covid 19 essay in english class 12

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Covid 19 Essay in English

Essay on Covid -19: In a very short amount of time, coronavirus has spread globally. It has had an enormous impact on people's lives, economy, and societies all around the world, affecting every country. Governments have had to take severe measures to try and contain the pandemic. The virus has altered our way of life in many ways, including its effects on our health and our economy. Here are a few sample essays on ‘CoronaVirus’.

100 Words Essay on Covid 19

200 words essay on covid 19, 500 words essay on covid 19.

COVID-19 or Corona Virus is a novel coronavirus that was first identified in 2019. It is similar to other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is more contagious and has caused more severe respiratory illness in people who have been infected. The novel coronavirus became a global pandemic in a very short period of time. It has affected lives, economies and societies across the world, leaving no country untouched. The virus has caused governments to take drastic measures to try and contain it. From health implications to economic and social ramifications, COVID-19 impacted every part of our lives. It has been more than 2 years since the pandemic hit and the world is still recovering from its effects.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the world has been impacted in a number of ways. For one, the global economy has taken a hit as businesses have been forced to close their doors. This has led to widespread job losses and an increase in poverty levels around the world. Additionally, countries have had to impose strict travel restrictions in an attempt to contain the virus, which has resulted in a decrease in tourism and international trade. Furthermore, the pandemic has put immense pressure on healthcare systems globally, as hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients suffering from the virus. Lastly, the outbreak has led to a general feeling of anxiety and uncertainty, as people are fearful of contracting the disease.

My Experience of COVID-19

I still remember how abruptly colleges and schools shut down in March 2020. I was a college student at that time and I was under the impression that everything would go back to normal in a few weeks. I could not have been more wrong. The situation only got worse every week and the government had to impose a lockdown. There were so many restrictions in place. For example, we had to wear face masks whenever we left the house, and we could only go out for essential errands. Restaurants and shops were only allowed to operate at take-out capacity, and many businesses were shut down.

In the current scenario, coronavirus is dominating all aspects of our lives. The coronavirus pandemic has wreaked havoc upon people’s lives, altering the way we live and work in a very short amount of time. It has revolutionised how we think about health care, education, and even social interaction. This virus has had long-term implications on our society, including its impact on mental health, economic stability, and global politics. But we as individuals can help to mitigate these effects by taking personal responsibility to protect themselves and those around them from infection.

Effects of CoronaVirus on Education

The outbreak of coronavirus has had a significant impact on education systems around the world. In China, where the virus originated, all schools and universities were closed for several weeks in an effort to contain the spread of the disease. Many other countries have followed suit, either closing schools altogether or suspending classes for a period of time.

This has resulted in a major disruption to the education of millions of students. Some have been able to continue their studies online, but many have not had access to the internet or have not been able to afford the costs associated with it. This has led to a widening of the digital divide between those who can afford to continue their education online and those who cannot.

The closure of schools has also had a negative impact on the mental health of many students. With no face-to-face contact with friends and teachers, some students have felt isolated and anxious. This has been compounded by the worry and uncertainty surrounding the virus itself.

The situation with coronavirus has improved and schools have been reopened but students are still catching up with the gap of 2 years that the pandemic created. In the meantime, governments and educational institutions are working together to find ways to support students and ensure that they are able to continue their education despite these difficult circumstances.

Effects of CoronaVirus on Economy

The outbreak of the coronavirus has had a significant impact on the global economy. The virus, which originated in China, has spread to over two hundred countries, resulting in widespread panic and a decrease in global trade. As a result of the outbreak, many businesses have been forced to close their doors, leading to a rise in unemployment. In addition, the stock market has taken a severe hit.

Effects of CoronaVirus on Health

The effects that coronavirus has on one's health are still being studied and researched as the virus continues to spread throughout the world. However, some of the potential effects on health that have been observed thus far include respiratory problems, fever, and coughing. In severe cases, pneumonia, kidney failure, and death can occur. It is important for people who think they may have been exposed to the virus to seek medical attention immediately so that they can be treated properly and avoid any serious complications. There is no specific cure or treatment for coronavirus at this time, but there are ways to help ease symptoms and prevent the virus from spreading.

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Paragraph Writing on Covid 19 - Check Samples with Various Word Counts

Examples of Short Paragraph Writing On Covid 19 with Different Word Limits

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a severe global crisis, impacting almost everyone. It is a viral infection that has spread widely, affecting people in various ways. As a virus, it continues to evolve, leading to new variants. The pandemic has changed many aspects of daily life, including education and the economy. Many have lost their lives, jobs, and loved ones. In this challenging time, Vedantu offers valuable support with online learning resources, helping students continue their education despite disruptions. By providing accessible and effective learning tools, Vedantu plays an important role in supporting students through these difficult times, ensuring they remain on track with their studies. Here, students can find short paragraph writing on Covid 19 in different word limits .

Do You Know?

Read the article to learn how to write a Paragraph Writing on Covid 19.

Sample Paragraph Writing on COVID-19: How to Write Your Paragraph

To write a paragraph on Covid-19, start by introducing what the pandemic is and its global impact. Explain that Covid-19 is a viral infection that has affected millions of people around the world. Describe how it changed daily life, such as by disrupting the economy, education, and personal routines. Include specific examples, like the shift to online learning and the increase in remote work. Mention how the pandemic led to new health measures, such as social distancing and vaccinations. Conclude by summarising the overall impact and highlighting the importance of understanding these changes for future reference. Keep your sentences short and straightforward to ensure clarity.

Writing a 100-word Paragraph on COVID-19: A Simple Guide

Covid-19, caused by the novel coronavirus, greatly impacted the world. It spread rapidly, leading to a global health crisis. To control the virus, many countries implemented lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing measures. These actions affected daily life, with people losing jobs, facing financial hardships, and schools shifting to online learning. The pandemic also overwhelmed healthcare systems. Despite these challenges, the global effort to combat the virus, including vaccination drives and medical research, aimed to bring an end to the crisis. Understanding these points helps us understand the wide-reaching effects of Covid-19 on our lives.

Paragraph Writing on Covid 19 in 150 Words

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began in late 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, becoming one of the most challenging public health crises in recent history. This virus has led to a wide range of health issues, from mild symptoms to severe illness, causing significant loss of life. In response, countries introduced lockdowns, social distancing guidelines, and mask mandates, profoundly changing daily life and impacting various sectors. Educational institutions shifted to online learning, and many businesses adopted remote work or faced closures, leading to widespread economic difficulties. However, the swift development and distribution of vaccines have been crucial in managing the spread of the virus, significantly reducing severe cases and fatalities. The pandemic has underscored the importance of following public health guidelines, staying updated on health information, and supporting each other during these trying times. By understanding the pandemic's effects on health, society, and the economy, we can better navigate current challenges and prepare for future health crises. To conclude, Paragraph Writing On Covid 19 In 150 Words understanding the impact of COVID-19 helps us appreciate the importance of staying informed and prepared for future challenges.

Writing a 200-word Paragraph on COVID-19: A Simple Guide

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged in late 2019 and quickly escalated into a global pandemic. This virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can lead to symptoms ranging from mild, such as a sore throat and fever, to severe conditions, including pneumonia and respiratory failure, which can be fatal. The pandemic has profoundly impacted every aspect of daily life, prompting governments worldwide to implement measures such as lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing. These interventions, while essential for controlling the spread of the virus, have led to significant changes in how people live and work. Many businesses and schools shut down, shifting to remote work and online learning as the new norm. The pandemic has highlighted the importance of adhering to public health practices like regular handwashing, wearing masks, and maintaining physical distance.

Vaccines, developed at unprecedented speed, have played a crucial role in mitigating the severity of the disease and reducing mortality rates. Despite these advances, the pandemic has exposed and often exacerbated existing health inequalities and underscored the need for global cooperation in health emergencies. By understanding the impacts of COVID-19, we can better appreciate the importance of preparedness and resilience in addressing future health crises. Adhering to health guidelines remains crucial for safeguarding ourselves and our communities.

Writing a 250-word Paragraph on COVID-19: A Simple Guide

COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It quickly evolved into a global pandemic, significantly altering daily life across the world. The virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking, but it can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face. Symptoms range from mild, such as cough and fever, to severe, including pneumonia and difficulty breathing. The pandemic triggered unprecedented global responses, including lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing measures. These actions, aimed at limiting the virus's spread, caused widespread disruptions to economies and education systems. Many businesses faced closures, and educational institutions shifted to remote learning, highlighting the need for digital infrastructure and adaptability. Healthcare systems worldwide faced immense pressure, revealing both strengths and weaknesses in pandemic preparedness. The rapid development and distribution of vaccines have been crucial in reducing severe illness and deaths. However, challenges remain, such as ensuring equitable vaccine distribution, managing public health compliance, and addressing the economic fallout. COVID-19 has underscored the importance of global collaboration and timely health interventions. It has shown the need for robust healthcare systems, effective communication, and individual responsibility in combating health crises. The pandemic has also emphasized the significance of science and technology in addressing global challenges and the importance of being prepared for future health emergencies. Continued vigilance, effective health strategies, and community solidarity are essential for overcoming the pandemic and mitigating its long-term impacts. Additionally, COVID-19 has highlighted the resilience and adaptability of communities around the world in the face of unprecedented challenges.

Examples for Paragraph Writing on Covid 19

Example 1: how covid-19 ended and vaccination’s role.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, significantly impacted global health and daily life since late 2019. To combat the virus, countries introduced lockdowns, social distancing, and travel restrictions. The end of the pandemic began with the development and distribution of effective vaccines, which reduced severe cases and deaths. Mass vaccination campaigns worldwide, combined with public health measures, helped control the virus's spread. As more people were vaccinated and natural immunity developed, the number of new cases declined. By late 2021 and into 2022, many countries started easing restrictions, although the virus continued to circulate in various forms. Global cooperation and adherence to health guidelines played crucial roles in bringing the pandemic under control, though it remains important to monitor and manage ongoing cases.

Example 2: How COVID-19 Affected Everyone’s Daily Life

The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone in profound ways. Individuals experienced disruptions in daily routines, with many facing job losses, financial difficulties, and isolation from loved ones due to lockdowns and social distancing. Schools shifted to online learning, creating challenges for students and parents alike. Healthcare systems were overwhelmed, with hospitals struggling to manage the surge in patients. Businesses faced closures and reduced operations, impacting economies globally. The pandemic also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and resources. Communities had to adapt to new ways of living, from wearing masks to changing work environments. Despite the difficulties, the pandemic showed the resilience of people worldwide and the importance of community support and public health measures in navigating such crises.

Test Your Knowledge of Paragraph Writing on Covid 19

Here are some engaging tasks for students to help them learn how to write a Paragraph on Covid 19:

Task 1 : Describe the Impact of COVID-19 on Daily Life.

Task 2 : Write a Paragraph on How Different Countries Handled the Pandemic.

Now Check Out if You Got them All Right from the Answers Below.

Task 1: describe the impact of covid-19 on daily life.

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed people's daily lives around the world. With lockdowns and social distancing measures, many people had to adapt to working from home. Schools shifted to online learning, which presented challenges for both students and teachers in maintaining engagement and managing resources. Social interactions were limited to virtual meetings and phone calls, reducing face-to-face contact with friends and family. Many people adopted new habits, such as wearing masks and using hand sanitiser regularly, to stay safe. The pandemic also highlighted the importance of health and hygiene, influencing daily routines in profound ways.

Task 2: Write a Paragraph on How Different Countries Handled the Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, different countries adopted various strategies to manage the crisis. For example, New Zealand implemented early and strict lockdown measures, along with comprehensive testing and contact tracing, which effectively controlled the spread of the virus and allowed for quicker economic reopening. In contrast, the United States initially struggled with inconsistent lockdowns and testing shortages, leading to a higher number of cases. While the U.S. eventually increased vaccine distribution, the delayed response in the early months contributed to a more prolonged impact on public health. This comparison shows that early intervention and consistent measures can significantly influence the outcome of pandemic management.

Takeaways from this Page

This page on Paragraph Writing about COVID-19 gives a clear guide on how to write about the pandemic. It explains how to create well-structured paragraphs, using examples and tasks to make learning easier. Students will learn how to describe the impact of COVID-19, including its effects on daily life and the global response. The page also shows how to include important details and write clearly about the topic. By following the tips and examples provided, students will be able to write effective paragraphs on COVID-19 and understand its broader effects.

FAQs on Paragraph Writing on Covid 19 - Check Samples with Various Word Counts

1. What is the main focus of a paragraph writing on Covid 19?

The main focus is to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes its effects on health, daily life, and the global response. Keep your details clear and relevant.

2. How should I start a paragraph about COVID-19?

Begin with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main point about COVID-19. This could be about its spread, impact, or measures taken. Make sure it's engaging and informative.

3. What details should be included in the body of the paragraph writing on Covid 19?

Include key facts like how COVID-19 spread, its effects on people’s lives, and the response from governments. Use simple, direct language and relevant examples to explain these points.

4. How do I keep the short paragraph writing on Covid 19 focused?

Stick to the topic by focusing on specific aspects of COVID-19, such as its impact on daily routines or health. Avoid adding unrelated information to keep the paragraph clear and relevant.

5. What is a good way to end a paragraph writing on Covid 19?

End with a concluding sentence that sums up the main points. You might reflect on the overall impact of COVID-19 or mention ongoing changes and future outlooks.

6. How can I make my paragraph writing on Covid 19 interesting?

Use engaging examples and personal anecdotes if relevant. Describe how COVID-19 has specifically affected different aspects of life to make the paragraph more relatable and interesting.

7. Should I use technical terms in my paragraph writing on Covid 19?

Avoid using too many technical terms. Instead, use simple language that anyone can understand. Explain any necessary terms briefly to ensure clarity.

8. How do I organise my short paragraph writing on Covid 19?

Start with an introduction sentence, follow with detailed sentences about COVID-19’s impact, and end with a concluding sentence. This structure helps in presenting information.

9. How can I add depth to my short paragraph writing on Covid 19?

Include various perspectives, such as how COVID-19 affected different groups of people. Providing specific examples and detailed explanations adds depth and richness to your writing.

10. What should I avoid in my paragraph writing on Covid 19?

Avoid including personal opinions or speculative information. Stick to factual, relevant details about COVID-19 to maintain objectivity and accuracy.

11. How can I check if my paragraph writing on Covid 19 is clear?

Read your paragraph out loud to see if it flows well. Ask someone else to read it and provide feedback on clarity and understanding. Make sure each sentence contributes to the main point.

