thesis statement about hidden figures

Women Who Shaped History

A Smithsonian magazine special report

The True Story of “Hidden Figures,” the Forgotten Women Who Helped Win the Space Race

A new book and movie document the accomplishments of NASA’s black “human computers” whose work was at the heart of the country’s greatest battles

Maya Wei-Haas

As America stood on the brink of a Second World War, the push for aeronautical advancement grew ever greater, spurring an insatiable demand for mathematicians. Women were the solution. Ushered into the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in 1935 to shoulder the burden of number crunching, they acted as human computers, freeing the engineers of hand calculations in the decades before the digital age. Sharp and successful, the female population at Langley skyrocketed.

Many of these “computers” are finally getting their due , but conspicuously missing from this story of female achievement are the efforts contributed by courageous, African-American women. Called the West Computers, after the area to which they were relegated, they helped blaze a trail for mathematicians and engineers of all races and genders to follow.

“These women were both ordinary and they were extraordinary,” says Margot Lee Shetterly. Her new book Hidden Figures shines light on the inner details of these women’s lives and accomplishments. The book's film adaptation, starring Octavia Spencer and Taraji P. Henson, is now open in theaters.

“We've had astronauts, we’ve had engineers— John Glenn , Gene Kranz , Chris Kraft ,” she says. “Those guys have all told their stories.” Now it’s the women’s turn.

Growing up in Hampton, Virginia, in the 1970s, Shetterly lived just miles away from Langley. Built in 1917, this research complex was the headquarters for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) which was intended to turn the floundering flying gadgets of the day into war machines. The agency was dissolved in 1958, to be replaced by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration  (NASA) as the space race gained speed.

The West Computers were at the heart of the center’s advancements. They worked through equations that described every function of the plane, running the numbers often with no sense of the greater mission of the project. They contributed to the ever-changing design of a menagerie of wartime flying machines, making them faster, safer, more aerodynamic. Eventually their stellar work allowed some to leave the computing pool for specific projects— Christine Darden worked to advance supersonic flight, Katherine Johnson calculated the trajectories for the Mercury and Apollo missions. NASA dissolved the remaining few human computers in the 1970s as the technological advances made their roles obsolete.

The first black computers didn’t set foot at Langley until the 1940s. Though the pressing needs of war were great, racial discrimination remained strong and few jobs existed for African-Americans, regardless of gender. That was until 1941 when A. Philip Randolph, pioneering civil rights activist, proposed a march on Washington, D.C., to draw attention to the continued injustices of racial discrimination. With the threat of 100,000 people swarming to the Capitol, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, preventing racial discrimination in hiring for federal and war-related work. This order also cleared the way for the black computers, slide rule in hand, to make their way into NACA history.

Exactly how many women computers worked at NACA (and later NASA) over the years is still unknown. One  1992 study  estimated the total topped several hundred but other estimates, including Shetterly’s own intuition, says that number is in the thousands.

As a child, Shetterly knew these brilliant mathematicians as her girl scout troop leaders, Sunday school teachers, next-door neighbors and as parents of schoolmates. Her father worked at Langley as well, starting in 1964 as an engineering intern and becoming a well-respected climate scientist. “They were just part of a vibrant community of people, and everybody had their jobs,” she says. “And those were their jobs. Working at NASA Langley.”

Surrounded by the West Computers and other academics, it took decades for Shetterly to realize the magnitude of the women’s work. “It wasn't until my husband, who was not from Hampton, was listening to my dad talk about some of these women and the things that they have done that I realized,” she says. “That way is not necessarily the norm”

The spark of curiosity ignited, Shetterly began researching these women. Unlike the male engineers, few of these women were acknowledged in academic publications or for their work on various projects. Even more problematic was that the careers of the West Computers were often more fleeting than those of the white men. Social customs of the era dictated that as soon as marriage or children arrived, these women would retire to become full-time homemakers, Shetterly explains. Many only remained at Langley for a few years.

