentence are referred to as coordinating conjunctions. Do not worry about the term: think about the function.



for	connects a reason to a result
and	connects equal and similar ideas
nor	connects two negative ideas
but	connects equal but different ideas
or	connects two equal choices
yet	connects equal and contrasting ideas
so	connects a result to a reason

Conciseness / redundant words

Microsoft Word now has an additional feature within the Edito r - it is called conciseness or wordiness.

If you cannot see the Editor menu a quick tip is to hold down the function (fn key at the bottom left of the keyboard) + F7 (top line of keys).
From the Refinements section - select Conciseness - if there are any suggestions a number will appear in the box alongside this option
A dotted line will appear under any groups of groups
Either select the identified text by clicking with your right mouse button OR click on the down down next to the Conciseness menu.
MS Word will display any alternative words which you can either select and they will be replaced in your text or reject if you want to keep the original phrases.

Examples: try to replace phrases with a single words which mean the same.


Instead of ...	Use ...
employed the use of	used
basic fundamentals	fundamentals
alternative choices	alternatives
in as few words as possible	concisely
look into	investigate
put on	gained
turned down	rejected
got better	improved
hit and miss	erratic
in spite of	although

Need to know more...

Related pages
External links
Academic writing Illustrates the main features of academic writing so that you are aware of what it is and what it involves
Critical Thinking Academic work involves thinking, not just accepting what you read or are told.
Terms and Definitions Important words appear in your assignments and examinations. The aim of this factsheet is to help you to fully understand what they mean.

Additional resources to help you to improve your confidence and grades:-

Writing Effectively demonstrates the importance of: clarity, structure, relevance, argument and precision.
Writing Mechanics gives further examples and resources on areas including: sentence structure, vocabulary, spelling, punctuation and grammar.

Linking/Transition words - Scribbr https://www.scribbr.co.uk/syntax/transition-words-examples/ [Accessed 10 February 2023]

There are many books concerning academic writing, look around Dewey number 808

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Linking Words, Connecting Words: Full List and Useful Examples

Linking words (connecting words) are something we need to know in any style of writing, because it helps the reader to follow the flow of what you are saying. Whether it’s an argument in an essay , or an epic scene in a fantasy novel, your reader needs to be able to follow what you are saying. So, what are linking words, why should you bother learning them, and what does it look like in practice? Well, this guide will answer all of those questions!

Linking Words

What are linking words.

Linking words are words that connect ideas together in a piece of writing . It shows that two things are related in some way, or that the point you are making has supporting information. The difference between linking words and simple paragraph starters that we looked at previously, is that linking words can be found at the start of paragraphs, but also in the middle of sentences to connect two ideas together too.

Why Should I Learn Linking Words/Connecting Words?

The answer to this one is fairly straightforward. If you don’t know a variety of linking words to connect ideas together in a piece of writing, then you’re writing won’t make sense. In the very best case here, your reader will become confused and fail to follow the message you are trying to get across in your writing, because the bits of text that should ordinarily fit together, just won’t without the linking words there to connect them.

So, you know what they are and why you need to know them – but what are some examples of linking words? We couldn’t possibly include them all because there are literally hundreds, but hopefully by highlighting some examples and showing their importance in a sentence, you’ll be able to understand the job they do more clearly and focus on learning some other ones for yourself.

Examples of Linking Words

Linking words to add more information.

These words simply add additional information to your sentence or paragraph to show that two ideas are similar. Here are some examples:

It started to rain and I got soaked – ‘and’ is the linking word that connects the two ideas of the individual being in the rain and getting soaked.
It can’t be the dog’s fault nor the cat’s – ‘nor’ connects the idea that neither the cat or dog was at fault.
We could go shopping first then get a bite to eat – ‘then’ shows that both ideas are connected, it also adds some sequence to the sentence by showing the order of things.

Linking Words to Contrast a Point

Sometimes you need to link two ideas together that are actually opposites in terms of what you are trying to say. Here are some words that will help you do that:

Annie could have gone for a run but she decided she was too tired – ‘but’ connects two ideas that are related, but they oppose one another. She could have gone for a run, but she didn’t.
It’s my turn to make dinner tonight although a takeout might be easier – ‘although’ provides an opposite argument again, so it links the ideas in a contrasting way.
Carrots seemed to be the bunnies preferred food. On the other hand , lettuce was chosen second most frequently and the difference was marginal – ‘on the other hand’ shows clearly to the reader that a different point of view is coming.

Linking Words to Support a Point

If you’re trying to prove something or say something happened as a result of something else, then you will need words like the following:

I failed my test because I didn’t study – ‘because’ gets the reader ready to learn why somebody failed their test.
I could have done something differently, in fact we all could have – ‘in fact’ shows that the two ideas are linked together and support one another.
Jack had been sad since his girlfriend broke up with him – ‘since’ is being used here to explain why Jack was sad, so it links the ideas again.