12. Can I use quotes or statistics in my short paragraph writing on Covid 19?

Yes, using quotes or statistics can add credibility to your paragraph. Just make sure to explain them clearly and relate them directly to the main points about COVID-19.

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Essay On Covid-19: 100, 200 and 300 Words

Updated on
Apr 30, 2024

COVID-19, also known as the Coronavirus, is a global pandemic that has affected people all around the world. It first emerged in a lab in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and quickly spread to countries around the world. This virus was reportedly caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since then, it has spread rapidly to many countries, causing widespread illness and impacting our lives in numerous ways. This blog talks about the details of this virus and also drafts an essay on COVID-19 in 100, 200 and 300 words for students and professionals.

Table of Contents

1 Essay On COVID-19 in English 100 Words
2 Essay On COVID-19 in 200 Words
3 Essay On COVID-19 in 300 Words
4 Short Essay on Covid-19

Essay On COVID-19 in English 100 Words

COVID-19, also known as the coronavirus, is a global pandemic. It started in late 2019 and has affected people all around the world. The virus spreads very quickly through someone’s sneeze and respiratory issues.

COVID-19 has had a significant impact on our lives, with lockdowns, travel restrictions, and changes in daily routines. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, we should wear masks, practice social distancing, and wash our hands frequently.

People should follow social distancing and other safety guidelines and also learn the tricks to be safe stay healthy and work the whole challenging time.

Also Read: National Safe Motherhood Day 2023

Essay On COVID-19 in 200 Words

COVID-19 also known as coronavirus, became a global health crisis in early 2020 and impacted mankind around the world. This virus is said to have originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It belongs to the coronavirus family and causes flu-like symptoms. It impacted the healthcare systems, economies and the daily lives of people all over the world.

The most crucial aspect of COVID-19 is its highly spreadable nature. It is a communicable disease that spreads through various means such as coughs from infected persons, sneezes and communication. Due to its easy transmission leading to its outbreaks, there were many measures taken by the government from all over the world such as Lockdowns, Social Distancing, and wearing masks.

There are many changes throughout the economic systems, and also in daily routines. Other measures such as schools opting for Online schooling, Remote work options available and restrictions on travel throughout the country and internationally. Subsequently, to cure and top its outbreak, the government started its vaccine campaigns, and other preventive measures.

In conclusion, COVID-19 tested the patience and resilience of the mankind. This pandemic has taught people the importance of patience, effort and humbleness.

Essay On COVID-19 in 300 Words

COVID-19, also known as the coronavirus, is a serious and contagious disease that has affected people worldwide. It was first discovered in late 2019 in Cina and then got spread in the whole world. It had a major impact on people’s life, their school, work and daily lives.

COVID-19 is primarily transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets produced and through sneezes, and coughs of an infected person. It can spread to thousands of people because of its highly contagious nature. To cure the widespread of this virus, there are thousands of steps taken by the people and the government.

Wearing masks is one of the essential precautions to prevent the virus from spreading. Social distancing is another vital practice, which involves maintaining a safe distance from others to minimize close contact.

Very frequent handwashing is also very important to stop the spread of this virus. Proper hand hygiene can help remove any potential virus particles from our hands, reducing the risk of infection.

In conclusion, the Coronavirus has changed people’s perspective on living. It has also changed people’s way of interacting and how to live. To deal with this virus, it is very important to follow the important guidelines such as masks, social distancing and techniques to wash your hands. Getting vaccinated is also very important to go back to normal life and cure this virus completely.

Also Read: Essay on Abortion in English in 650 Words

Short Essay on Covid-19

Please find below a sample of a short essay on Covid-19 for school students:

Also Read: Essay on Women’s Day in 200 and 500 words

to write an essay on COVID-19, understand your word limit and make sure to cover all the stages and symptoms of this disease. You need to highlight all the challenges and impacts of COVID-19. Do not forget to conclude your essay with positive precautionary measures.

Writing an essay on COVID-19 in 200 words requires you to cover all the challenges, impacts and precautions of this disease. You don’t need to describe all of these factors in brief, but make sure to add as many options as your word limit allows.

The full form for COVID-19 is Corona Virus Disease of 2019.

Simran Popli

An avid writer and a creative person. With an experience of 1.5 years content writing, Simran has worked with different areas. From medical to working in a marketing agency with different clients to Ed-tech company, the journey has been diverse. Creative, vivacious and patient are the words that describe her personality.

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Essay on Coronavirus and Coronavirus Symptoms

500+ words essay on coronavirus and coronavirus symptoms.

Coronavirus refers to a virus that leads to respiratory illness in human beings. It derives its name ‘corona’ from having crown-like spikes on its surface. Some examples of this disease that causes humans to fall ill are SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), and more. China reported the new strain of this virus, COVID-19 in 2019. Ever since the virus went on to spread in all the continents over the world except for Antarctica. Let us learn about Coronavirus and Coronavirus symptoms through this essay.

Origin of Coronavirus and Coronavirus Symptoms

The city of Wuhan in China was the one that first reported the case of COVID-19 in December 2019. Further, the WHO (World Health Organization) declared the outbreak of this disease as a pandemic in March 2020.

Due to this outbreak, a lot of countries all over the world announced a nationwide lockdown. This was done as a preventive measure against the pandemic. Ultimately, it limited the movement of billions of people all over the world.

Consequently, all commercial establishments including schools and colleges were shut down. In addition to this, international and intra-state travel also saw a ban. Similarly, many of the countries suspended tourist visas to avoid the outbreak of this disease.

In countries like India, people from underprivileged backgrounds had to suffer greatly. Even to date, many have not been able to earn a proper livelihood. Shortage of food, loss of income, and more have become a common phenomenon for some.

Similarly, industries like pharmaceuticals, tourism, the power sector, and more are also suffering losses after the Coronavirus outbreak. All in all, it has an impact on the global economy as well as our daily lives.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Symptoms of Coronavirus

Coronavirus and coronavirus symptoms are something everyone is looking for. As per the CDC, you may have coronavirus if you are experiencing symptoms like:

Difficulty in breathing
New loss of smell or taste
Sore throat

Other than that, there are additional symptoms that may possibly happen to anyone. It depends on the individual. Further, the symptoms will start appearing between two to fourteen days after you have been exposed to the virus.

In children, symptoms can be milder when we compare them to adults. On the other hand, people who have serious underlying conditions such as heart disease or diabetes and older people will be at a greater risk of complications.

One must immediately get medical attention if one is having trouble breathing. Other warning signs include persistent pain or pressure in the chest. Further, if one cannot seem to wake up from their sleep or their lips or face start to turn blue, they must get medical attention instantly.

With that being said, if a person is experiencing these symptoms, they must contact a medical professional. They will be able to better help the individual with their particular case.

Therefore, governments and health organizations all over the world are constantly working to limit the outbreak of coronavirus and coronavirus symptoms. Similarly, our healthcare professionals are facing various difficulties to protect others’ lives. We must work together as one and be responsible on our part to safeguard our lives as well as others.

FAQ on Essay on Coronavirus and Coronavirus Symptoms

Question 1: What was the origin of Coronavirus?

Answer 1: The city of Wuhan in China was the one that first reported the case of COVID-19 in December 2019. Further, the WHO (World Health Organization) declared the outbreak of this disease as a pandemic in March 2020.

Question 2: What are Coronavirus and coronavirus symptoms?

Answer 2: The symptoms of Coronavirus include fever, chills, cough, fatigue, headache, runny throat, difficulty in breathing, congestion, body ache, and more

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Project on Corona Pandemic And The Fallout On Families for Class12

Table of Contents

To comprehend how the coronavirus pandemic has affected families, especially how it has changed the dynamics, interactions, and daily activities of families. To examine the various ways in which families have dealt with the pandemic, such as adjustments to daily schedules at work and school and methods for coping with stress and anxiety.

To investigate how technology, such as video conversations and internet communication, helped people keep their familial relationships during the pandemic. To determine the particular difficulties vulnerable families—including those who are poor or have poor access to healthcare—faced during the pandemic. To evaluate the pandemic’s long-term effects on families, including any potential repercussions on mental health, education, and financial security. These are but a few potential goals; you might wish to modify them to fit your own study focus and interests.

ACTION PLAN FOR THE PROJECT

Review academic studies, news stories, and other pertinent sources to learn more about the pandemic’s effects on families. An introduction, objectives, methods, findings, and conclusion should all be included in your project’s plan. Methodology: Choose the approach you’ll take to data collection, such as case studies, questionnaires, or interviews. Participants: Develop a strategy for attracting and involving the study’s participants after determining who will be a part of it. Create a strategy for analyzing the data you gather, such as using theme coding or statistical analysis. Writing: When writing your project, be sure to include all relevant sections and data. Review and Edit: Evaluate and modify your project to make sure it complies with the assignment’s requirements and clearly conveys your conclusions. You can develop a thorough and useful action plan for your study on how the coronavirus epidemic has affected families by adhering to these stages.

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SURVEY

What impact has the pandemic had on your family’s daily activities? Have you or any members of your family lost your jobs because of the pandemic? How has the epidemic impacted the mental health and well-being of your family? Have any members of your family or you personally had any physical health concerns as a result of the pandemic? Has the epidemic made it harder for you to get medical care or other services? What impact has the pandemic had on your kids’ education and learning? Have you made use of technology to stay in touch with loved ones throughout the pandemic? Have you or any of your family members been the target of prejudice or stigma because of the pandemic? Have you or any members of your family received a COVID-19 vaccination? What kind of assistance, if any, would you prefer to get from your neighborhood or the government at this time? To better meet the specific research questions and project goals, you can modify or edit these questions. To further understand the characteristics of the families in your sample, you might also wish to include some demographic inquiries (such as age, gender, income, etc.).

REPORT ON THE EFFECT OF THE CORONA PANDEMIC ON FAMILIES

The coronavirus pandemic has had a major and wide-ranging effect on families. The following are some significant conclusions: Modifications to Everyday Routines: Due to the pandemic, many families have seen considerable adjustments to their everyday routines, including remote work and online schooling. This has led to more stress and anxiety as well as difficulties keeping a healthy work-life balance.

Financial Difficulties: As a result of the pandemic’s massive job losses and economic upheaval, many families are now having trouble making ends meet. Food insecurity, housing instability, and other financial stressors have all increased as a result of this.

Mental Health Problems: The epidemic has had a negative impact on families’ mental health and well-being, with many of them now dealing with higher levels of stress, anxiety, and sadness. This has been especially true for people who have had a COVID-19 loss of a loved one or who have been cut off from friends and relatives.

Healthcare Disparities: The pandemic has brought attention to the current healthcare inequities, with disadvantaged families and communities having a harder time getting access to resources and care.

Educational Challenges: Disrupted schooling and remote learning have presented difficulties for families with young children, especially those without access to dependable technology or who speak different languages.

Social Isolation: Social segregation and quarantine measures have exacerbated social isolation, isolating families from their neighbourhoods and support systems.

Use of technology: Video calls and other internet contact tools have been a lifeline for many families during the pandemic, helping to keep family relationships intact.

Your report can shed important light on the difficulties faced by families during this trying time by looking at these and other important findings about how the coronavirus pandemic has affected families. As the effects of the epidemic continue to be felt, you can also suggest laws, initiatives, and other supports for families and communities.

STRESS AMONG PARENTS IN COVID-19

Parents all throughout the world are experiencing significantly more stress as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents are stressed out because of the pandemic for the following reasons:

Monitoring Remote Learning: Due to the closure of many schools and daycare centres, parents are now responsible for overseeing their children’s remote learning. Their everyday routines now include an additional level of stress and responsibility as a result.

Financial instability: As a result of significant job loss and economic instability brought on by the pandemic, many parents are now having difficulty making ends meet. For parents, this financial strain can result in a great deal of anxiety and uncertainty.

Managing Work and Family Responsibilities: With so many parents now working from home, it can be difficult for them to manage both their professional and childcare obligations. Burnout and feelings of overwhelm may result from this.

Fear of Illness: Parents may experience considerable stress due to their concern of catching COVID-19 or of their loved ones falling ill. Parents who care for family members who are at high risk or who have underlying medical issues may experience this worry more intensely.

Social isolation: Social distancing practises have made it harder for many parents to get social support, which has raised their feelings of loneliness and stress.

Future Uncertainty: The pandemic has significantly increased future uncertainty, leaving many parents worried and apprehensive about what lies ahead.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, all of these variables may result in parents feeling more stressed than usual. It is crucial for parents to place a high priority on their personal well-being and to look for assistance and tools to help them cope with stress and worry. This may entail speaking with a mental health expert, engaging in stress-relieving exercises like meditation or physical activity, and looking for social support through internet forums or other resources.

EFFECT OF COVID LOCKDOWN ON FAMILY ROUTINE

Families’ daily routines have been interrupted by the COVID-19 lockdown in a number of ways, including:

Scheduling adjustments for work and school: With many parents now working from home and kids attending school remotely, families’ daily routines have undergone major change. Families have had to adjust to new schedules and habits as a result, which can be difficult and stressful.

Restricted Social Activities: The capacity of families to engage in social activities, such as going to the movies, watching athletic events, or visiting friends and relatives, has been restricted by social distancing policies. Increased emotions of loneliness and social isolation are the result of this.

Workout and outdoor activities have changed as a result of gyms and other exercise facilities closing, forcing families to discover new methods to keep active and healthy. To stay active while preserving social distance, many families are turning to outdoor pursuits like biking or hiking.

Adjustments in Food Planning and Preparation: Families have had to modify their meal planning and preparation as a result of restaurants being closed or providing restricted service. This can entail consuming more meals at home or relying more on delivery or takeout services.

Families now have more domestic chores, such as cleaning, cooking, and child care, as a result of the fact that many kids go to school online and parents work from home. For families with a single parent or little money, this can be particularly difficult.

MODIFICATION TO BEDTIME AND SLEEP ROUTINES

living expenses during the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected people’s financial situations all across the world. The following are some ways that the epidemic has impacted people’s financial circumstances:

Job Loss and Unemployment: As a result of the pandemic, many people are now struggling to make ends meet due to widespread job loss and unemployment. On households’ ability to manage their finances, this has had a substantial effect.

Decreased Income: The epidemic has caused many people’s incomes to be cut, including those who have not lost their work. Due to the need for firms to cut expenses in order to survive, this can be the result of shortened workdays or wage reductions.

Increasing Debt: Many people have been compelled to go on debt in order to pay for their basic needs due to decreased income and higher expenses. Increased financial stress and worry may result from this.