But the more Shetterly dug, the more computers she discovered. “My investigation became more like an obsession,” she writes in the book. “I would walk any trail if it meant finding a trace of one of the computers at its end.”

She scoured telephone directories, local newspapers, employee newsletters and the NASA archives to add to her growing list of names. She also chased down stray memos, obituaries, wedding announcements and more for any hint at the richness of these women’s lives. “It was a lot of connecting the dots,” she says.

“I get emails all the time from people whose grandmothers or mothers worked there,” she says. “Just today I got an email from a woman asking if I was still searching for computers. [She] had worked at Langley from July 1951 through August 1957.”

Langley was not just a laboratory of science and engineering; “in many ways, it was a racial relations laboratory, a gender relations laboratory,” Shetterly says. The researchers came from across America. Many came from parts of the country sympathetic to the nascent Civil Rights Movement, says Shetterly, and backed the progressive ideals of expanded freedoms for black citizens and women.

Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

The phenomenal true story of the black female mathematicians at NASA whose calculations helped fuel some of America’s greatest achievements in space.

But life at Langley wasn’t just the churn of greased gears. Not only were the women rarely provided the same opportunities and titles as their male counterparts, but the West Computers lived with constant reminders that they were second-class citizens. In the book, Shetterly highlights one particular incident involving an offensive sign in the dining room bearing the designation: Colored Computers.

One particularly brazen computer, Miriam Mann, took responding to the affront on as a her own personal vendetta. She plucked the sign from the table, tucking it away in her purse. When the sign returned, she removed it again. “That was incredible courage,” says Shetterly. “This was still a time when people are lynched, when you could be pulled off the bus for sitting in the wrong seat. [There were] very, very high stakes.”

But eventually Mann won. The sign disappeared.

The women fought many more of these seemingly small battles, against separate bathrooms and restricted access to meetings. It was these small battles and daily minutiae that Shetterly strove to capture in her book. And outside of the workplace, they faced many more problems, including segregated busses and dilapidated schools. Many struggled to find housing in Hampton. The white computers could live in Anne Wythe Hall, a dormitory that helped alleviate the shortage of housing, but the black computers were left to their own devices.

“History is the sum total of what all of us do on a daily basis,” says Shetterly. “We think of capital “H” history as being these huge figures—George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and Martin Luther King.” Even so, she explains, “you go to bed at night, you wake up the next morning, and then yesterday is history. These small actions in some ways are more important or certainly as important as the individual actions by these towering figures.”

The book and movie don’t mark the end of Shetterly’s work She continues to collect these names, hoping to eventually make the list available online. She hopes to find the many names that have been sifted out over the years and document their respective life’s work.

The few West Computers whose names have been remembered, have become nearly mythical figures—a side-effect of the few African-American names celebrated in mainstream history, Shetterly argues. She hopes her work pays tribute to these women by bringing details of their life’s work to light. “Not just mythology but the actual facts,” she says. “Because the facts are truly spectacular.”

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Maya Wei-Haas | | READ MORE

Maya Wei-Haas is a freelance science writer who specializes in geology of Earth and beyond. Her work has been featured in  National Geographic, News from Science,  and   AGU’s  EOS.

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The movie I selected to do my historical movie review on is “Hidden Figures”, directed by Theodore Melfi, and story was from Margot Lee Shetterly. The reason I chose this particular movie is because it is based on a team of women fighting for equal rights, while working for NASA, a U.S space program. This […]

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The person’s life from prenatal development through childhood nature/nurture influences Human development is a process, which needs to be well considered especially when there is a need to ensure that the lives of individuals are well engaged. Parenting and social interaction influence an individual development process. This means that there is a need to ensure […]

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Human Nature is the general psychological traits, feelings, and behavioral characteristics of humanity, considered to be shared by all human beings. The novel ‘Hidden Figures’ explores the course inquiry of ‘What Makes Us Humans’ through the use these traits possessed by some of the characters (Katherine Johnson, John Glenn, and Dorothy Vaughan). These traits include […]