There are many more examples and reasons for using linking words, but if you do some more research into the different linking words that there are, you’ll be able to see how you might use them to connect two ideas together in some way. Remember, they don’t always need to support one another. Sometimes ideas are connected because they oppose one another too.

Learn more with an ultimate guide to transition words and phrases in the English language.

Complete List of Linking Words & Connecting Words

Linking words – result.

Function: To provide the result of what has been stated or has occurred

Accordingly
As a consequence (of)
As a result
Consequently
For this reason

Connecting Words – Emphasis

Function: To put forward a point or idea more forcefully

Importantly
It should be noted
Particularly / in particular
Surprisingly
To emphasize
Undoubtedly
Unquestionably
With attention
Without a doubt

Linking Words – Addition

Function: To add to what has been previously stated

Additionally/an additional
Apart from this
As well as that
Coupled with
Furthermore
In addition
In addition to this
In the same fashion
Not only…but also
Not to mention
Together with

Linking Words – Reason

Function: To provide reasons for what has been stated or has occurred

For the purpose of
Granted that
In order to
Provided that
Seeing that
With this in mind
With this intention
With this purpose

Connecting Words – Illustration

Function: To provide examples

As an example of
For example/ For instance
For one thing
Illustrated by
In another case
In the case of
In this case
In this situation
On this occasion
Proof of this
Specifically
To demonstrate
To demonstrate/ To clarify
To simplify

Linking Words – Contrast

Function: To show how things are different

Alternatively
As opposed to
Contrary to
Despite/in spite of
Differing from
In contrast (to)
In opposition
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Notwithstanding
On the other hand

Linking Words – Comparison

Function: To show how things are similar

By the same token
Compare / compare(d) to (with)
Correspondingly
In a similar manner
In like manner
In the same way
In the spitting image of
Just as…so too
Most important
Still another

Connecting Words – Order

1. Function: To indicate the order of what is being said

First/ firstly
Second/ secondly
Third/ thirdly
At this time
Subsequently

2. Function: To mark the end of an ascending order

Lastly and most importantly
Last but not least

3. Definition: To mark the beginning of a descending order

First and foremost…

Connecting Words – Summary

Function: To sum up what has been previously stated

All things considered
As demonstrated above
As shown above
As you can see
By and large
Generally speaking
Given these points
In any event
In conclusion
In the final analysis
On the whole
To conclude
To summarise

Linking Words – Condition

Function: To provide a condition to what has been stated

Although this may be true
In that case
In the event that
On the condition that

Connecting Words – Concession

Function: Connecting words and phrases to accept a point or idea with reservation

All the same
Although/Even though
Be that as it may
Even though
In spite of
Regardless of this
Up to a point

Connecting Words – Generalisation

Function: To make a general statement

Broadly speaking
For the most part
In general/ Generally
In most cases
More often than not
Predominately

Connecting Words – Restatement

Function: To express an alternative to what has been previously stated

Alternatively stated
Expressed simply
In a nutshell
In other words
In simple language
In simple terms
In summation
Otherwise stated
Put differently
Put in another way
Said differently
That is to say
To put it differently

Connecting Words – Reference

Function: To a relationship between continuing ideas presented in your essay.

As applied to
Considering
In connection to
Pertaining to
Some examples of these might be:
Speaking about/of
The fact that
With regards to
With respect to

Connecting Words – Clarification

Function: To indicate that you will be exploring your ideas in more detail.

In explanation
In lay terms
Simply stated
To break it down
To clearly define
To make plain
To put it clearly
To put it in another way

Connecting Words – Space/ Location

Function: To clarify spatial relationships/ provide spatial order and reference.

At the rear
Surrounding
To the left

Linking Words & Connecting Words Chart

Linking Words and Phrases | Video

Learn transition words video with American English pronunciation.

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Linking Words for IELTS Writing Task 2

The linking words list below is essential for IELTS writing task 2 for high score. The examiner needs to see a range of linking words in your essay to award you a high score for the criterion of Coherence and Cohesion which is 25% of your marks. You will be checked on your range, accuracy and your flexibility of linking words in IELTS writing task 2. These connecting words are suitable for all types of essay writing as well as GT IELTS writing task 2

These words are often used to either put your paragraphs in order or used inside the paragraph to highlight and organise your supporting points. However, using “Firstly” and “Secondly” to start each body paragraph is considered “mechanical” which means it is like a machine and this isn’t good for people aiming for band 7 and above. So, being flexible using a combination of linking words is better.

another point to consider
a further consideration
another issue
lastly /last but not least / finally

Adding Information

You will need to support your main points in your IELTS essay. These linkers inform the reader that extra information is about to be presented.

in addition
additionally
furthermore
not only … but also

Giving Examples

It is often useful to give examples to support your ideas in IELTS writing task 2. Make sure you use this range of linking words to do so.

for example
one clear example is
for instance
to illustrate
in other words

To learn how to put examples in sentences for essay writing, please follow this link: How to Add Examples to Essays .