Decreased Savings: As a result of having to use their funds to pay for expenses due to the epidemic, many people have experienced a reduction in their savings. For people who were already finding it difficult to save money before the outbreak, this can be very difficult.

Increased Costs: As a result of the epidemic, many people have experienced an increase in costs as they have been forced to invest in personal protective equipment, stockpile goods, and cover additional childcare or homeschooling costs.

People have had restricted access to financial services like banking, loans, and investment advice because many businesses have closed or only provided a limited range of services.

The COVID-19 epidemic has, in general, had a considerable influence on people’s financial lives, with many suffering from job loss, lower income, increased debt, and decreased savings. It is crucial for people to put their financial health first during this time, looking for assistance and resources to help them manage their money and get by. This can entail looking into government aid programmes, getting financial advice, and putting important costs first while reducing non-essential spending.

In conclusion, families all around the world have been significantly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. Every element of family life has been impacted by the pandemic’s aftermath, from everyday activities and financial security to mental health and social relationships. We can better understand the difficulties that families are experiencing via study and analysis, and we can create plans and solutions to help them.

As we go, it is crucial to keep putting family needs first, especially those of those who are most at risk from the pandemic’s effects. This might entail offering financial support, boosting healthcare accessibility, and promoting mental health and wellbeing.

The perseverance and power of families in the face of hardship must also be acknowledged. Families have shown tremendous perseverance, ingenuity, and flexibility throughout this trying period despite the hurdles they have experienced. We can assist families in surviving the pandemic and emerging stronger and more resilient than ever before by learning from their experiences and meeting their needs.

Certificate of Completion

I, [Your Name], a student of Class 12 at [Your School/College Name], am delighted to receive this certificate for successfully completing the English Project on “Corona Pandemic and the Fallout on Families. ” This project has been an eye-opening journey into understanding the profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families worldwide.

Throughout this project, I thoroughly investigated the effects of the pandemic on families, including changes in family dynamics, daily routines, financial situations, and mental health. I also explored how technology and virtual communication played a crucial role in maintaining familial relationships during these challenging times.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to [Teacher’s Name], my project guide, for their unwavering support, encouragement, and valuable guidance throughout this project. Their expertise and mentorship have been invaluable in deepening my understanding of the pandemic’s effects on families and helping me shape my research effectively.

I would also like to express my thanks to [School/College Name] for providing me with the opportunity to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families and conduct this comprehensive project. The experience has not only enriched my knowledge but also heightened my awareness of the importance of family bonds and resilience.

With great pride, I accept this certificate, symbolizing my dedication and hard work in completing the English Project on “Corona Pandemic and the Fallout on Families. “

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Article Writing
Article On Covid 19

Article on COVID-19

COVID-19 or Coronavirus is a term the world has been uttering for almost two years now. The coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Since the birth of the pandemic, the world has shifted to a new normal where masks are the new accessory and sanitisers are used like sunscreens. There is a lot of information out there about the pandemic, but when you are asked to write an article on COVID-19, do not just pick information at random; instead, try to gather details that would explain the dawn of the virus, the harmful effects and the precautionary measures to be taken to keep one safe and secure.

To know more about the virus and for sample articles, go through the topics given below:

Article On COVID-19 – Symptoms And Precautions
Short Article On COVID-19
FAQs On COVID-19

Article on COVID-19 – Symptoms and Precautions

The effects of the virus are different from person to person. For most people, it starts with a common cold and fever that develops into serious respiratory problems, fatigue, soreness and loss of taste and smell. The virus has developed into a lot of variants, and each one becomes even more severe with the onset of a new variant.

The spread of the virus takes place when an individual comes into contact with an infected person. It spreads from the person’s nose or mouth when they sneeze, yawn, cough, breathe, speak or sing. We have been taught respiratory etiquette, covering our mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and isolating ourselves when we are unwell. These are the same rules that apply to keep ourselves and others from being infected by the virus.

People affected by coronavirus show a range of symptoms from mild to severe conditions. The symptoms include cold, cough, fever, soreness, fatigue, difficulty in breathing, loss of taste and smell. These symptoms start appearing from 2-14 days after the individual has been exposed to the virus. Make sure that you get yourself tested the moment you witness any of these symptoms to prevent it from getting any worse.

Precautions

To keep yourself from being affected by coronavirus, see to that you

Wear your masks covering your nose and mouth every time you step out of your house
Wash your hands thoroughly
Sanitise yourself
Avoid eating or drinking anything cold
Eat nutritious food to build immunity
Maintain a physical distance when you are in contact with a group of people
Avoid all sorts of direct physical contact

Taking care of yourself means taking care of others too. If each one is conscious about the complications this disease can bring into their lives, it would be a lot easier to curb the spread of the virus. Be cautious. Create awareness. Stay safe.

Short Article on COVID-19

Research has shown that the outbreak of COVID-19 was in December 2019, and from then, there have been more than 600 million people who were infected with the virus and around 6.5 million deaths all around the world, according to WHO reports, as of September 30, 2022. The daily reports of people being infected and people dying have been going up, and down and the numbers vary from country to country.

Every country has been following different procedures and doing all that is possible to stop the spread of COVID-19. It is, however, dependent on the individuals. It is in our best interest that the authorities are laying out rules and regulations, and it is our responsibility to follow them and keep ourselves hygienic, which in turn will keep everyone around us safe too.

Researchers and medical practitioners have worked really hard to develop vaccines for COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccines, like any other vaccine, have side effects like fever, soreness and weakness. Many people have already been vaccinated. However, it is good to remember that being vaccinated is not the license to roam around without wearing masks and making close contact with people you meet. New variants of the virus have been evolving every now and then, and the seriousness of the disease is becoming worse with every variant. Only with collective efforts can we stop the spread of the disease.

FAQs on COVID-19

What is covid-19.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The symptoms of the disease vary from individual to individual ranging from mild symptoms like cold and fever to severe symptoms including shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of speech or mobility and even death.

What are the organs most affected by coronavirus?

According to researchers, the organs that are most affected by the virus are the lungs.

What are the possible complications post COVID-19?

People seem to continue experiencing difficulty in breathing, soreness, fatigue, etc., even after recovering from COVID-19.

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Coronavirus: The world has come together to flatten the curve. Can we stay united to tackle other crises?

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Coronavirus Pandemic

12 Ideas for Writing Through the Pandemic With The New York Times

A dozen writing projects — including journals, poems, comics and more — for students to try at home.

By Natalie Proulx

The coronavirus has transformed life as we know it. Schools are closed, we’re confined to our homes and the future feels very uncertain. Why write at a time like this?

For one, we are living through history. Future historians may look back on the journals, essays and art that ordinary people are creating now to tell the story of life during the coronavirus.

But writing can also be deeply therapeutic. It can be a way to express our fears, hopes and joys. It can help us make sense of the world and our place in it.

Plus, even though school buildings are shuttered, that doesn’t mean learning has stopped. Writing can help us reflect on what’s happening in our lives and form new ideas.

We want to help inspire your writing about the coronavirus while you learn from home. Below, we offer 12 projects for students, all based on pieces from The New York Times, including personal narrative essays, editorials, comic strips and podcasts. Each project features a Times text and prompts to inspire your writing, as well as related resources from The Learning Network to help you develop your craft. Some also offer opportunities to get your work published in The Times, on The Learning Network or elsewhere.

We know this list isn’t nearly complete. If you have ideas for other pandemic-related writing projects, please suggest them in the comments.

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Writing about COVID-19 in a college admission essay

by: Venkates Swaminathan | Updated: September 14, 2020

Print article

Writing about COVID-19 in your college admission essay

For students applying to college using the CommonApp, there are several different places where students and counselors can address the pandemic’s impact. The different sections have differing goals. You must understand how to use each section for its appropriate use.

The CommonApp COVID-19 question

First, the CommonApp this year has an additional question specifically about COVID-19 :

Community disruptions such as COVID-19 and natural disasters can have deep and long-lasting impacts. If you need it, this space is yours to describe those impacts. Colleges care about the effects on your health and well-being, safety, family circumstances, future plans, and education, including access to reliable technology and quiet study spaces. Please use this space to describe how these events have impacted you.

This question seeks to understand the adversity that students may have had to face due to the pandemic, the move to online education, or the shelter-in-place rules. You don’t have to answer this question if the impact on you wasn’t particularly severe. Some examples of things students should discuss include:

The student or a family member had COVID-19 or suffered other illnesses due to confinement during the pandemic.
The candidate had to deal with personal or family issues, such as abusive living situations or other safety concerns
The student suffered from a lack of internet access and other online learning challenges.
Students who dealt with problems registering for or taking standardized tests and AP exams.

Jeff Schiffman of the Tulane University admissions office has a blog about this section. He recommends students ask themselves several questions as they go about answering this section:

Are my experiences different from others’?
Are there noticeable changes on my transcript?
Am I aware of my privilege?
Am I specific? Am I explaining rather than complaining?
Is this information being included elsewhere on my application?

If you do answer this section, be brief and to-the-point.

Counselor recommendations and school profiles

Second, counselors will, in their counselor forms and school profiles on the CommonApp, address how the school handled the pandemic and how it might have affected students, specifically as it relates to:

Grading scales and policies
Graduation requirements
Instructional methods
Schedules and course offerings
Testing requirements
Your academic calendar
Other extenuating circumstances

Students don’t have to mention these matters in their application unless something unusual happened.

Writing about COVID-19 in your main essay

Write about your experiences during the pandemic in your main college essay if your experience is personal, relevant, and the most important thing to discuss in your college admission essay. That you had to stay home and study online isn’t sufficient, as millions of other students faced the same situation. But sometimes, it can be appropriate and helpful to write about something related to the pandemic in your essay. For example:

One student developed a website for a local comic book store. The store might not have survived without the ability for people to order comic books online. The student had a long-standing relationship with the store, and it was an institution that created a community for students who otherwise felt left out.
One student started a YouTube channel to help other students with academic subjects he was very familiar with and began tutoring others.
Some students used their extra time that was the result of the stay-at-home orders to take online courses pursuing topics they are genuinely interested in or developing new interests, like a foreign language or music.

Experiences like this can be good topics for the CommonApp essay as long as they reflect something genuinely important about the student. For many students whose lives have been shaped by this pandemic, it can be a critical part of their college application.

Want more? Read 6 ways to improve a college essay , What the &%$! should I write about in my college essay , and Just how important is a college admissions essay? .

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I Thought We’d Learned Nothing From the Pandemic. I Wasn’t Seeing the Full Picture

M y first home had a back door that opened to a concrete patio with a giant crack down the middle. When my sister and I played, I made sure to stay on the same side of the divide as her, just in case. The 1988 film The Land Before Time was one of the first movies I ever saw, and the image of the earth splintering into pieces planted its roots in my brain. I believed that, even in my own backyard, I could easily become the tiny Triceratops separated from her family, on the other side of the chasm, as everything crumbled into chaos.

Some 30 years later, I marvel at the eerie, unexpected ways that cartoonish nightmare came to life – not just for me and my family, but for all of us. The landscape was already covered in fissures well before COVID-19 made its way across the planet, but the pandemic applied pressure, and the cracks broke wide open, separating us from each other physically and ideologically. Under the weight of the crisis, we scattered and landed on such different patches of earth we could barely see each other’s faces, even when we squinted. We disagreed viciously with each other, about how to respond, but also about what was true.

Recently, someone asked me if we’ve learned anything from the pandemic, and my first thought was a flat no. Nothing. There was a time when I thought it would be the very thing to draw us together and catapult us – as a capital “S” Society – into a kinder future. It’s surreal to remember those early days when people rallied together, sewing masks for health care workers during critical shortages and gathering on balconies in cities from Dallas to New York City to clap and sing songs like “Yellow Submarine.” It felt like a giant lightning bolt shot across the sky, and for one breath, we all saw something that had been hidden in the dark – the inherent vulnerability in being human or maybe our inescapable connectedness .

More from TIME

Read More: The Family Time the Pandemic Stole

But it turns out, it was just a flash. The goodwill vanished as quickly as it appeared. A couple of years later, people feel lied to, abandoned, and all on their own. I’ve felt my own curiosity shrinking, my willingness to reach out waning , my ability to keep my hands open dwindling. I look out across the landscape and see selfishness and rage, burnt earth and so many dead bodies. Game over. We lost. And if we’ve already lost, why try?

Still, the question kept nagging me. I wondered, am I seeing the full picture? What happens when we focus not on the collective society but at one face, one story at a time? I’m not asking for a bow to minimize the suffering – a pretty flourish to put on top and make the whole thing “worth it.” Yuck. That’s not what we need. But I wondered about deep, quiet growth. The kind we feel in our bodies, relationships, homes, places of work, neighborhoods.

Like a walkie-talkie message sent to my allies on the ground, I posted a call on my Instagram. What do you see? What do you hear? What feels possible? Is there life out here? Sprouting up among the rubble? I heard human voices calling back – reports of life, personal and specific. I heard one story at a time – stories of grief and distrust, fury and disappointment. Also gratitude. Discovery. Determination.

Among the most prevalent were the stories of self-revelation. Almost as if machines were given the chance to live as humans, people described blossoming into fuller selves. They listened to their bodies’ cues, recognized their desires and comforts, tuned into their gut instincts, and honored the intuition they hadn’t realized belonged to them. Alex, a writer and fellow disabled parent, found the freedom to explore a fuller version of herself in the privacy the pandemic provided. “The way I dress, the way I love, and the way I carry myself have both shrunk and expanded,” she shared. “I don’t love myself very well with an audience.” Without the daily ritual of trying to pass as “normal” in public, Tamar, a queer mom in the Netherlands, realized she’s autistic. “I think the pandemic helped me to recognize the mask,” she wrote. “Not that unmasking is easy now. But at least I know it’s there.” In a time of widespread suffering that none of us could solve on our own, many tended to our internal wounds and misalignments, large and small, and found clarity.

Read More: A Tool for Staying Grounded in This Era of Constant Uncertainty

I wonder if this flourishing of self-awareness is at least partially responsible for the life alterations people pursued. The pandemic broke open our personal notions of work and pushed us to reevaluate things like time and money. Lucy, a disabled writer in the U.K., made the hard decision to leave her job as a journalist covering Westminster to write freelance about her beloved disability community. “This work feels important in a way nothing else has ever felt,” she wrote. “I don’t think I’d have realized this was what I should be doing without the pandemic.” And she wasn’t alone – many people changed jobs , moved, learned new skills and hobbies, became politically engaged.