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Three African-American women that were a crucial part of the success of the first moon landing have been overlooked for over fifty years until now. The movie “Hidden Figures” highlight the importance of mathematicians Katherine G. Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. The year is 1961 and segregation is very prominent but three intelligent African-American […]

It Came From a Real Life Story Since in The Beginning of The Movie

While Katherine talks to Al Harisson and asks if she can go with him in the briefings and Al Harisson includes Katherine in his meetings. Katherine makes Al Harisson’s subordinates impressed as she explains how the capsule re-entry is possible. As the final arrangements for John Glenn’s launch, Katherine is informed that she is no […]

While live and culture is full of overlapping stories, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s TED Talk narrates a story that informs of how she found her authentic cultural voice. As the story progresses, she warns that if an individual heard of only a single story regarding another person or country, this positioned an individual to the risk of a critical misunderstanding. On the other hand, the movie Hidden Figures is a drama movie that is directed by Theodore Melfi. The film, therefore, provides the story of a brilliant concerning struggle as well as willpower.

Established in the 1960s, the film concentrates on three groundbreaking African-American females including Katherine, Mary Jackson and Dorothy (Vaughan & Brownface 41). Therefore, this paper strives to make available information regarding how the movie of Hidden Figures perpetuates or defies a single story. Additionally, the article will provide on why this is significant or why it’s not.According to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in her TED talks defines a single story as creating and maintaining stereotypes. However, the main problem with them is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. Therefore, single stories become the only story. Hidden figures in providing information related to the three recognized African-American women mathematicians destroys or defies the single story. Upon consideration from a single story lens, this analysis offers why the film destroys the single story.First, a single story spearheads issues that lack multiplicity. The film provides alternatives from the mainstream depictions since mainstream feminism movies are far and few between, and when they do make it to Hollywood, they commonly feature the white women in addition to their struggles.

This has been the case since the third-wave feminism commenced until it became prominent in the early 1990s. The society collectively expects that white women appear to be virtually anything they aspire (Lieway et al. 608). However, for the case of the hidden figures, the three women had a unique perspective since they were gifted mathematicians as well as engineers. This implies the characters that operate in a world or sector which the general society is not yet ready to expect them again. Therefore, this narrative outshines single story which the story is used to and in turn provides an analysis that defies by providing an alternative of the standard black woman different from the one we are used to in the western media. The film defies a single story since it fails to adhere to the expectation that black women fall into two categories. Ideally, women are expected to be classified as follows in Hollywood.

First, the wise but unthreatening maid and secondly, the aggressive, bubble-gum popping girl. However, in the film, the characters, Janelle Monae, Taraji P. Henson in addition to Octavia Spencer play three unquestionably bright NASA workforces. In doing so, they set a precedent for the Hollywood movies through the provision that Black women can exist beyond the two stereotyped and pre-determined categories that the society has bestowed upon the females. Additionally, they portray to live as Black women as the human having diverse talents and interests, personalities which in effect erases the institutionalized picture which the society has prior painted. This is especially with the consideration that this forms the dominant concept of the single story that Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie refers to in her TEDx talk (Davies & Carole 234). From the discussion, single story characterized by a successful dictation and reflection of black women as impoverished, to the future generation, hence influencing the way children perceive the world (Lieway et al. 608).

Therefore, a single narrative from the explanation of Chimamanda represents a total demographic fuel that powers a detrimental cycle of prejudice. However, the film successfully combats this by broadening the stories that we focus or feature in mainstream media. However, despite the film employing aspects that defies on the single story and which makes it a pretty fantastic all around and to stand out from the rest, the film lacks La La Land’s catchy soundtrack hence was snubbed for victories. The film is featuring the three characters follows their personal as well as the professional struggles which encompass marriage, misogyny, and motherhood while highlighting the underlying racism which permeated every interaction they had. Additionally, despite the battle for the film to incorporate deviance for the single story concept, the film also portrays women as struggling for success. For instance, the film connects women to slavery, segregation and the civil rights movement. First, the film fails defies to incorporate the concept of a single story since it exceeds everyone’s expectations.