Results and Consequences

These linking devices can be used for solution essays or any essay when you need to explain the consequences of something.

as a result
consequently
for this reason

Highlighting and Stressing

It is important to be clear about what you mean in your essay. These linking words help you stress particular points.

particularly
in particular
specifically

Concessions and Contrasts

You often need to give opposite ideas, particularly for discussion essays so the linking words below will help you show the reader when you want to introduce an opposite point. Also you might want to give exceptions to a rule for a concession.

nevertheless
even though
in spite of
on the other hand
by contrast
in comparison
alternatively
another option could be

Reasons and Causes

These connecting words will help you explain reasons and causes for something which is very common in IELTS writing task 2, especially for cause / solution essays.

Giving your Opinion

in my opinion
I concur / agree
I disagree / I cannot accept

Don’t make a mistake with the way you express your opinion. Watch this video for useful tips on giving your opinion and how to avoid mistakes: IELTS ESSAY: WHEN & HOW to give your opinion

Linking Words for Conclusion

Which is the best? In a nutshell, To sum up, To conclude, In conclusion, Rounding off,

Practice with Linking Words

Improve your use of linking words by fill in the gaps below with linking words from the above list.

. (1) …………………….. of the popularity of Facebook, there has been a rise in online crime, (2) ………….. fraud and identify theft.
There are a number of drawbacks to people using Facebook as a way of communicating (3) ………………… it is (4) …………….. one of the most common social networking platforms for both individuals and businesses.
(5) ……………………….. the lack of exercise taken by average people, obesity and other weight related problems are on the rise.
Unemployment and poverty, (6) ………….. in urban areas, is often deemed to be the cause of the rising crime rate.
(7) …………… the rise in urban crime, more and more people continue to relocate to cities looking for a better life.
More children are becoming obese and (8) …………….. schools should be encouraged to provide more sports lessons and outdoor activities.

Click below to reveal the answers:

You cannot have despite because the preposition of in the sentence prevents this being used.
like is not possible because it is not suitable for formal writing in IELTS.
( you can’t have “because of” because it is at the beginning of a sentence. Never use but or because at the start of a sentence in formal IELTS writing.)
particularly / especially / specifically
If you wanted to use the word “although”, you would have to change the sentence structure:
Although the urban crime rate is rising, more and more people are continuing to relocate to cities looking for a better life.
therefore / so / for this reason

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On the HOME page of this website, you’ll find access buttons for lessons and tips for all parts of the test: https://ieltsliz.com/

Dear Liz I see lots of model essays have linking words at the start of paragraphs. Is that important? Do I need to use a linking word in most sentences? Is the word HOWEVER a higher band score than BUT? Thanks

These are all good questions. Linking words are part of the marking criterion of Coherence & Cohesion, which counts for 25% of your marks. Linking words should be used flexibly if you are aiming for a score over band 6. If you use linking words at the start of all or almost all sentences, this is called “mechanical” use of linking words and that means you are using linking words like a machine (stamping them in the same place each time). When you use linking words that way, it is a feature of band 6. For band 7 and above, you must be more flexible. Not all sentences will need a linking word and not all linking words need to be the first word of a sentence. For body paragraphs, a discussion essay might have two body paragraphs which both start with a linking word, for example “On the one hand …..On the other hand”. This is fine. For for an Opinion Essay, the way you start each body paragraph will depend on the main points and you should aim for flexibility.

One linking word does not have a higher score than the other. Your aim is to use a range. For example, don’t repeat the word “although”, you can use despite or in spite of . When you proof read your essay, look out for repeated linking words and change them before your time is up.

What about “besides” at the beginning of a sentence?

Yes, but in some countries, such as Vietnam, this linking word is very much overused. But it is possible to use it.

Good to know that, thank you!

Maam, can you suggest me some sentence structures for writing both tasks?

See my Grammar E-book for writing task 2 in my store: https://elizabethferguson.podia.com/ . For writing task 1, see my model answers and lessons which you can use to analyse sentence structures yourself.

Hi Liz thanks mam for your extraordinary IELTS free writing task 2. It is very helpful for me. Thank you very much mam and take my love

You’re welcome 🙂

Hi liz, Could you please provide the marking scheme writing and reading module of IELTS or in other words I am asking for the factors on which student’s band score is decided.

You can find those linked in the main sections for Writing Task 1, Writing Task 2 and Reading, which are all linked by the RED Menu Bar at the top of the website. Marking for reading is based on correct or incorrect answers, but for the writing and speaking test, it’s based on marking criteria. You can also find a link by clicking on the TEST INFO option on the RED Menu Bar which shows band score information.

I just saw on the IDP IELTS website it says, “Don’t overuse basic linking words like firstly (instead, try using ‘The first reason for/ The primary reason for this”). Is that really better? Can I continue using ‘firstly’ like you do?