Perhaps more than any other shifts, people described a significant reassessment of their relationships. They set boundaries, said no, had challenging conversations. They also reconnected, fell in love, and learned to trust. Jeanne, a quilter in Indiana, got to know relatives she wouldn’t have connected with if lockdowns hadn’t prompted weekly family Zooms. “We are all over the map as regards to our belief systems,” she emphasized, “but it is possible to love people you don’t see eye to eye with on every issue.” Anna, an anti-violence advocate in Maine, learned she could trust her new marriage: “Life was not a honeymoon. But we still chose to turn to each other with kindness and curiosity.” So many bonds forged and broken, strengthened and strained.

Instead of relying on default relationships or institutional structures, widespread recalibrations allowed for going off script and fortifying smaller communities. Mara from Idyllwild, Calif., described the tangible plan for care enacted in her town. “We started a mutual-aid group at the beginning of the pandemic,” she wrote, “and it grew so quickly before we knew it we were feeding 400 of the 4000 residents.” She didn’t pretend the conditions were ideal. In fact, she expressed immense frustration with our collective response to the pandemic. Even so, the local group rallied and continues to offer assistance to their community with help from donations and volunteers (many of whom were originally on the receiving end of support). “I’ve learned that people thrive when they feel their connection to others,” she wrote. Clare, a teacher from the U.K., voiced similar conviction as she described a giant scarf she’s woven out of ribbons, each representing a single person. The scarf is “a collection of stories, moments and wisdom we are sharing with each other,” she wrote. It now stretches well over 1,000 feet.

A few hours into reading the comments, I lay back on my bed, phone held against my chest. The room was quiet, but my internal world was lighting up with firefly flickers. What felt different? Surely part of it was receiving personal accounts of deep-rooted growth. And also, there was something to the mere act of asking and listening. Maybe it connected me to humans before battle cries. Maybe it was the chance to be in conversation with others who were also trying to understand – what is happening to us? Underneath it all, an undeniable thread remained; I saw people peering into the mess and narrating their findings onto the shared frequency. Every comment was like a flare into the sky. I’m here! And if the sky is full of flares, we aren’t alone.

I recognized my own pandemic discoveries – some minor, others massive. Like washing off thick eyeliner and mascara every night is more effort than it’s worth; I can transform the mundane into the magical with a bedsheet, a movie projector, and twinkle lights; my paralyzed body can mother an infant in ways I’d never seen modeled for me. I remembered disappointing, bewildering conversations within my own family of origin and our imperfect attempts to remain close while also seeing things so differently. I realized that every time I get the weekly invite to my virtual “Find the Mumsies” call, with a tiny group of moms living hundreds of miles apart, I’m being welcomed into a pocket of unexpected community. Even though we’ve never been in one room all together, I’ve felt an uncommon kind of solace in their now-familiar faces.

Hope is a slippery thing. I desperately want to hold onto it, but everywhere I look there are real, weighty reasons to despair. The pandemic marks a stretch on the timeline that tangles with a teetering democracy, a deteriorating planet , the loss of human rights that once felt unshakable . When the world is falling apart Land Before Time style, it can feel trite, sniffing out the beauty – useless, firing off flares to anyone looking for signs of life. But, while I’m under no delusions that if we just keep trudging forward we’ll find our own oasis of waterfalls and grassy meadows glistening in the sunshine beneath a heavenly chorus, I wonder if trivializing small acts of beauty, connection, and hope actually cuts us off from resources essential to our survival. The group of abandoned dinosaurs were keeping each other alive and making each other laugh well before they made it to their fantasy ending.

Read More: How Ice Cream Became My Own Personal Act of Resistance

After the monarch butterfly went on the endangered-species list, my friend and fellow writer Hannah Soyer sent me wildflower seeds to plant in my yard. A simple act of big hope – that I will actually plant them, that they will grow, that a monarch butterfly will receive nourishment from whatever blossoms are able to push their way through the dirt. There are so many ways that could fail. But maybe the outcome wasn’t exactly the point. Maybe hope is the dogged insistence – the stubborn defiance – to continue cultivating moments of beauty regardless. There is value in the planting apart from the harvest.

I can’t point out a single collective lesson from the pandemic. It’s hard to see any great “we.” Still, I see the faces in my moms’ group, making pancakes for their kids and popping on between strings of meetings while we try to figure out how to raise these small people in this chaotic world. I think of my friends on Instagram tending to the selves they discovered when no one was watching and the scarf of ribbons stretching the length of more than three football fields. I remember my family of three, holding hands on the way up the ramp to the library. These bits of growth and rings of support might not be loud or right on the surface, but that’s not the same thing as nothing. If we only cared about the bottom-line defeats or sweeping successes of the big picture, we’d never plant flowers at all.

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9 Impact of COVID-19 on K-12 Students

Susan Taylor

Introduction

The novel Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19 took the world by surprise. The United States was not prepared for this pandemic in any aspects and now people are suffering greatly. What at first seemed like a far off disease turned into a global pandemic within a few months and completely changed how our society functioned. One of the areas that was greatly affected was the K-12 educational system. Students around the country are suffering from learning loss, inadequate teaching methods, inability to keep up with online technology while also dealing with many other pandemic related stresses. These developments could have major consequences for students. They are extremely concerning because education is the basis of our society.

Connection to STS Theory

The pandemic will have major consequences for students in the future. This is an example of Path-dependency. The Path-dependency theory occurs when past events affect future outcomes. The negative effects that COVID-19 has had on education could impact students for many years to come. The loss of learning that the pandemic has caused students could lead to a decrease in wages they earn in the future, a lower national GDP , and also make it harder for students to find jobs. Students who are affected by COVID-19 could have a worsened mental health, both in the present day and in the future because they are constantly surrounded by new stressors.

The New Aspect of Technology

Mask, student, corona, student, covid-19, class, virus

We live in a society where technology is prevalent and commonly used in our everyday lives. However, the education system is in many aspects lagging behind in technology use. Many schools around the country have integrated online technology into their standards or have at least some devices for students to use. But at the same time, many schools do not have the resources to do so. When COVID-19 first hit in spring 2020 schools were taken by surprise and closed. Students received little to no education for the rest of the semester and technology was partially to blame.

Many students do not have the necessary technology needed to survive in this new hybrid and online teaching environment. In a study conducted by EdWeek in May of 2020, only around 59% of schools (elementary to high) surveyed had 1 to 1 student to computer ratios ( Bushweller ). This is an alarmingly low percentage considering schools went virtual for almost all of the spring 2020 semester. Many students have to share devices with family, friends and siblings, and completing school work can be a huge challenge for them. Large numbers of students also do not have access to quality internet at home. Even if they did have a device at home it would be impossible to complete online work. Minority students are more likely to struggle with these new teaching methods than other groups. Many of them do not have a device to complete school work, have to share devices with others or do not have internet connection at their homes. Minority students are also more likely to go to underfunded public schools that can not afford to supply students with devices.

Online learning requires not only the availability of technology, but also the knowledge of how to use it. Students who usually learned with a traditional teaching method might have never had practice using online technology in their school work. They may have used the technology mainly for games or social activities. Without the prior practice and knowledge of how to use their devices in learning, students might find them practically useless ( García & Wiess ).

Education Loss

It is completely normal for students to have a slight learning loss during the summer or long breaks, but the situation with COVID-19 is much different. Students not only have loss from summer break, they also missed many months of educational time during the spring and possibly parts of the fall semesters. This loss needs to be factored in their learning as well. Teaching methods that differ from the traditional ways are expected to grow the already large learning gap even more.

Hybrid and online learning methods are much different than the usual way most students are taught. Students were also thrown into these forms of teaching by surprise in the spring of 2020, resulting in many negative effects on their learning. A study done at Fresno State explains just how bad the learning loss gap will be for students in these new situations. Students who experience average remote learning will lose about 3-4 months of learning. Low quality remote learning will account for about 7-11 months of learning loss and no instruction at all would result in 12-14 months of lost learning ( Dorn et al. ). This time during a student’s life is crucial for building fundamental knowledge that will aid them for the rest of their lives, and this loss is devastating.

The consequences for minority students will be even worse. There is already an educational gap between minority and white students. COVID-19 will likely make it grow larger. Minority students are less likely to have outside resources to support their learning compared to students of higher socioeconomic status because such resources can be very pricey. Parents of minority students are also more likely to work laboring jobs that have long hours, so it is difficult for them to receive extra help outside of the classroom. It is also less likely that these students will have a quiet place to work, without distractions ( Fox ).

Learning Loss equals Earning Loss

This time during a student’s life is crucial for building fundamental knowledge that will aid them for the rest of their lives so this loss is devastating. The loss of education now can lead to a big economic impact in the future. It is estimated that students could lose anywhere from $61,000 to $82,000 in lifetime earnings just from COVID-19 effects so far. When you factor in the current overall dropout rate the average lifetime earning loss goes to about $2.2 billion ( Dorn) . Student dropout rate is higher than ever due to the pandemic and this will lead to a decades long problem for the U.S. and its citizens. There would be a never ending cycle between loss of education and loss of earning.

America’s GDP is nowhere near as high as it could be due to educational gaps between white and minority students. Less education usually means less pay, even in a society without the Coronavirus. Now that COVID-19 is a factor that is affecting the economy, there will be even bigger blows. The loss or lack of education now will lead to an even greater drop in the country’s GDP. This is a problem because the overall wealth of our country and its citizens will decrease.

With the decrease in effectiveness of teaching methods we are creating a less educated society. If this continues then students will not be prepared for their next years of school and their careers that come afterwards. Not only are they losing the teachable aspect of education, they are also missing out on the independently learned side of it as well. K-12 years are crucial for students to learn about problem solving, respect, teamwork and so many more aspects that lead to a successful, sociable person. Many jobs look for these key qualities when hiring employees, but with the loss in learning caused by COVID-19 students with competence in them will be lacking in the future. This could cause many students to not find good jobs or have decreased pay. This development will hurt not only students, but the country as a whole and make it function less effectively.

Pandemic Related Stress

Pandemics are an extremely stressful time for everyone and it is even worse on children, especially students. Pretty much every aspect of a student’s life has been stripped away from them; school, sports, clubs, friends and much more. During this time of unknowing there are so many factors that children have to worry about. These stresses, in turn, will affect their ability to retain information and learn.

Not only do children have to worry about school work and how to teach themselves. They also have many other anxieties during this time as well. Students worry about the Coronavirus and whether they, their friends, families will get this new illness. Sickness can play a huge role in a child’s ability to learn because there is a constant fear and the virus is always being talked about. COVID-19 is also new and everything about it seems uncertain. Sickness is not the only things children have to worry about when it comes to the pandemic, but it is a major factor that can affect their mental status and ability to learn.

Financial problems play a huge role in a student’s life as well. So many people have lost their jobs during this time due to sickness, quarantine, and economic decline. If their family is greatly struggling students may have to put their education on hold and work in order to help the family. Financial problems can also change a student’s entire way of life, which can be a huge adjustment and make school work seem less important.

Social isolation and being away from peers greatly affects a child’s mental health, which respectively, will affect their ability to learn and retain knowledge. Humans are social creatures meant to be around others, but when the pandemic hit students were separated from their peers for months on end. This increases the chance of mental illnesses in students as well as other problems with their ability to interact socially. Chronic stress changes the chemical and physical structure of the brain, impairing cognitive skills like attention, concentration, memory, and creativity ( Terada ).

Schools account for a majority of mental health services for children so a lot of damage will come from closures. Most children come to their schools for help with mental health and safety issues. Taking away this resource or making it less available could greatly impede a student’s ability to learn and work through personal problems. School is also a safe place for many students, where they can escape problems at home. Now that this resource will not be readily available for them, stress could be overwhelming for many students and their education is almost guaranteed to suffer. A lot of mental illnesses start in childhood and are identified in the school environment. Many of these issues students face will now go unnoticed, possibly for many years.

How Hybrid Learning Might be Beneficial

Hybrid and online learning might be new in a usually traditional schooling method, but these systems have been around for a while and might prove to be beneficial for students. Some believe that these new methods of teaching will allow students to gain new knowledge and skills, such as computer self-efficacy, self-regulation and even boost engagement ( Sun & Rueda ). Some teachers are trying harder to boost class engagement and students can do work at their own pace. Studies have also found that online or hybrid learning methods can have very similar outcomes compared to face-to-face learning when students are engaged and actively being taught ( Kauffman ). Some believe that hybrid learning methods allow students to work around other schedules and be able to do a little work here and there, giving them more time to do what they love. This side of the argument believes that when students have free-reign on how they learn, they learn better.

These teaching methods could be beneficial for students who were prepared for this type of learning, but not all students have the drive and motivation needed to complete all of their work on their own and in their own time. Hybrid learning in this situation could be more beneficial than online or no schooling methods, but many unique challenges have arisen during the pandemic ( Raes ). Studies conducted before the pandemic can not be accurately compared to a student’s educational life now due to so many added factors of stress and unpreparedness. The COVID-19 pandemic brings forth new challenges not discussed in older studies and it is difficult to compare the two at this time.

Every student is different. So are their lives at home. Therefore, the outcome that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on them and their education cannot be set in stone quite yet. However, we can expect major delays in their education just because they were thrown into a situation that no one was prepared for. Schools and students were in many ways unprepared for challenges caused by COVID-19 and new teaching methods. Some issues students face now can affect them and the country for the rest of their lives because education is extremely important in our modern society. All that we can do for now is to support students and their needs for technology, education and assistance, not only in the school place, but in their personal lives as well. If we don’t fix what has been lost, many generations to come could be affected.

Bushweller, Kevin. “How COVID-19 Is Shaping Tech Use. What That Means When Schools Reopen.” Education Week , 2 Jun. 2020, www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2020/06/03/how-covid-19-is-shaping-tech-use-what.html .

Dorn, Emma, et al. COVID-19 and Student Learning in the United States: The Hurt Could Last a Lifetime. Global Editorial Services. McKinsey & Company, 2020, https://fresnostate.edu/kremen/about/centers-projects/weltycenter/documents/COVID-19-and-student-learning-in-the-United-States-FINAL.pdf .

Fox, Michelle. “Coronavirus has suspended school plans. It will also worsen racial and economic inequalities, experts warn.” CNBC, 12 Aug. 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/12/impact-of-covid-19-on-schools-will-worsen-racial-inequity-experts-say.html .

García, Emma, and Elaine Weiss. “COVID-19 and student performance, equity, and U.S. education policy.” Economic Policy Institute, 10 Sep. 2020, https://www.epi.org/publication/the-consequences-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-for-education-performance-and-equity-in-the-united-states-what-can-we-learn-from-pre-pandemic-research-to-inform-relief-recovery-and-rebuilding/ .