Unique story expects poor performance. However, the film experience unanticipated success which direct a perfect message to the producers in Hollywood. The message delivered is that the public can and will be interested in the multiple narratives of the black women as well as any other group that is being ignored by the film industry. This will be contrary to the expectation of many directors, there exists a place in society for diverse stories, and many people aspire to hear them and in effect will laugh, cry or empathize in the way that any other movie would. Secondly, the introduction of the movie featuring three African-American and who maintains non-conformity put the Academy into a position for recognizing its ability to end the diversity problem challenge especially during the time of Oscar night.

Therefore, the film was essential for maintaining non-conformity since the directors will depend on it for the expansion of stories about the black women or in other words all the minority women for that matter. Thirdly, the production of this film is significant since it proves that black women can perform as they are endowed with unique talents and skills (Lieway et al. 608). This is affirmed by the fact that the three women work at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. The issue about feminism emerges as the significant and broader issue yet applicable call for action.The paper in considering how the movie, Hidden Figures defies a single story since it fails to create stereotypes. Therefore, the film’s application of non-conformity inputs power to the film. This is because it provides a unique style which makes the viewers interested. Additionally, it attracts international limelight which in effect may result in the film being used to encounter the Hollywood challenges.

Hidden Figures

By margot lee shetterly, hidden figures essay questions.

Hidden Figures tells a story that spans three decades, during which there's a world war and multiple social and scientific movements that affect thousands of Langley employees. What techniques does Shetterly use to make that story feel cohesive?

Shetterly makes the narrative of Hidden Figures feel cohesive using techniques that include point-of-view characters (like Johnson, Vaughan, and so on) and continual comparison. The four women provide the framework of almost every chapter. The events of the time period at Langley are filtered through their personal experiences. Shetterly uses examples from their home life (like Jackson making a soapbox car with her son, or Vaughan taking her children out for picnics) to illustrate the larger societal forces at work (like upward mobility and housing inequality). The POV focus differentiates Hidden Figures from a purely historiographical account, and as a result, it's easier to relate to and remember the facts the story presents.

Another technique to make thr story feel cohesive is a continual comparison between the American civil rights movement and the scientific movement at Langley. Drawing parallels between different forms of development highlights both similarities and differences in their progress. As aerospace engineering booms during and after WWII, so does civil-rights activism and action from the federal government; though the space race makes rapid progress in the 60s, the quest for racial equality seems to stall out. Comparisons like this inform our understanding of both movements, which makes both more memorable, as well as reminding us that no part of history exists in a vacuum.

Hidden Figures outlines many of the forces that encouraged America to eventually desegregate. Which do you think was the most important? Why?

There are many possible answers, including but not limited to:

Conflict with the USSR during the Cold War put pressure on America to make allies among nations that only recently were liberated from colonization. America's racist domestic policies simply made this more difficult, as non-white countries could look at American newspapers and see that their potential ally was treating non-white people poorly on their own soil. In order to support its own claims of defending democracy, America needed to clean up its public image.

Pressure from activists like A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King Jr., and others rose to the front of the national discussion. Their ideas were supported by community action, like the Greensboro sit-in, student walk-outs, and marches on Washington. Hidden Figures mentions these nonviolent protests to emphasize their effectiveness, especially in conjunction with the great black scholars of the time, like W. E. B. Du Bois, who promoted ideals of equality and excellence.

Wartime shortages created a desperate need for labor and innovation. In WWII, a high percentage of previous job holders (i.e., white men) were fighting abroad, and segregation only perpetuated the shortage of workers. Later, while NASA pushed against promoting women above computing/math aide roles, a third of engineering graduates in the USSR were women. Wasting over half of the nation's resources put America behind, and that economic pressure encouraged legislation that allowed women and people of color to gain recognition for their abilities.