Sincerely, Draven

It is fine to use it. But don’t then use Secondly, Thirdly. When you write like a machine, you get a lower score in Coherence and Cohesion, which counts for 25% of your marks. You could try: Firstly / Another point to consider The first point to consider is / A further consideration it You shouldn’t just learn one option. The linking words you use will depend on the points you want to present. You must learn how to use them flexibily.

liz thank you lot for making all videos. take care of you

Hello Liz, Thank you for this very educative blog. when giving examples in task 2 writing for the academic test, are correct statistics important or can one just use made-up stats?

Your are marked on ideas, supporting ideas, developing ideas, but not numbers. The examiner is not going to check statistical data in task 2. The examiner is marked Task Response, Coherence & Cohesion, Vocabulary and Grammar. This means writing numbers does even help your score that much. Which is better: 1) 75% of people in urban areas feel public transport could be improved. 2) The majority of people living in urban areas feel the public transport could be improved. The second option boosts your vocab score. It is a simple essay based on relevance, not stats and research.

Hi Ms. Liz. Thank you for your lessons 🙂

Thank you very much for your lessons..you deserve to ” The most effective IELTS teacher award ” Thanks once again

It is a misfortune that IELTS mandates the use of linking words for high scores. Especially at the beginning of sentences, linking words quickly tire the reader being pushed around.

If linking words tire the reader, they are not being used properly. You are being tested on using them flexibly in a way that supports the reader.

mam I would like to share a small problem which I facing almost last 10 days in IELTS classes. I’m not good in writing even I don’t know what to write or what to add .and what to think . could you tell me how can I improve .I will looking for your generous response

You can find model essays and tips on the main writing task 2 page of this website for free: https://ieltsliz.com/ielts-writing-task-2/ . But for some people, they need more training. My advanced lessons take you step by step through each paragraph and explain the content of each type of essay. You can find these lessons in my online store: https://elizabethferguson.podia.com/ . You can also find an Ideas for Essay Topics E-book, which contains ideas and vocabulary for topics. You memorise the ideas and adapt them to your essay topic. There’s also a Grammar E-book with many examples of sentence structures to help you. Hopefully all these will help you be clearer about how to tackle an IELTS essay and what to write.

Hi Liz, Can you allocate me some of the pre-ready templates which can be used as a topic statement in starting of the paragraph.

I do not provide them because they are the worst thing to do for your IELTS essay. IELTS does not accept memorised language and the higher band scores are all about flexibility, not templates. Writing task 1 is more formulaic than task 2 because task 1 is a report and most reports are pretty standard. But writing task 2 is all about creating unique sentences connected directly to the topic. This website is about learning and preparing for IELTS the right way.

very clear explanation Liz, Thanks !

Could i use the word “To recapitulate” in position of “To Conclude”? However l really impressed a lot to see your tremendous efforts for students. THANK YOU SOO MUCH MAM. may God bless you. Love from india 🇮🇳

Yes, you can use it but it won’t increase your score.

Teacher Liz, this is just a general question. Will points be deducted if literary words/phrases are used in IELTS Writing (or Speaking). Is literary factor considered informal? Thank you very much! Looking forward to hearing from your

I’m not exactly sure what you mean as you’ve provided no examples. However, to help understand: The writing test is formal. So, this means all informal language will cause you to lose marks. The only exception is the informal letter in GT writing task 1. The speaking test is informal and you can use all types of language and be as casual as you want in chatting to the examiner. But language should be used naturally, not poetically or in an overemphasized manner. You should talk as though you were talking to a friend.

I love you mam your are such a great teacher i appreciate your work 👍

Hey liz, I wanted to ask that for conclusion using “all in all” and “to wrap it up” are correct to use or not ?

They are informal and Writing Task 2 is formal.

Hi, Liz! You said in one of your videos that “to sum up” is rather informal for IELTS writing task 2. Why is it in the concluding linkers list then? Can I use it or not?

It is an option but some examiners think it is too informal. There are no rules in IELTS which have word lists that lower your score. It is examiner interpretation. I do not teach this linking word for a conclusion, but other teachers do. This is why it is in the list. My recommendations are recommendations, not rules.

Hi Liz, all your videos are very helpful to have a quick look on the respective modules. Thank you so much for sharing them.

You’re welcome.

Thanks for response

Hello Liz 👋, is it true that reading books or newspapers will improve our writing skills. If yes, what books or newspapers can you suggest to read.

They will certainly help you develop your writing, but they won’t help you develop your writing for IELTS.

I wonder if I am allowed to use specialized words in writing task 2 (as long as they are related to the task rubrics and the usage and the collocation is contextually appropriate). For instance, if the topic of the essay is “imprisonment”, am I allowed to use words like “criminals set free might resort to recidivism”? what happens if the examiner doesn’t know that term? I already know that IELTS guidelines demand that the underlying assumption in the writing exam be the candidate is writing for an academic “non-specialist” reader. Is this fact in contradiction with using technical terms?