Kauffman, Heather. “A Review of Predictive Factors of Student Success in and Satisfaction with Online Learning.” Research in Learning Technology , vol. 23, 2015, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.26507 .

Raes, Annelies, et al. “Learning and Instruction in the Hybrid Virtual Classroom: An Investigation of Students’ Engagement and the Effect of Quizzes.” Computers and Education , vol. 143, 2020, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103682 .

Sun, Jerry C., and Robert Rueda. “Situational Interest, Computer self‐efficacy and self‐regulation: Their Impact on Student Engagement in Distance Education.” British Journal of Educational Technology , vol. 43, no. 2, 2012, pp. 191-204, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x .

Terada, Youki. “Covid-19’s Impact on Students’ Academic and Mental Well-Being.” Edutopia , 24 Jun. 2020, www.edutopia.org/article/covid-19s-impact-students-academic-and-mental-well-being .

“woman, covering, nose, white, towel, blow, blowing, hand chief, grey, blond” by Pxfuel is in the Public Domain, CC0

“Mask, student, corona, student, covid-19, class, virus” by Yogen Dras is in the Public Domain, CC0

COVID-19: Success Within Devastation Copyright © 2020 by Susan Taylor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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An Introduction to COVID-19

Simon james fong.

4 Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China

Nilanjan Dey

5 Department of Information Technology, Techno International New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal India

Jyotismita Chaki

6 School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu India

A Brief History of the Coronavirus Outbreak

A novel coronavirus (CoV) named ‘2019-nCoV’ or ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘COVID-19’ by the World Health Organization (WHO) is in charge of the current outbreak of pneumonia that began at the beginning of December 2019 near in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China [ 1 – 4 ]. COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus. From the phylogenetic analysis carried out with obtainable full genome sequences, bats occur to be the COVID-19 virus reservoir, but the intermediate host(s) has not been detected till now. Though three major areas of work already are ongoing in China to advise our awareness of the pathogenic origin of the outbreak. These include early inquiries of cases with symptoms occurring near in Wuhan during December 2019, ecological sampling from the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market as well as other area markets, and the collection of detailed reports of the point of origin and type of wildlife species marketed on the Huanan market and the destination of those animals after the market has been closed [ 5 – 8 ].

Coronaviruses mostly cause gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections and are inherently categorized into four major types: Gammacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus and Alphacoronavirus [ 9 – 11 ]. The first two types mainly infect birds, while the last two mostly infect mammals. Six types of human CoVs have been formally recognized. These comprise HCoVHKU1, HCoV-OC43, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which is the type of the Betacoronavirus, HCoV229E and HCoV-NL63, which are the member of the Alphacoronavirus. Coronaviruses did not draw global concern until the 2003 SARS pandemic [ 12 – 14 ], preceded by the 2012 MERS [ 15 – 17 ] and most recently by the COVID-19 outbreaks. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are known to be extremely pathogenic and spread from bats to palm civets or dromedary camels and eventually to humans.

COVID-19 is spread by dust particles and fomites while close unsafe touch between the infector and the infected individual. Airborne distribution has not been recorded for COVID-19 and is not known to be a significant transmission engine based on empirical evidence; although it can be imagined if such aerosol-generating practices are carried out in medical facilities. Faecal spreading has been seen in certain patients, and the active virus has been reported in a small number of clinical studies [ 18 – 20 ]. Furthermore, the faecal-oral route does not seem to be a COVID-19 transmission engine; its function and relevance for COVID-19 need to be identified.

For about 18,738,58 laboratory-confirmed cases recorded as of 2nd week of April 2020, the maximum number of cases (77.8%) was between 30 and 69 years of age. Among the recorded cases, 21.6% are farmers or employees by profession, 51.1% are male and 77.0% are Hubei.

However, there are already many concerns regarding the latest coronavirus. Although it seems to be transferred to humans by animals, it is important to recognize individual animals and other sources, the path of transmission, the incubation cycle, and the features of the susceptible community and the survival rate. Nonetheless, very little clinical knowledge on COVID-19 disease is currently accessible and details on age span, the animal origin of the virus, incubation time, outbreak curve, viral spectroscopy, dissemination pathogenesis, autopsy observations, and any clinical responses to antivirals are lacking among the serious cases.

How Different and Deadly COVID-19 is Compared to Plagues in History

COVID-19 has reached to more than 150 nations, including China, and has caused WHO to call the disease a worldwide pandemic. By the time of 2nd week of April 2020, this COVID-19 cases exceeded 18,738,58, although more than 1,160,45 deaths were recorded worldwide and United States of America became the global epicentre of coronavirus. More than one-third of the COVID-19 instances are outside of China. Past pandemics that have existed in the past decade or so, like bird flu, swine flu, and SARS, it is hard to find out the comparison between those pandemics and this coronavirus. Following is a guide to compare coronavirus with such diseases and recent pandemics that have reformed the world community.

Coronavirus Versus Seasonal Influenza

Influenza, or seasonal flu, occurs globally every year–usually between December and February. It is impossible to determine the number of reports per year because it is not a reportable infection (so no need to be recorded to municipality), so often patients with minor symptoms do not go to a physician. Recent figures placed the Rate of Case Fatality at 0.1% [ 21 – 23 ].

There are approximately 3–5 million reports of serious influenza a year, and about 250,000–500,000 deaths globally. In most developed nations, the majority of deaths arise in persons over 65 years of age. Moreover, it is unsafe for pregnant mothers, children under 59 months of age and individuals with serious illnesses.

The annual vaccination eliminates infection and severe risks in most developing countries but is nevertheless a recognized yet uncomfortable aspect of the season.

In contrast to the seasonal influenza, coronavirus is not so common, has led to fewer cases till now, has a higher rate of case fatality and has no antidote.

Coronavirus Versus Bird Flu (H5N1 and H7N9)

Several cases of bird flu have existed over the years, with the most severe in 2013 and 2016. This is usually from two separate strains—H5N1 and H7N9 [ 24 – 26 ].

The H7N9 outbreak in 2016 accounted for one-third of all confirmed human cases but remained confined relative to both coronavirus and other pandemics/outbreak cases. After the first outbreak, about 1,233 laboratory-confirmed reports of bird flu have occurred. The disease has a Rate of Case Fatality of 20–40%.

Although the percentage is very high, the blowout from individual to individual is restricted, which, in effect, has minimized the number of related deaths. It is also impossible to monitor as birds do not necessarily expire from sickness.

In contrast to the bird flu, coronavirus becomes more common, travels more quickly through human to human interaction, has an inferior cardiothoracic ratio, resulting in further total fatalities and spread from the initial source.

Coronavirus Versus Ebola Epidemic

The Ebola epidemic of 2013 was primarily centred in 10 nations, including Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia have the greatest effects, but the extremely high Case Fatality Rate of 40% has created this as a significant problem for health professionals nationwide [ 27 – 29 ].

Around 2013 and 2016, there were about 28,646 suspicious incidents and about 11,323 fatalities, although these are expected to be overlooked. Those who survived from the original epidemic may still become sick months or even years later, because the infection may stay inactive for prolonged periods. Thankfully, a vaccination was launched in December 2016 and is perceived to be effective.

In contrast to the Ebola, coronavirus is more common globally, has caused in fewer fatalities, has a lesser case fatality rate, has no reported problems during treatment and after recovery, does not have an appropriate vaccination.

Coronavirus Versus Camel Flu (MERS)

Camel flu is a misnomer–though camels have MERS antibodies and may have been included in the transmission of the disease; it was originally transmitted to humans through bats [ 30 – 32 ]. Like Ebola, it infected only a limited number of nations, i.e. about 27, but about 858 fatalities from about 2,494 laboratory-confirmed reports suggested that it was a significant threat if no steps were taken in place to control it.

In contrast to the camel flu, coronavirus is more common globally, has occurred more fatalities, has a lesser case fatality rate, and spreads more easily among humans.

Coronavirus Versus Swine Flu (H1N1)

Swine flu is the same form of influenza that wiped 1.7% of the world population in 1918. This was deemed a pandemic again in June 2009 an approximately-21% of the global population infected by this [ 33 – 35 ].

Thankfully, the case fatality rate is substantially lower than in the last pandemic, with 0.1%–0.5% of events ending in death. About 18,500 of these fatalities have been laboratory-confirmed, but statistics range as high as 151,700–575,400 worldwide. 50–80% of severe occurrences have been reported in individuals with chronic illnesses like asthma, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

In contrast to the swine flu, coronavirus is not so common, has caused fewer fatalities, has more case fatality rate, has a longer growth time and less impact on young people.

Coronavirus Versus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

SARS was discovered in 2003 as it spread from bats to humans resulted in about 774 fatalities. By May there were eventually about 8,100 reports across 17 countries, with a 15% case fatality rate. The number is estimated to be closer to 9.6% as confirmed cases are counted, with 0.9% cardiothoracic ratio for people aged 20–29, rising to 28% for people aged 70–79. Similar to coronavirus, SARS had bad results for males than females in all age categories [ 36 – 38 ].

Coronavirus is more common relative to SARS, which ended in more overall fatalities, lower case fatality rate, the even higher case fatality rate in older ages, and poorer results for males.

Coronavirus Versus Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)

The Hong Kong flu pandemic erupted on 13 July 1968, with 1–4 million deaths globally by 1969. It was one of the greatest flu pandemics of the twentieth century, but thankfully the case fatality rate was smaller than the epidemic of 1918, resulting in fewer fatalities overall. That may have been attributed to the fact that citizens had generated immunity owing to a previous epidemic in 1957 and to better medical treatment [ 39 ].

In contrast to the Hong Kong flu, coronavirus is not so common, has caused in fewer fatalities and has a higher case fatality rate.

Coronavirus Versus Spanish Flu (H1N1)

The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was one of the greatest occurrences of recorded history. During the first year of the pandemic, lifespan in the US dropped by 12 years, with more civilians killed than HIV/AIDS in 24 h [ 40 – 42 ].

Regardless of the name, the epidemic did not necessarily arise in Spain; wartime censors in Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and France blocked news of the disease, but Spain did not, creating the misleading perception that more cases and fatalities had occurred relative to its neighbours

This strain of H1N1 eventually affected more than 500 million men, or 27% of the world’s population at the moment, and had deaths of between 40 and 50 million. At the end of 1920, 1.7% of the world’s people had expired of this illness, including an exceptionally high death rate for young adults aged between 20 and 40 years.

In contrast to the Spanish flu, coronavirus is not so common, has caused in fewer fatalities, has a higher case fatality rate, is more harmful to older ages and is less risky for individuals aged 20–40 years.

Coronavirus Versus Common Cold (Typically Rhinovirus)

Common cold is the most common illness impacting people—Typically, a person suffers from 2–3 colds each year and the average kid will catch 6–8 during the similar time span. Although there are more than 200 cold-associated virus types, infections are uncommon and fatalities are very rare and typically arise mainly in extremely old, extremely young or immunosuppressed cases [ 43 , 44 ].

In contrast to the common cold, coronavirus is not so prevalent, causes more fatalities, has more case fatality rate, is less infectious and is less likely to impact small children.

Reviews of Online Portals and Social Media for Epidemic Information Dissemination

As COVID-19 started to propagate across the globe, the outbreak contributed to a significant change in the broad technology platforms. Where they once declined to engage in the affairs of their systems, except though the possible danger to public safety became obvious, the advent of a novel coronavirus placed them in a different interventionist way of thought. Big tech firms and social media are taking concrete steps to guide users to relevant, credible details on the virus [ 45 – 48 ]. And some of the measures they’re doing proactively. Below are a few of them.

Facebook started adding a box in the news feed that led users to the Centers for Disease Control website regarding COVID-19. It reflects a significant departure from the company’s normal strategy of placing items in the News Feed. The purpose of the update, after all, is personalization—Facebook tries to give the posts you’re going to care about, whether it is because you’re connected with a person or like a post. In the virus package, Facebook has placed a remarkable algorithmic thumb on the scale, potentially pushing millions of people to accurate, authenticated knowledge from a reputable source.

Similar initiatives have been adopted by Twitter. Searching for COVID-19 will carry you to a page highlighting the latest reports from public health groups and credible national news outlets. The search also allows for common misspellings. Twitter has stated that although Russian-style initiatives to cause discontent by large-scale intelligence operations have not yet been observed, a zero-tolerance approach to network exploitation and all other attempts to exploit their service at this crucial juncture will be expected. The problem has the attention of the organization. It also offers promotional support to public service agencies and other non-profit groups.

Google has made a step in making it better for those who choose to operate or research from home, offering specialized streaming services to all paying G Suite customers. Google also confirmed that free access to ‘advanced’ Hangouts Meet apps will be rolled out to both G Suite and G Suite for Education clients worldwide through 1st July. It ensures that companies can hold meetings of up to 250 people, broadcast live to up to about 100,000 users within a single network, and archive and export meetings to Google Drive. Usually, Google pays an additional $13 per person per month for these services in comparison to G Suite’s ‘enterprise’ membership, which adds up to a total of about $25 per client each month.

Microsoft took a similar move, introducing the software ‘Chat Device’ to help public health and protection in the coronavirus epidemic, which enables collaborative collaboration via video and text messaging. There’s an aspect of self-interest in this. Tech firms are offering out their goods free of charge during periods of emergency for the same purpose as newspapers are reducing their paywalls: it’s nice to draw more paying consumers.

Pinterest, which has introduced much of the anti-misinformation strategies that Facebook and Twitter are already embracing, is now restricting the search results for ‘coronavirus’, ‘COVID-19’ and similar words for ‘internationally recognized health organizations’.

Google-owned YouTube, traditionally the most conspiratorial website, has recently introduced a connection to the World Health Organization virus epidemic page to the top of the search results. In the early days of the epidemic, BuzzFeed found famous coronavirus conspiratorial videos on YouTube—especially in India, where one ‘explain’ with a false interpretation of the sources of the disease racketeered 13 million views before YouTube deleted it. Yet in the United States, conspiratorial posts regarding the illness have failed to gain only 1 million views.

That’s not to suggest that misinformation doesn’t propagate on digital platforms—just as it travels through the broader Internet, even though interaction with friends and relatives. When there’s a site that appears to be under-performing in the global epidemic, it’s Facebook-owned WhatsApp, where the Washington Post reported ‘a torrent of disinformation’ in places like Nigeria, Indonesia, Peru, Pakistan and Ireland. Given the encrypted existence of the app, it is difficult to measure the severity of the problem. Misinformation is also spread in WhatsApp communities, where participation is restricted to about 250 individuals. Knowledge of one category may be readily exchanged with another; however, there is a considerable amount of complexity of rotating several groups to peddle affected healing remedies or propagate false rumours.