What is the significance of the COLORED COMPUTERS sign in Hidden Figures ?

The lunch table in the Langley cafeteria at which the West Computers are made to sit is marked by a sign that says COLORED COMPUTERS. There are other black employees at Langley (notably the male engineers), but they primarily eat in their work areas or nearby restaurants that will serve black folks. The women eat in the segregated cafeteria, though, and that sign is the most visible symbol of their difference: not different because of who they are, but different because of how they have been treated by a society that keeps them separate. Miriam Mann begins to steal that sign, putting it in her purse every lunch, until Langley stops replacing it. This is the most personal of the many nonviolent protests depicted in the book, as Mann risks her job (which she loves) to remove that symbol of inequality. The sign's disappearance doesn't mean the colored computers can sit at another table, but it does mean the women can eat and talk in peace, without being visibly confronted by society's inequality.

Though there are no black astronauts by the end of Hidden Figures , there is a popular black face in space: Lieutenant Uhura on Star Trek . Why does Shetterly mention Lieutenant Uhura?

Lieutenant Uhura is an example of the importance of representation. The huge amount of money and energy America invested in space travel left many black folks feeling understandably abandoned. Promises of change from politicians over the last decade were put on the back burner in favor of putting a man on the moon—and a white man at that, supported by the televised room of white engineers and white politicians.

Shetterly explains this, and then mentions Lieutenant Uhura, who, like Katherine Johnson and many others involved in America's progress in space, was black, brilliant, and really good at her job. There might not be black astronauts in real life, but children can watch someone who looks like them on one of the most popular television shows ever. Martin Luther King Jr. himself was a Trekkie, and he personally encouraged Nichelle Nichols to continue with the show, because seeing her onscreen inspired that next generation to dream.

Christine Darden comes to Langley years later than Vaughan, Johnson, and Jackson. Why does Shetterly include her as a "main character"?

Even though Darden isn't at Langley during WWII or the space boom, her perspective is still important to the narrative of Hidden Figures . Firstly, her arrival at Langley demonstrates the generational improvements made in the last few decades, thanks to the steadfast work of Vaughan, Jackson, Johnson, and numerous others. There's no COLORED COMPUTERS sign; there are some female engineers (though still not many); Darden is able to pursue a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, which was almost inconceivable 20 years before.

Secondly, Darden's younger perspective makes for a better story at times. Some things are better from a more youthful angle, like explaining the crisis at Little Rock while Darden herself is a high schooler—it's more relatable and immediate. On the flip side, learning about Sputnik from Darden's perspective simplifies things, allowing Shetterly to talk more about the national climate, less about the technicalities of Sputnik. Any NASA mathematician would certainly have been very interested in the nitty-gritty "how it works" of Sputnik, while Darden's perspective focuses more on the national influence of the satellite.

Hidden Figures Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Hidden Figures is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

What is the area rule?

I think this has something to do with professional blacks not having the same areas as whites. Not knowing her way around the East Area, Mary asks the white women she is working with for directions to the bathroom. She is humiliated by their...

How are societal norms changed economic need

All of the women featured in Hidden Figures serve as examples of the power of hard work. This theme is explored in their professional achievements as well as their personal lives, where their reliability and engagement boosts their community. On...

Mobilization

They analyzed data and performed mathematical calculations for the research taking place at NACA.

Study Guide for Hidden Figures

Hidden Figures study guide contains a biography of Margot Lee Shetterly, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Hidden Figures
• Hidden Figures Summary
• Character List

Lesson Plan for Hidden Figures

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Hidden Figures
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Hidden Figures Bibliography

Wikipedia Entries for Hidden Figures

• Introduction

Essay Service Examples Literature To Kill a Mockingbird

Critical Analysis of Hidden Figures: Never Give Up

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Home / Essay Samples / Entertainment / Hidden Figures / Hidden Figures: a Reflection on the Movie

Hidden Figures: a Reflection on the Movie

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