With regards, Reza

It is not a case of being allowed or not allowed. It is about how you use language. If you are pushing high level words into your essay for effect, the language in the essay will become unnatural and will be marked down. So, never aim to impress. However, your example is completely fine. The word “recidivism” is an appropriate word to use for that sentence. Certainly not many candidates will know this word, but it is 100% accurate and appropriate. So, my advice is to use language naturally with the right intent and appropriacy based on your level of English. The examiner will not be specialised in law or other fields – bear that in mind. Your aim here is to hit band score 8 or 9, not to showcase specialised vocabulary. This is a basic English language test, not a test of legal language for example. Pay attention to the context of the essay – it isn’t an essay for a university degree in law. You don’t need to use specialised language to achieve your aim in IELTS. I would not recommend using such specialised language that a layperson would not understand. That isn’t an IELTS rule, it is just logical – use such language as is appropriate for the audience and the context.

Many thanks for the exhaustive response. You’re simply the best in the field, bar none!

I wonder if it is appropriate to use some linking words like ‘Moreover, Furthermore, Further’ to start a new paragraph? or they should be used to link ideas in between the sentence?

Thank you, Micaela

There are no rules about this. Linking is about being logical. I personally use these linking words for within the paragraph to add more information. When starting a new body paragraph I tend to use something more flexible, such as “Another point to consider is ..” – basically indicating the start of a brand new point rather than additional information to an existing point.

Can we use listing linkers (firstly, secondly etc) for inside the paragraphs? Or is it better to use linkers for organising paragraphs?

I believe we should use the additonal information linkers to support our main idea or present extended ideas.

Any thoughts?

Best using them within paragraphs. To each paragraph, try: Firstly, Another point, Finally. But to be honest, you can’t learn formulas like this for task 2. It all depends what your ideas are as to what linking words to use. You need to learn flexibility if you want a high score. Yes, you should use a good range of linking words in your essay.

Hlo madam , tomorrow will be my ILETS exam

Hi Liz, Do we need to use comm a after these linking word . If yes then in what circumstances. For instance if we use these linking words at the start of sentence what will the case. Also what will be case if we use these linking words in middle of sentence ?

This is an aspect of grammar that you need to study in depth. In a few weeks, I’ll be releasing a Grammar E-book. It will explain all of that and much much more.

Can I use ‘For one’ instead of ‘Firstly’? Can I continue using ‘Secondly’ and ‘Finally’ with ‘For one’ or it’s not correct usage?

“For one”, is informal and not suitable for IELTS essays. Be flexible with your use of linking devices but stick with formal ones.

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Linking Words and Phrases – List & Examples

Are you an English learner looking to improve your language skills? Or maybe you’re an IELTS student aiming for a top band score?

In this detailed guide, we delve into the world of linking words and show you how they can improve your language skills and IELTS performance.

Linking words and phrases are the glue that holds a piece of writing together. They make your sentences flow seamlessly and guide the reader through your ideas. So it is very important that you use them in your essays and reports.

Linking Words and Phrases List


Accordingly	Above all
As a consequence (of)	Absolutely
As a result	Chiefly
Consequently	Clearly
Due to	Definitely
For this reason	Especially
Forthwith	Even
Hence	Importantly
Then	In detail
Therefore	In truth
Thereupon	Indeed
Thus	It should be noted

Linking Words for Addition and Reason


Additionally/an additional	Because of
Along with	For the purpose of
Also	Given that
And	Granted that
Apart from this	In fact
As well as	In order to
As well as that	In view of
Besides	Owing to
Coupled with	Provided that
Finally	Seeing that
First	So that
Further	With this in mind
Furthermore	With this intention
In addition	With this purpose
In addition to this
In the same fashion
Last
Moreover
Not only…but also
Not to mention
Second
Similarly
Third
Together with
Too

Linking Words for Illustration and Contrast


As an example of	Alternatively
For example/ For instance	As opposed to
For one thing	Contrarily
Illustrated by	Contrary to
In another case	Conversely
In the case of	Despite/in spite of
In this case	Differing from
In this situation	Even so
Including	However
Like	In contrast (to)
Namely	In opposition
On this occasion	Instead
Proof of this	Nevertheless
Specifically	Nonetheless
Such as	Nor
To clarify	Notwithstanding
To demonstrate	On the other hand
To simplify	Rathe

Linking Words for Comparison and Order


Alike	First/ firstly
As with	Second/ secondly
Both	Third/ thirdly
By the same token	Finally
Compare / compare(d) to (with)	At this time
Correspondingly	Following
Either	Previously
Equal	Before
Equally	Subsequently
In a similar manner
In common
In like manner
In the same way
In the spitting image of
Just as
Just as…so too
Just like
Likewise
Most important
Resembles
Same as
Similar to
Similarly
Still another