Preventative Measures and Policies Enforced by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Different Countries

Coronavirus is already an ongoing epidemic, so it is necessary to take precautions to minimize both the risk of being sick and the transmission of the disease.

WHO Advice [ 49 ]

Wash hands regularly with alcohol-based hand wash or soap and water.
Preserve contact space (at least 1 m/3 feet between you and someone who sneezes or coughs).
Don’t touch your nose, head and ears.
Cover your nose and mouth as you sneeze or cough, preferably with your bent elbow or tissue.
Try to find early medical attention if you have fatigue, cough and trouble breathing.
Take preventive precautions if you are in or have recently go to places where coronavirus spreads.

The first person believed to have become sick because of the latest virus was near in Wuhan on 1 December 2019. A formal warning of the epidemic was released on 31 December. The World Health Organization was informed of the epidemic on the same day. Through 7 January, the Chinese Government addressed the avoidance and regulation of COVID-19. A curfew was declared on 23 January to prohibit flying in and out of Wuhan. Private usage of cars has been banned in the region. Chinese New Year (25 January) festivities have been cancelled in many locations [ 50 ].

On 26 January, the Communist Party and the Government adopted more steps to contain the COVID-19 epidemic, including safety warnings for travellers and improvements to national holidays. The leading party has agreed to prolong the Spring Festival holiday to control the outbreak. Universities and schools across the world have already been locked down. Many steps have been taken by the Hong Kong and Macau governments, in particular concerning schools and colleges. Remote job initiatives have been placed in effect in many regions of China. Several immigration limits have been enforced.

Certain counties and cities outside Hubei also implemented travel limits. Public transit has been changed and museums in China have been partially removed. Some experts challenged the quality of the number of cases announced by the Chinese Government, which constantly modified the way coronavirus cases were recorded.

Italy, a member state of the European Union and a popular tourist attraction, entered the list of coronavirus-affected nations on 30 January, when two positive cases in COVID-19 were identified among Chinese tourists. Italy has the largest number of coronavirus infections both in Europe and outside of China [ 51 ].

Infections, originally limited to northern Italy, gradually spread to all other areas. Many other nations in Asia, Europe and the Americas have tracked their local cases to Italy. Several Italian travellers were even infected with coronavirus-positive in foreign nations.

Late in Italy, the most impacted coronavirus cities and counties are Lombardia, accompanied by Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Marche and Piedmonte. Milan, the second most populated city in Italy, is situated in Lombardy. Other regions in Italy with coronavirus comprised Campania, Toscana, Liguria, Lazio, Sicilia, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Umbria, Puglia, Trento, Abruzzo, Calabria, Molise, Valle d’Aosta, Sardegna, Bolzano and Basilicata.

Italy ranks 19th of the top 30 nations getting high-risk coronavirus airline passengers in China, as per WorldPop’s provisional study of the spread of COVID-19.

The Italian State has taken steps like the inspection and termination of large cultural activities during the early days of the coronavirus epidemic and has gradually declared the closing of educational establishments and airport hygiene/disinfection initiatives.

The Italian National Institute of Health suggested social distancing and agreed that the broader community of the country’s elderly is a problem. In the meantime, several other nations, including the US, have recommended that travel to Italy should be avoided temporarily, unless necessary.

The Italian government has declared the closing (quarantine) of the impacted areas in the northern region of the nation so as not to spread to the rest of the world. Italy has declared the immediate suspension of all to-and-fro air travel with China following coronavirus discovery by a Chinese tourist to Italy. Italian airlines, like Ryan Air, have begun introducing protective steps and have begun calling for the declaration forms to be submitted by passengers flying to Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania.

The Italian government first declined to permit fans to compete in sporting activities until early April to prevent the potential transmission of coronavirus. The step ensured players of health and stopped event cancellations because of coronavirus fears. Two days of the declaration, the government cancelled all athletic activities owing to the emergence of the outbreak asking for an emergency. Sports activities in Veneto, Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, which recorded coronavirus-positive infections, were confirmed to be temporarily suspended. Schools and colleges in Italy have also been forced to shut down.

Iran announced the first recorded cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection on 19 February when, as per the Medical Education and Ministry of Health, two persons died later that day. The Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance has declared the cancellation of all concerts and other cultural activities for one week. The Medical Education and Ministry of Health has also declared the closing of universities, higher education colleges and schools in many cities and regions. The Department of Sports and Culture has taken action to suspend athletic activities, including football matches [ 52 ].

On 2 March 2020, the government revealed plans to train about 300,000 troops and volunteers to fight the outbreak of the epidemic, and also send robots and water cannons to clean the cities. The State also developed an initiative and a webpage to counter the epidemic. On 9 March 2020, nearly 70,000 inmates were immediately released from jail owing to the epidemic, presumably to prevent the further dissemination of the disease inside jails. The Revolutionary Guards declared a campaign on 13 March 2020 to clear highways, stores and public areas in Iran. President Hassan Rouhani stated on 26 February 2020 that there were no arrangements to quarantine areas impacted by the epidemic and only persons should be quarantined. The temples of Shia in Qom stayed open to pilgrims.

South Korea

On 20 January, South Korea announced its first occurrence. There was a large rise in cases on 20 February, possibly due to the meeting in Daegu of a progressive faith community recognized as the Shincheonji Church of Christ. Any citizens believed that the hospital was propagating the disease. As of 22 February, 1,261 of the 9,336 members of the church registered symptoms. A petition was distributed calling for the abolition of the church. More than 2,000 verified cases were registered on 28 February, increasing to 3,150 on 29 February [ 53 ].

Several educational establishments have been partially closing down, including hundreds of kindergartens in Daegu and many primary schools in Seoul. As of 18 February, several South Korean colleges had confirmed intentions to delay the launch of the spring semester. That included 155 institutions deciding to postpone the start of the semester by two weeks until 16 March, and 22 institutions deciding to delay the start of the semester by one week until 9 March. Also, on 23 February 2020, all primary schools, kindergartens, middle schools and secondary schools were declared to postpone the start of the semester from 2 March to 9 March.

South Korea’s economy is expected to expand by 1.9%, down from 2.1%. The State has given 136.7 billion won funding to local councils. The State has also coordinated the purchase of masks and other sanitary supplies. Entertainment Company SM Entertainment is confirmed to have contributed five hundred million won in attempts to fight the disease.

In the kpop industry, the widespread dissemination of coronavirus within South Korea has contributed to the cancellation or postponement of concerts and other programmes for kpop activities inside and outside South Korea. For instance, circumstances such as the cancellation of the remaining Asian dates and the European leg for the Seventeen’s Ode To You Tour on 9 February 2020 and the cancellation of all Seoul dates for the BTS Soul Tour Map. As of 15 March, a maximum of 136 countries and regions provided entry restrictions and/or expired visas for passengers from South Korea.

The overall reported cases of coronavirus rose significantly in France on 12 March. The areas with reported cases include Paris, Amiens, Bordeaux and Eastern Haute-Savoie. The first coronaviral death happened in France on 15 February, marking it the first death in Europe. The second death of a 60-year-old French national in Paris was announced on 26 February [ 54 ].

On February 28, fashion designer Agnès B. (not to be mistaken with Agnès Buzyn) cancelled fashion shows at the Paris Fashion Week, expected to continue until 3 March. On a subsequent day, the Paris half-marathon, planned for Sunday 1 March with 44,000 entrants, was postponed as one of a series of steps declared by Health Minister Olivier Véran.

On 13 March, the Ligue de Football Professional disbanded Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 (France’s tier two professional divisions) permanently due to safety threats.

Germany has a popular Regional Pandemic Strategy detailing the roles and activities of the health care system participants in the case of a significant outbreak. Epidemic surveillance is carried out by the federal government, like the Robert Koch Center, and by the German governments. The German States have their preparations for an outbreak. The regional strategy for the treatment of the current coronavirus epidemic was expanded by March 2020. Four primary goals are contained in this plan: (1) to minimize mortality and morbidity; (2) to guarantee the safety of sick persons; (3) to protect vital health services and (4) to offer concise and reliable reports to decision-makers, the media and the public [ 55 ].

The programme has three phases that may potentially overlap: (1) isolation (situation of individual cases and clusters), (2) safety (situation of further dissemination of pathogens and suspected causes of infection), (3) prevention (situation of widespread infection). So far, Germany has not set up border controls or common health condition tests at airports. Instead, while at the isolation stage-health officials are concentrating on recognizing contact individuals that are subject to specific quarantine and are tracked and checked. Specific quarantine is regulated by municipal health authorities. By doing so, the officials are seeking to hold the chains of infection small, contributing to decreased clusters. At the safety stage, the policy should shift to prevent susceptible individuals from being harmed by direct action. By the end of the day, the prevention process should aim to prevent cycles of acute treatment to retain emergency facilities.

United States

The very first case of coronavirus in the United States was identified in Washington on 21 January 2020 by an individual who flew to Wuhan and returned to the United States. The second case was recorded in Illinois by another individual who had travelled to Wuhan. Some of the regions with reported novel coronavirus infections in the US are California, Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, Texas, Wisconsin and Washington [ 56 ].

As the epidemic increased, requests for domestic air travel decreased dramatically. By 4 March, U.S. carriers, like United Airlines and JetBlue Airways, started growing their domestic flight schedules, providing generous unpaid leave to workers and suspending recruits.

A significant number of universities and colleges cancelled classes and reopened dormitories in response to the epidemic, like Cornell University, Harvard University and the University of South Carolina.

On 3 March 2020, the Federal Reserve reduced its goal interest rate from 1.75% to 1.25%, the biggest emergency rate cut following the 2008 global financial crash, in combat the effect of the recession on the American economy. In February 2020, US businesses, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft, started to reduce sales projections due to supply chain delays in China caused by the COVID-19.

The pandemic, together with the subsequent financial market collapse, also contributed to greater criticism of the crisis in the United States. Researchers disagree about when a recession is likely to take effect, with others suggesting that it is not unavoidable, while some claim that the world might already be in recession. On 3 March, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell reported a 0.5% (50 basis point) interest rate cut from the coronavirus in the context of the evolving threats to economic growth.

When ‘social distance’ penetrated the national lexicon, disaster response officials promoted the cancellation of broad events to slow down the risk of infection. Technical conferences like E3 2020, Apple Inc.’s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), Google I/O, Facebook F8, and Cloud Next and Microsoft’s MVP Conference have been either having replaced or cancelled in-person events with internet streaming events.

On February 29, the American Physical Society postponed its annual March gathering, planned for March 2–6 in Denver, Colorado, even though most of the more than 11,000 physicist attendees already had arrived and engaged in the pre-conference day activities. On March 6, the annual South to Southwest (SXSW) seminar and festival planned to take place from March 13–22 in Austin, Texas, was postponed after the city council announced a local disaster and forced conferences to be shut down for the first time in 34 years.

Four of North America’s major professional sports leagues—the National Hockey League (NHL), National Basketball Association (NBA), Major League Soccer (MLS) and Major League Baseball (MLB) —jointly declared on March 9 that they would all limit the media access to player accommodations (such as locker rooms) to control probable exposure.

Emergency Funding to Fight the COVID-19

COVID-19 pandemic has become a common international concern. Different countries are donating funds to fight against it [ 57 – 60 ]. Some of them are mentioned here.

China has allocated about 110.48 billion yuan ($15.93 billion) in coronavirus-related funding.

Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said that Iran has requested the International Monetary Fund (IMF) of about $5 billion in emergency funding to help to tackle the coronavirus epidemic that has struck the Islamic Republic hard.

President Donald Trump approved the Emergency Supplementary Budget Bill to support the US response to a novel coronavirus epidemic. The budget plan would include about $8.3 billion in discretionary funding to local health authorities to promote vaccine research for production. Trump originally requested just about $2 billion to combat the epidemic, but Congress quadrupled the number in its version of the bill. Mr. Trump formally announced a national emergency that he claimed it will give states and territories access to up to about $50 billion in federal funding to tackle the spread of the coronavirus outbreak.

California politicians approved a plan to donate about $1 billion on the state’s emergency medical responses as it readies hospitals to fight an expected attack of patients because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The plans, drawn up rapidly in reaction to the dramatic rise in reported cases of the virus, would include the requisite funds to establish two new hospitals in California, with the assumption that the state may not have the resources to take care of the rise in patients. The bill calls for an immediate response of about $500 million from the State General Fund, with an additional about $500 million possible if requested.

India committed about $10 million to the COVID-19 Emergency Fund and said it was setting up a rapid response team of physicians for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (Saarc) countries.

South Korea unveiled an economic stimulus package of about 11.7 trillion won ($9.8 billion) to soften the effects of the biggest coronavirus epidemic outside China as attempts to curb the disease exacerbate supply shortages and drain demand. Of the 11,7 trillion won expected, about 3.2 trillion won would cover up the budget shortfall, while an additional fiscal infusion of about 8.5 trillion won. An estimated 10.3 trillion won in government bonds will be sold this year to fund the extra expenditure. About 2.3 trillion won will be distributed to medical establishments and would support quarantine operations, with another 3.0 trillion won heading to small and medium-sized companies unable to pay salaries to their employees and child care supports.

The Swedish Parliament announced a set of initiatives costing more than 300 billion Swedish crowns ($30.94 billion) to help the economy in the view of the coronavirus pandemic. The plan contained steps like the central government paying the entire expense of the company’s sick leave during April and May, and also the high cost of compulsory redundancies owing to the crisis.

In consideration of the developing scenario, an updating of this strategy is planned to take place before the end of March and will recognize considerably greater funding demands for the country response, R&D and WHO itself.

Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and Technological Solutions Against COVID-19

These days, Artificial Intelligence (AI) takes a major role in health care. Throughout a worldwide pandemic such as the COVID-19, technology, artificial intelligence and data analytics have been crucial in helping communities cope successfully with the epidemic [ 61 – 65 ]. Through the aid of data mining and analytical modelling, medical practitioners are willing to learn more about several diseases.

Public Health Surveillance

The biggest risk of coronavirus is the level of spreading. That’s why policymakers are introducing steps like quarantines around the world because they can’t adequately monitor local outbreaks. One of the simplest measures to identify ill patients through the study of CCTV images that are still around us and to locate and separate individuals that have serious signs of the disease and who have touched and disinfected the related surfaces. Smartphone applications are often used to keep a watch on people’s activities and to assess whether or not they have come in touch with an infected human.

Remote Biosignal Measurement

Many of the signs such as temperature or heartbeat are very essential to overlook and rely entirely on the visual image that may be misleading. However, of course, we can’t prevent someone from checking their blood pressure, heart or temperature. Also, several advances in computer vision can predict pulse and blood pressure based on facial skin examination. Besides, there are several advances in computer vision that can predict pulse and blood pressure based on facial skin examination.

Access to public records has contributed to the development of dashboards that constantly track the virus. Several companies are designing large data dashboards. Face recognition and infrared temperature monitoring technologies have been mounted in all major cities. Chinese AI companies including Hanwang Technology and SenseTime have reported having established a special facial recognition system that can correctly identify people even though they are covered.

IoT and Wearables

Measurements like pulse are much more natural and easier to obtain from tracking gadgets like activity trackers and smartwatches that nearly everybody has already. Some work suggests that the study of cardiac activity and its variations from the standard will reveal early signs of influenza and, in this case, coronavirus.

Chatbots and Communication

Apart from public screening, people’s knowledge and self-assessment may also be used to track their health. If you can check your temperature and pulse every day and monitor your coughs time-to-time, you can even submit that to your record. If the symptoms are too serious, either an algorithm or a doctor remotely may prescribe a person to stay home, take several other preventive measures, or recommend a visit from the doctor.

Al Jazeera announced that China Mobile had sent text messages to state media departments, telling them about the citizens who had been affected. The communications contained all the specifics of the person’s travel history.

Tencent runs WeChat, and via it, citizens can use free online health consultation services. Chatbots have already become important connectivity platforms for transport and tourism service providers to keep passengers up-to-date with the current transport protocols and disturbances.

Social Media and Open Data

There are several people who post their health diary with total strangers via Facebook or Twitter. Such data becomes helpful for more general research about how far the epidemic has progressed. For consumer knowledge, we may even evaluate the social network group to attempt to predict what specific networks are at risk of being viral.

Canadian company BlueDot analyses far more than just social network data: for instance, global activities of more than four billion passengers on international flights per year; animal, human and insect population data; satellite environment data and relevant knowledge from health professionals and journalists, across 100,000 news posts per day covering 65 languages. This strategy was so successful that the corporation was able to alert clients about coronavirus until the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notified the public.

Automated Diagnostics

COVID-19 has brought up another healthcare issue today: it will not scale when the number of patients increases exponentially (actually stressed doctors are always doing worse) and the rate of false-negative diagnosis remains very high. Machine learning therapies don’t get bored and scale simply by growing computing forces.

Baidu, the Chinese Internet company, has made the Lineatrfold algorithm accessible to the outbreak-fighting teams, according to the MIT Technology Review. Unlike HIV, Ebola and Influenza, COVID-19 has just one strand of RNA and it can mutate easily. The algorithm is also simpler than other algorithms that help to determine the nature of the virus. Baidu has also developed software to efficiently track large populations. It has also developed an Ai-powered infrared device that can detect a difference in the body temperature of a human. This is currently being used in Beijing’s Qinghe Railway Station to classify possibly contaminated travellers where up to 200 individuals may be checked in one minute without affecting traffic movement, reports the MIT Review.

Singapore-based Veredus Laboratories, a supplier of revolutionary molecular diagnostic tools, has currently announced the launch of the VereCoV detector package, a compact Lab-on-Chip device able to detect MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and COVID-19, i.e. Wuhan Coronavirus, in a single study.

The VereCoV identification package is focused on VereChip technology, a Lab-on-Chip device that incorporates two important molecular biological systems, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and a microarray, which will be able to classify and distinguish within 2 h MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and COVID-19 with high precision and responsiveness.

This is not just the medical activities of healthcare facilities that are being charged, but also the corporate and financial departments when they cope with the increase in patients. Ant Financials’ blockchain technology helps speed-up the collection of reports and decreases the number of face-to-face encounters with patients and medical personnel.

Companies like the Israeli company Sonovia are aiming to provide healthcare systems and others with face masks manufactured from their anti-pathogenic, anti-bacterial cloth that depends on metal-oxide nanoparticles.

Drug Development Research

Aside from identifying and stopping the transmission of pathogens, the need to develop vaccinations on a scale is also needed. One of the crucial things to make that possible is to consider the origin and essence of the virus. Google’s DeepMind, with their expertise in protein folding research, has rendered a jump in identifying the protein structure of the virus and making it open-source.

BenevolentAI uses AI technologies to develop medicines that will combat the most dangerous diseases in the world and is also working to promote attempts to cure coronavirus, the first time the organization has based its product on infectious diseases. Within weeks of the epidemic, it used its analytical capability to recommend new medicines that might be beneficial.

Robots are not vulnerable to the infection, and they are used to conduct other activities, like cooking meals in hospitals, doubling up as waiters in hotels, spraying disinfectants and washing, selling rice and hand sanitizers, robots are on the front lines all over to deter coronavirus spread. Robots also conduct diagnostics and thermal imaging in several hospitals. Shenzhen-based firm Multicopter uses robotics to move surgical samples. UVD robots from Blue Ocean Robotics use ultraviolet light to destroy viruses and bacteria separately. In China, Pudu Technology has introduced its robots, which are usually used in the cooking industry, to more than 40 hospitals throughout the region. According to the Reuters article, a tiny robot named Little Peanut is distributing food to passengers who have been on a flight from Singapore to Hangzhou, China, and are presently being quarantined in a hotel.

Colour Coding

Using its advanced and vast public service monitoring network, the Chinese government has collaborated with software companies Alibaba and Tencent to establish a colour-coded health ranking scheme that monitors millions of citizens every day. The mobile device was first introduced in Hangzhou with the cooperation of Alibaba. This applies three colours to people—red, green or yellow—based on their transportation and medical records. Tencent also developed related applications in the manufacturing centre of Shenzhen.

The decision of whether an individual will be quarantined or permitted in public spaces is dependent on the colour code. Citizens will sign into the system using pay wallet systems such as Alibaba’s Alipay and Ant’s wallet. Just those citizens who have been issued a green colour code will be permitted to use the QR code in public spaces at metro stations, workplaces, and other public areas. Checkpoints are in most public areas where the body temperature and the code of individual are tested. This programme is being used by more than 200 Chinese communities and will eventually be expanded nationwide.

In some of the seriously infected regions where people remain at risk of contracting the infection, drones are used to rescue. One of the easiest and quickest ways to bring emergency supplies where they need to go while on an epidemic of disease is by drone transportation. Drones carry all surgical instruments and patient samples. This saves time, improves the pace of distribution and reduces the chance of contamination of medical samples. Drones often operate QR code placards that can be checked to record health records. There are also agricultural drones distributing disinfectants in the farmland. Drones, operated by facial recognition, are often used to warn people not to leave their homes and to chide them for not using face masks. Terra Drone uses its unmanned drones to move patient samples and vaccination content at reduced risk between the Xinchang County Disease Control Center and the People’s Hospital. Drones are often used to monitor public areas, document non-compliance with quarantine laws and thermal imaging.

Autonomous Vehicles

At a period of considerable uncertainty to medical professionals and the danger to people-to-people communication, automated vehicles are proving to be of tremendous benefit in the transport of vital products, such as medications and foodstuffs. Apollo, the Baidu Autonomous Vehicle Project, has joined hands with the Neolix self-driving company to distribute food and supplies to a big hospital in Beijing. Baidu Apollo has also provided its micro-car packages and automated cloud driving systems accessible free of charge to virus-fighting organizations.

Idriverplus, a Chinese self-driving organization that runs electrical street cleaning vehicles, is also part of the project. The company’s signature trucks are used to clean hospitals.

This chapter provides an introduction to the coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19). A brief history of this virus along with the symptoms are reported in this chapter. Then the comparison between COVID-19 and other plagues like seasonal influenza, bird flu (H5N1 and H7N9), Ebola epidemic, camel flu (MERS), swine flu (H1N1), severe acute respiratory syndrome, Hong Kong flu (H3N2), Spanish flu and the common cold are included in this chapter. Reviews of online portal and social media like Facebook, Twitter, Google, Microsoft, Pinterest, YouTube and WhatsApp concerning COVID-19 are reported in this chapter. Also, the preventive measures and policies enforced by WHO and different countries such as China, Italy, Iran, South Korea, France, Germany and the United States for COVID-19 are included in this chapter. Emergency funding provided by different countries to fight the COVID-19 is mentioned in this chapter. Lastly, artificial intelligence, data science and technological solutions like public health surveillance, remote biosignal measurement, IoT and wearables, chatbots and communication, social media and open data, automated diagnostics, drug development research, robotics, colour coding, drones and autonomous vehicles are included in this chapter.

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Introduction to COVID-19: methods for detection, prevention, response and control

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Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. This is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans.

This course provides a general introduction to COVID-19 and emerging respiratory viruses and is intended for public health professionals, incident managers and personnel working for the United Nations, international organizations and NGOs.

As the official disease name was established after material creation, any mention of nCoV refers to COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus.

Please note that the content of this course is currently being revised to reflect the most recent guidance. You can find updated information on certain COVID-19-related topics in the following courses: Vaccination: COVID-19 vaccines channel IPC measures: IPC for COVID-19 Antigen rapid diagnostic testing: 1) SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic testing ; 2) Key considerations for SARS-CoV-2 antigen RDT implementation

Please note: These materials were last updated on 16/12/2020.

Course contents

Emerging respiratory viruses, including covid-19: introduction:, module 1: introduction to emerging respiratory viruses, including covid-19:, module 2: detecting emerging respiratory viruses, including covid-19: surveillance:, module 3: detecting emerging respiratory viruses, including covid-19: laboratory investigations:, module 4: risk communication :, module 5 : community engagement:, module 6: preventing and responding to an emerging respiratory virus, including covid-19:, enroll me for this course, certificate requirements.

Gain a Record of Achievement by earning at least 80% of the maximum number of points from all graded assignments.
Gain an Open Badge by completing the course.

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11 Meaningful Writing Assignments Connected to the Pandemic

Writing gives students an outlet to express their feelings and connect with others during this unsettling time in their lives.

With students currently at home because of the pandemic, it’s helpful to provide learning opportunities that get them talking about what’s happening in the world with trusted adults and peers.

These ideas for home assignments build connection and help our young people process this difficult experience while developing their writing skills.

11 Writing Assignments for the Current Moment

1. Interview senior members of the community: With our older community members at higher risk, hearing their stories has increasing significance. Generate interview questions with your students, and conduct a sample interview as a model.

Students can interview family members, senior members of the school staff, or others through handwritten letters, phone calls, or video chats. When students write up and share their interviews with the class, they will get a broader, more nuanced view of older generations’ experiences.

2. Folding stories: In the traditional version of this activity, one person writes a sentence or two on a piece of paper and then folds the paper so that only the last word or phrase can be seen. The next person continues the story for a few sentences before again hiding all but the last word or phrase and then passing the paper on.

To do this remotely, set up a randomized list of all of your students. The first student sends you their contribution, and you send the last phrase of that to the next name on the list. Compile all the contributions in order in a Google Doc to create a single story. Once everyone has contributed, share the whole story with the class.

The format may allow students an imaginative outlet for anxious thoughts and predictions about the future, and the result is almost guaranteed to be hilarious and inspiring to both eager and reluctant writers.

3. Dialogue journals: A journal in which a teacher and student write back and forth to each other is an ongoing communication that helps teachers build relationships with each student while they model writing and observe students’ progressing skills. Start this off by writing a first short entry for each of your students in separate Google Docs, choosing topics you already know they’re interested in and offering personal details about yourself.

You can ask each student to write something once a week—and you’ll respond to each entry, so this does entail a time commitment on your part. The benefit in relationship-building, so difficult to do in distance learning, makes this worth the work.

4. Student-to-student letters: Organize pen pals or small letter-writing groups. Ask students to write back and forth to one or more peers using provided prompts and sample questions. Teach students to consider their audience and to keep a written dialogue going over several letters as they write to different peers. Encourage students to include self-created activities in their letters to peers: They might make a crossword puzzle using the class vocabulary words, create a maze, or share a recipe or a silly joke.

5. Write to an author: A professional writer may be a great correspondent for a young fan, offering insight into key aspects of a favorite book. Follow #WriteToAnAuthor on Twitter for access to mailing addresses of authors who are standing by for letters from young readers. Provide your students with prompts, templates, samples, and feedback to support them in writing thoughtful letters.

6. Adapt a text to reflect current conditions: Lately any story we read or watch can be a painful reminder of how much is changing. Characters are dancing, hugging or shaking hands, and talking to each other in public places. Some students find it comforting to be immersed in that world, but others find these moments upsetting. Assign students the task of rewriting a scene from a story, show, or movie, considering what needs to change for it to be realistic in our current situation but still retain the original essential themes and meaning.

7. Letters to the editor: What do students think about our leaders, policies, and proposed solutions to this pandemic? Guide them through the art of writing a well-crafted letter to the editor, and post submissions on your district, school, or class website, if privacy policies permit that. Give your students guidelines that specify word count, style, and topics, just as official publications do.

8. Student-created blog: Begin by sharing strong examples of student journalism as mentor texts. Invite students to brainstorm ideas for articles and columns. Some students can assume the role of section editors—News, Features, Arts—and others can write articles, take photos, and work on the design and marketing of the website, which students can build using Edublogs .

9. “Slow looking” documentation: Shari Tishman describes “slow looking” as prolonged observation that occurs through all the senses. Students can use a variety of slow looking strategies to observe their setting and sketch or write about their observations. There are seasonal changes to observe, among other things. By practicing slow looking, students may learn to see things they never noticed before. When they share their observations with the class, everyone gains a broader perspective of how the larger environment is changing.

10. Covid-19 comics: The genre of graphic medicine —which uses comics to explore the physical and emotional impacts of medical conditions—shows that comics can be a good way for students to explore troubling experiences. Share comics related to Covid-19 that engage with the wider implications of the pandemic, such as feeling increased isolation, processing conflicting news, and coping with social distancing or unemployment.

Invite students to explore their experiences through an intentional combination of words and pictures. Make it collaborative by having students write text for a peer’s drawings. Students can use Canva to make comics , or draw them on paper and then take photos to upload to the class learning management system.

11. Pandemic journals: A pandemic journal invites students to process their feelings and document their experience for future generations. To structure the assignment, provide prompts and templates. Suggest to students that they layer in artifacts such as news reports, a note received from a friend or neighbor, a copy of an online school schedule for a day, a snippet of an overheard conversation, or a sketch of a parent hunched over a laptop.

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Coronavirus Essays

Coronavirus Essays (Examples)

Filter by keywords:(add comma between each), example essays.