Linking Words for Summary and Condition


All things considered	Although this may be true
Altogether	As
As demonstrated above	Because of
As noted	Even if
As shown above	Given that
As you can see	Granted that
Briefly	If
By and large	In that case
Generally speaking	In the event that
Given these points	Lest
In a word	On the condition that
In any event	Only if
In brief	Since
In conclusion	Then
In essence	Unless
In short	When
In summary	Whenever
In the end	While
In the final analysis

Linking Words for Concession and Generalisation


Admittedly	As a rule
Albeit	Broadly speaking
All the same	Commonly
Although	For the most part
Although/Even though	Generally speaking
And still	In general/ Generally
And yet	In most cases
Be that as it may	Mainly
Even if	More often than not
Even so	Mostly
Even though	Normally
However	Often
In spite of	On the whole
Nevertheless	Overall
Nonetheless	Predominately
Regardless of this	Regularly
Up to a point	Typically

Linking Words for Restatement and Reference


Alternatively	As applied to
Alternatively stated	As far as
Expressed simply	Concerning
In a nutshell	Considering
In other words	In connection to
In short	In terms
In simple language	Pertaining to
In simple terms	Regarding
In summation	Some examples of these might be:
Namely	Speaking about/of
Otherwise stated	The fact that
Put differently	With regards to
Put in another way	With respect to
Reiterated
Said differently
Simplified
Simply put
That is to say
To put it differently

Linking Words for Clarification & Space/ Location


I mean	Across
In explanation	Adjacent
In lay terms	Around
In other words	At the rear
In simple terms	Below
Simply put	Beneath
Simply stated	Near
That is to say	Nearby
To break it down	Next to
To clearly define	On bottom
To explain	On top
To make plain	Opposite
To put it clearly	Over
To put it in another way	Surrounding
To simplify	To the left

Linking Words and Phrases List and Examples


	– , the research findings indicated a significant improvement in patient outcomes.
	– , we need to consider the economic implications of this policy.
	– , the company plans to expand its market presence in the Asia-Pacific region.

	– , despite the challenges, we remain committed to our mission.
	– , some argue that social media has detrimental effects on mental health.
	– , the previous year’s sales figures were considerably higher.

	– , the company faced severe financial losses and had to lay off employees.
	– , traffic congestion in the city increased due to the road construction.
	– , we recommend a change in the current pricing strategy to boost sales.

	– , we will discuss the historical context of the topic.
	– , we can examine the implications of these changes on the environment.
	– , let’s explore the practical applications of this scientific discovery.

	– , consider the case of a student who excelled academically while working part-time.
	– , this is evident in the case of the endangered species we’re trying to protect.
	– , the core issues revolve around environmental sustainability and social equity.

	– , this concept applies to the digital marketing landscape.
	– , the two theories have commonalities, but they also have key differences.
	– , our results mirror those of previous studies in the field.

	– , this is a critical issue that requires immediate attention.
	– , we must address this problem to prevent further environmental degradation.
	– , we should prioritize the safety and well-being of our employees.

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Linking Words

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Linking words serve as bridges between thoughts, guiding readers through a sea of ideas with ease and clarity. These linguistic tools are essential for crafting coherent sentences and paragraphs, seamlessly connecting disparate ideas to weave a tapestry of thought that is both comprehensive and captivating. From essays to emails, understanding and utilizing linking words elevates your writing, ensuring your message is not just heard, but felt and understood. Explore the power of linking words and transform your communication into an art form.

Download Most Commonly used Linking Words - PDF

Most Commonly used Linking Words

And	But	Or	So
Also	However	Nor	Therefore
Thus	Then	Hence	Besides
Consequently	Since	Until	While
Because	As	If	Unless
Whenever	After	Before	Once
Still	Indeed	Instead	Similarly
Furthermore	Namely	Specifically	Notably
Thirdly	Lastly	Equally	Next
Nonetheless	In contrast	In comparison	After all
In addition	By contrast	For instance	For example
Especially	Particularly	Including	Given that
As if	As well as	Apart from	Except for
Provided that	Supposing	Assuming that	In case
To illustrate	To demonstrate	To highlight	To emphasize
To conclude	To summarize	To sum up	In summary
To begin with	In the first place	At the same time	In the meantime
Eventually	Latterly	Currently	Formerly
Yet	In fact	For	On the other hand
Nevertheless	Such as	Moreover	Like
Otherwise	Considering that	Accordingly	As though
Although	Other than	Though	Beyond
Even though	In order to	Whereas	So that
As soon as	To clarify	As long as	To explain
Conversely	In conclusion	Additionally	To wrap up
Firstly	Subsequently	Secondly	Previously
Thereafter	Initially	Thereby	Lastly

Linking Transition Words with Meanings

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Linking transition words are pivotal in shaping clear and coherent communication, seamlessly connecting ideas and enhancing the readability of texts. These linguistic keys unlock the flow between sentences and paragraphs, making complex information easily digestible. Incorporating these words into your writing or speech not only elevates your language skills but also ensures your audience remains engaged and informed. Here are ten essential linking transition words, each bolded for emphasis, along with their meanings to aid in crafting compelling narratives.

Moreover : Additionally, adds information that reinforces the point.
However : Indicates a contrast to the previously mentioned idea.
Therefore : Shows causation, implying a result or conclusion.
Consequently : A result of the mentioned situation.
Furthermore : Adds more information to support a point.
Meanwhile : Indicates something happening at the same time as another activity.
Indeed : Emphasizes a point or used as a confirmation.
Thus : Indicates the conclusion of an argument or an inference.
Nonetheless : Despite what has just been said or referred to.
Similarly : Indicates that two points are alike in some way.

Types of Linking Words

Understanding the types of linking words enriches your writing, offering clarity and fluidity that captivates readers. These connectors are the glue that binds sentences and ideas together, facilitating a smoother transition and helping to convey complex thoughts in an organized manner. Whether you’re aiming to contrast, compare, conclude, or elaborate, the right type of linking word can dramatically improve the coherence of your narrative. Below is a list of ten types of linking words, highlighted in bold, crucial for versatile and dynamic communication.

Addition : Introduces additional information or ideas.
Contrast : Highlights differences between two or more ideas.
Cause and Effect : Shows the reason something happens and its result.
Sequence : Describes the order in which things happen.
Comparison : Shows how two or more things are similar.
Condition : Specifies conditions that affect the situation.
Example : Provides an example to illustrate a point.
Emphasis : Highlights the importance of something.
Conclusion : Indicates the end of an argument or a summary of points.
Time : Marks the timing of an event or action.

Formal Linking Words

Formal linking words are the hallmark of professional and academic writing, elevating the tone and style of communication. These words and phrases are pivotal in constructing arguments, elucidating points, and guiding readers through complex discussions with precision and authority. Employing formal linking words effectively can significantly enhance the persuasiveness and credibility of your writing, making it more compelling and respected in scholarly and professional arenas. Here are ten formal linking words, each bolded for emphasis, crucial for developing sophisticated and persuasive discourse.

Furthermore : Adds additional information in support of a point.
Nevertheless : Indicates a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated.
Moreover : Introduces further information that adds to the argument.
Therefore : Shows the result or conclusion of an argument.
Hence : Indicates a conclusion drawn from the preceding information.
Consequently : Describes a result or outcome of a given situation.
Accordingly : Indicates an action or decision based on the mentioned reason.
Thus : Summarizes or explains the result of an argument.
Notwithstanding : Despite what has been mentioned before.
Whereas : Shows a contrast between two different ideas or facts.

Informal Linking Words

Informal linking words bring a conversational and relatable tone to your writing, making it accessible and engaging for a wide audience. These words mimic natural speech, bridging thoughts in a way that feels spontaneous and genuine. Using informal connectors can make your text more lively and personable, perfect for blog posts, informal letters, and everyday dialogue. Here are ten informal linking words, presented in bold, that will add a touch of casual flair to your communications.

Anyway : Moving from one topic to another; concluding a point.
So : Explains the result or consequence of something.
Like : Used for giving examples or making comparisons.
Actually : Introduces a fact or an argument.
Basically : Summarizes the most important aspect.
Seriously : Emphasizes the sincerity or importance of a statement.
Plus : Adds information in an informal manner.
Well : Introduces a response, or a new topic, often used in conversation.
Guess what : Used to introduce surprising or interesting information.
By the way : Introduces a new topic of conversation tangentially related to the previous one.

Short Linking Words

Short linking words are the connective tissue of language, offering a quick and effective way to join ideas and clarify relationships between sentences and paragraphs. These compact connectors are essential for smooth transitions and maintaining the flow of thought, making them crucial for both spoken and written communication. Their simplicity and versatility facilitate clear, concise, and coherent narratives, suitable for a wide range of contexts. Below are ten short linking words, highlighted in bold, that are fundamental for crafting fluent and intelligible content.

And : Connects similar ideas or adds information.
But : Introduces a contrast or exception.
Or : Presents alternatives or choices.
So : Indicates a cause or effect relationship.
Yet : Introduces a contrasting idea that follows logically.
For : Explains the reason or purpose.
Nor : Connects two negative alternatives.
As : Introduces a comparison or reason.
If : Specifies a condition.
Then : Indicates the next step in a sequence.

Long Linking Words

Long linking words are indispensable tools in academic and professional writing, providing precise transitions and clarifying relationships between ideas. These phrases enhance the sophistication and clarity of communication, allowing writers to articulate complex relationships and nuanced thoughts effectively. They are particularly valuable in formal essays, reports, and presentations, where clear and structured expression is paramount. Here are ten long linking words, each bolded for emphasis, essential for constructing detailed and well-articulated arguments.

Additionally : Expands on the current point with more detail.
Regarding : Refers specifically to something mentioned.
Personally : Expresses a personal opinion.
Considering : Considers certain circumstances or evidence.
Consequently : As a result of the described situation.
Furthermore : In addition to what has been said.
Additionally : Used to introduce more information.
Subsequently : Following in time; coming after something else.
Nevertheless : Regardless of what has previously been said.
Accordingly : In a way that is appropriate to the particular circumstances.

Functions of Linking Words

This table categorizes and illustrates the use of linking words in English, Linking words, also known as transitional words or phrases, play a pivotal role in ensuring the coherence and flow of text by establishing clear connections between sentences and paragraphs. These linguistic tools are essential for guiding readers through the arguments and ideas being presented, acting as bridges that link disparate thoughts into a unified whole, which are instrumental in connecting ideas and ensuring the smooth flow of writing or speech. These words serve various functions, such as:

Function	Linking Words	Example
	indeed, in fact	“In fact, the study contradicts previous assumptions.”
	that is to say, in other words	“That is to say, the policy needs thorough revision.”
	even though, albeit	“Even though the task was challenging, they succeeded.”
	regardless, nevertheless	“Regardless of the risks, the explorer pressed on.”
	for instance, to illustrate	“To illustrate, let’s consider the case of climate change.”
	in summary, to sum up	“To sum up, these factors significantly impact the results.”
	subsequently, next	“Subsequently, the team analyzed the data.”
	notably, particularly	“Notably, this theory was supported by recent findings.”
	thus, hence	“Hence, the project was not feasible under current conditions.”
	just as, similarly	“Just as the sun sets, so too does this era come to a close.”

In summary, linking words are the essential threads that weave thoughts into coherent narratives, guiding readers through the tapestry of your ideas with precision and elegance. Their strategic use not only enhances clarity and flow but also enriches the reader’s understanding, making your writing more persuasive and engaging. Mastering these connectors is key to elevating your communication across all forms of discourse.

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]

Whatever founder mode consists of, it's pretty clear that it's going to break the principle that the CEO should engage with the company only via his or her direct reports. "Skip-level" meetings will become the norm instead of a practice so unusual that there's a name for it. And once you abandon that constraint there are a huge number of permutations to choose from.

For example, Steve Jobs used to run an annual retreat for what he considered the 100 most important people at Apple, and these were not the 100 people highest on the org chart. Can you imagine the force of will it would take to do this at the average company? And yet imagine how useful such a thing could be. It could make a big company feel like a startup. Steve presumably wouldn't have kept having these retreats if they didn't work. But I've never heard of another company doing this. So is it a good idea, or a bad one? We still don't know. That's how little we know about founder mode. ]

Obviously founders can't keep running a 2000 person company the way they ran it when it had 20. There's going to have to be some amount of delegation. Where the borders of autonomy end up, and how sharp they are, will probably vary from company to company. They'll even vary from time to time within the same company, as managers earn trust. So founder mode will be more complicated than manager mode. But it will also work better. We already know that from the examples of individual founders groping their way toward it.

Indeed, another prediction I'll make about founder mode is that once we figure out what it is, we'll find that a number of individual founders were already most of the way there — except that in doing what they did they were regarded by many as eccentric or worse. ]

Curiously enough it's an encouraging thought that we still know so little about founder mode. Look at what founders have achieved already, and yet they've achieved this against a headwind of bad advice. Imagine what they'll do once we can tell them how to run their companies like Steve Jobs instead of John Sculley.

[ ] The more diplomatic way of phrasing this statement would be to say that experienced C-level execs are often very skilled at managing up. And I don't think anyone with knowledge of this world would dispute that.

[ ] If the practice of having such retreats became so widespread that even mature companies dominated by politics started to do it, we could quantify the senescence of companies by the average depth on the org chart of those invited.

[ ] I also have another less optimistic prediction: as soon as the concept of founder mode becomes established, people will start misusing it. Founders who are unable to delegate even things they should will use founder mode as the excuse. Or managers who aren't founders will decide they should try to act like founders. That may even work, to some extent, but the results will be messy when it doesn't; the modular approach does at least limit the damage a bad CEO can do.

to Brian Chesky, Patrick Collison, Ron Conway, Jessica Livingston, Elon Musk, Ryan Petersen, Harj Taggar, and Garry Tan for reading drafts of this.

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IELTS Writing Task 1 and Task 2 – Linking Words (with PDF)

IELTS Linking Words PDF

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Practice with Linking Words for Writing Task 2

Categories of Linkers for IELTS Writing

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75 linking words for academic writing (+examples)

Linking words expressing order and sequence in academic writing

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Linking words expressing cause and effect in academic writing

Linking words expressing contrasts and comparisons in academic writing

Linking words expressing emphasis in academic writing

Linking words expressing illustrations in academic writing

Linking words expressing summaries and conclusions in academic writing

Linking words expressing conditionality in academic writing

Linking words expressing generalisations in academic writing

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Additive transition words

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Linking Words, Connecting Words: Full List and Useful Examples

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Linking Words & Connecting Words Chart

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Linking Words for IELTS Writing Task 2

Adding Information

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