COVID-19 Coronavirus

COVID-19 Coronavirus Abstract First appearing in China in late 2019, the novel Coronavirus COVID-19 has become the most significant global pandemic event in a century. As of October 28, 2020 the total number of cases worldwide was 44 million with 1.17 million deaths. The United States has had an extremely politicized response to the virus, and despite having less than five percent of the world’s population, the U.S. has had more than 20 percent of the world’s COVID-19 cases with 8.85 million cases and 227 thousand deaths. Currently, it seems unlikely that COVID-19 will be under control and people able to resume their normal lives until late 2021. In this essay, we discuss what Coronavirus is, what COVID-19 is, where it originated, the health impact of the disease, risk factors, efforts to contain the spread of the disease, the economic impact of the disease, and how COVID-19 may be impacting the 2020…...

mla References Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC). “Herd Immunity. APIC.org. 3 September 2020. Accessed 17 October 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “People at Increased Risk.” CDC. 11 September 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fpeople-at-increased-risk.html . Accessed 17 October 2020. Cucinotta, D. and Vanelli, M. “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.” Acta Biomed, 91(1):157-160. 19 March 2020. doi 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397. https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/9397 . Accessed 17 October 2020. DeMarco, C. “COVID-19 and the Flu Vaccine: What You Need to Know.” MD Anderson Cancer Center. 20 August 2020. https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/should-you-get-the-flu-vaccine-during-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.h00-159384312.html . Accessed 17 October 2020. Kelly, C. “White House Listing Ending COVID-19 Pandemic as an Accomplishment Despite Cases Spiking to Record Levels.” CNN. 28 October 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/politics/white-house-ending-covid-19-pandemic-accomplishment-record-cases-spike/index.html . Accessed 28 October 2020. Meyer, R. “The Coronavirus Surge that Will Define the Next Four Years.” The Atlantic. 22 October 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/10/coronavirus-election-day-surge/616822/ . Accessed 28 October 2020. Rods, D. “When WWI, Pandemic, and Slump Ended, Americans Sprung into the Roaring Twenties.” History. 24 April 2020. https://www.history.com/news/pandemic-world-war-i-roaring-twenties . Accessed 17 October 2020. Viglione, G. “How Many People Has the Coronavirus Killed?” Nature. 1 September 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02497-w . Accessed 17 October 2020. https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/herd-immunity/.

COVID 19 From Epidemiology to Treatment and Cure

COVID-19 Background The novel coronavirus spreading the COVID 19 disease first appeared in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and quickly spread around the world. The infectious disease is a new form of a previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and has led to nationwide lockdowns from the East to the West. Coronavirus-19 Severe Acute Respitory Syndrome Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)n is a Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Primarily lung problem. Autopsy results showed on 12 people that most common pre-existing conditions making them susceptible to dying were coronary heart disease and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease making them more vulnerable to the disease/death (Hansen, 2020). Etiology The etiology of COVID 19 is still unknown. It was initially suspected that animal to human transfer took place at a Wuhan wet market in China (BMJ, 2020). However, scientists have since come to suspect that coronavirus may have escaped from a biological weapons lab in Wuhan (Baier & Re, 2020).…...

mla References Baier, B. & Re,G. (2020). Retrieved from BMJ. (2020). COVID 19. Retrieved from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... & Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513. Hansen, M. (2020). 12 Autopsy Cases Reveal TRUTH About How Patients Die From Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6h8TIxeg1g Herman, S. (2020). Trump Defends Use of Hydroxychloroquine. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/trump-defends-use-hydroxychloroquine National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2015). Improving diagnosis in health care. National Academies Press. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/coronavirus-wuhan-lab-china-compete-us-sources

Should Mask Mandates be Given by the Federal Government

Biomedical Ethics: Should There be a Mask Mandate? Introduction In ethics there are three major ethical systems that serve as the main approaches for viewing the morality of actions. These are virtue ethics, duty ethics or deontology, and utilitarianism (Cahn & Markie, 2011). Virtue ethics is associated with the philosophies of Aristotle and Confucius and has a universal characteristic to it—meaning that virtue is defined universally and exists as an objective fact. Duty ethics posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they correspond to the duty that the person is meant to perform. Utilitarianism posits that one’s actions are moral insofar as they promote the greatest common good of society (Holmes, 2007). In today’s world of COVID panic, the most common approach to the issue of a mask mandate is the utilitarian approach. People generally believe that the mask promotes the greatest common good. For others, the mask is a symbol…...

mla References Cahn, S. & Markie, P. (2011). Ethics: History, Theory and Contemporary Issues, 5th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press. Durden, T. (2020). Top Pathologist Claims COVID-19 Is “The Greatest Hoax Ever Perpetrated On An Unsuspecting Public.” Retrieved from Holmes, A. (2007). Ethics: Approaching moral decisions. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T. & Meyer, M. (2020). Justice and fairness. Retrieved from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/justice-and-fairness/ https://www.zerohedge.com/medical/top-pathologist-claims-covid-19-greatest-hoax-ever-perpetrated-unsuspecting-public

Corona Viruses Are the Largest

The CoV was responsible for the spread of respiratory illness during 2002-03. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple incongruent association linkages between the phylogenies of rhinolophid bats and their CoVs which indicated that hosts shifts have happened in the new evolutionary history of this group. These shifts might be because of either virus biological traits or host behavioral traits. These revelations "have insinuations for the emergence of SAS and also for the potential forthcoming outbreak of SAS- CoVs or associated viruses." (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007) SAS CoVs was identified as the etiological agent. These incidents and the identification of SAS-CoVs in animals linked with the wildlife trade in southern China have resulted in revival of interest in CoVs of different types. This revival resulted in the finding of 2 new human CoVs and presence of CoVs like SAS in horseshoe bats. (Cui; Han; Streicker; Li, et. al, 2007) Exhibit…...

mla References Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. (2007) "Virology: Corona Viruses, Colds and SARS" Retrieved 8 December, 2007 at http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/virol/coronaviruses.htm Cavanagh, Dave. (2005, Dec) "Corona Viruses in Poultry and other birds" Avian Pathology, vol. 34, www.informaworld.comno. 6, pp: 439-448. Compton, S.R; Barthold, S. W; Smith, A.L. (1993, Feb) "The cellular and molecular pathogenesis of coronaviruses: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven" Lab Animal Science, vol. 43, no. 1, pp: 15-28.

Coronavirus

Mock Research Proposal Coronavirus had redefined the way people now live, work, and socialize. For this reason, people had to strictly follow safety measures so that pandemic ends soon, which has forced them to stay at home and rethink how they should spend their lives with the sources of earning they used to have. The purpose of this report is to propose a method for reusing the office buildings that have been standing empty since the advent of the current pandemic due to increased working from home. Recently, the pandemic has changed the way our lives operate. A survey of the precious flu spreads in the world conducted in 2016 suggested that virus spreads occur mostly in offices among well-developed strong adults (Richtel, 2020). It has already been predicted that when the pandemic is over, the workers would be allowed to work from home, making the office buildings only the meeting places…...

mla References Berg, N. (2020, July 17). Coronavirus had emptied out office buildings. Could they help solve the housing crisis? Fast Company. Retrieved from Bergold, J. & Thomas, S. (2012). Participatory research methods: A methodological approach in motion. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1201302 Day, N. (2020, July 29). Unused buildings will make good housing in the world of Covid-19. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/unused-buildings-will-make-good-housing-in-the-world-of-covid-19-142897 Fairfax County. (2017, December 6). Converting empty office buildings into new uses. Retrieved from https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news2/converting-empty-office-buildings-into-new-uses/ Harrison, H., Birjs, M., Franklin, R. & Mills, J. (2017). Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 18(1). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701195 . Humberd, B. Salon, D. & Latham, S.F. (2020, July 24). The office is dead! Long live the office in a post-pandemic world. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/the-office-is-dead-long-live-the-office-in-a-post-pandemic-world-138499 Jamshed, S. (2014). Qualitative research method- interviewing and observation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(4), 87-88. DOI: 10.4103/0976-0105.141942 Kaur-Gill, S. & Dutta, M.J. (2017). Digital ethnography. In C.S. Davis & R.F. Potter. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 1-10). New Jersey: Wiley. https://www.fastcompany.com/90528263/coronavirus-has-emptied-out-office-buildings-could-they-help-solve-americas-housing-crisis

Scientific Research on Coronavirus Vaccine

Connection Between Class Learning and an Article The development of a COVID-19 vaccine is considered critical in curbing the spread of this virus and dealing with the global pandemic. Companies like Moderna have embarked on efforts to develop an effective coronavirus vaccine. The development process involves conducting extensive research through clinical trials. These clinical trials involves using different concepts of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccines. Grady (2020) published an article on the effectiveness of Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine based on early data. One of the connections between the article and lessons learnt in the classroom is the use of two groups of study participants i.e. an experimental group and a control group. In this regard, the study employed a between-participants design for the experimentation to determine the difference between conditions among people who contracted the virus. The experimental group of five people were vaccinated while the control group of…...

mla Reference Grady, D. (2020, November 16). Early Data Shows Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html

Prevention Strategies for Novel Coronavirus

Novel CoronavirusThe research study \\\"A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study\\\" presents a comprehensive examination of the COVID-19 pandemic, outlining its emergence, spread, and the multifaceted public health response (Bashier et al., 2020). This paper summarizes the study\\\'s key elements and analyzes the population affected by the health issue, with a focus on social and behavioral determinants, known disparities, and the connection between the population and the public health issue.Population AnalysisThe study by Bashier et al. (2020) provides a detailed account of the initial outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, marking the beginning of what would become a global pandemic. The population of China, consisting of great size, high density, and internal mobility, was instrumental in the rapid spread of the virus. The outbreak\\\'s escalation also was influenced by several social and behavioral determinants, including urbanization, cultural practices, and public health infrastructure (Bashier et al., 2020). Urbanization…...

mla ReferencesAccorsi, E. K., Britton, A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Smith, Z. R., Shang, N., Derado, G., ... & Verani, J. R. (2022). Association between 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and symptomatic infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants. Jama, 327(7), 639-651.Bashier, H., Khader, Y., Al-Souri, R., & Abu-Khader, I. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: A Teaching Case-Study. The Pan African Medical Journal, 36(11).Baumann, L. C., & Ylinen, A. (2020). Prevention: Primary, secondary, tertiary. In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1738-1740). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Ratnayake, R., Peyraud, N., Ciglenecki, I., Gignoux, E., Lightowler, M., Azman, A. S., ... & Epicentre and MSF CATI Working Group. (2022). Effectiveness of case-area targeted interventions including vaccination on the control of epidemic cholera: protocol for a prospective observational study. BMJ open, 12(7), e061206.White, F. (2020). Application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care: a discourse. Medical Principles and Practice, 29(6), 501-513.

How Does Covid-19 Affect Healthcare Economically

Abstract This paper discusses the economic effect of COVID-19 on healthcare. It shows that COVID-19 had caused much damage in both the health and economic sectors. As of March 28, 2020, the disease had contributed to the loss of 10 million jobs, and this data was for just two weeks. The damage that had happened before the two weeks was not captured in this duration. During the second quarter, the United States economy will shrink by 10% to 25%. The economy's slow growth is already happening in the USA, with main economic activities being affected. Economy damage is occurring worldwide, with the health sector being the most hit. Financial markets that depend on other sectors, including health, are also losing huge profits daily. All these damages put together are expected to cause a loss of approximately $1 trillion in the world economy by the end of the year 2020. This recession's…...

mla References Blumenthal, D., Fowler, E., Abrams, M., & Collins, S. (2020). Covid-19-Implications for the health care system. N Engl J Med, 383, 1483-1488. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb2021088. Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., & Bhuiyan, S. (2020). A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. Discussion Paper Series. Institute of Labor Economics. Chudik, A., Mohaddes, K., Pesaran, H., Raissi, M., Rebucci, A. (2020). Economic consequences of Covid-19: A counterfactual multi-country analysis. VOXEU. Retrieved from Cutler, D. (2020). How will COVID-19 Affect the health care economy? JAMA, 323(22), 2237-2238. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2020.7308 Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 Gopalan, H., & Misra, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio-economic issues, healthcare, and National Health Programs in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 14(5), 757-759. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041 Hashmi, P., Pidani, A., Momin, S., Khamiso, R., Aftab, N., & Noordin, S. (2020). Socio-economic impact of Covid-19 pandemic on outpatient healthcare services of musculoskeletal and sports medicine services in LMIC. Journal of Hospital and Healthcare Administration. Kabir, M., Afzal, M., Khan, A., & Ahmed, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 35. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101661 https://voxeu.org/article/economic-consequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis

Fed Funds Rate and Inflation in the US

The Financial Markets and the CoronavirusIntroductionThe Coronavirus is a pandemic that has swept the globe, causing widespread panic and financial instability. The virus originated in China and quickly spread to other countries, resulting in a significant death toll. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with patients and governments have implemented strict measures to contain the virus. The pandemic has also caused severe damage to the global economy, with stock markets plunging and businesses shutting down. Markets recovered and soared to new highs, however, as central banks around the world intervened with trillions in new liquidity. Now, interest rates are rising to combat soaring inflation, and the situation is still very much evolving. It remains to be seen how the world and financial markets will recover from this crisis.Impact on the Economy & Stock MarketThe Coronavirus pandemic has had a profound impact on the economy and stock market. The S&P 500 index, which…...

mla ReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Milstein, E. & Wessel, D. (2021). What did the Fed do in response to the COVID-19 crisis? Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/fed-response-to-covid19/ Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPC https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,

Government Stimulus Response to Pandemic

mla ReferencesBLS. (2022). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Retrieved from J. (2020). The Day Coronavirus Nearly Broke the Financial Markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-day-coronavirus-nearly-broke-the-financial-markets-11589982288?mod=hp_lead_pos5 Davidson, K. & Timiraos, N. (2020). Small business lending program? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-preparing-to-purchase-new-small-business-payroll-loans-11586194588?mod=hp_lead_pos4 Deloitte. (2020). CARES Act Still Scattering Seeds of Recovery. Retrieved from https://deloitte.wsj.com/articles/cares-act-still-scattering-seeds-of-recovery-01588705325 Dougherty, D. & Morath, E. (2020). Pandemic Reshapes U.S. Employment, Speeding Changes Across Industries. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/pandemic-reshapes-u-s-employment-speeding-changes-across-industries-11609243204 Hoffman, L. (2020). Diary of a crazy week in the markets. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/diary-of-a-crazy-week-in-the-markets-11584143715?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Langley, K. et al. (2020). Stocks Rise Sharply in Volatile Trading. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-futures-rise-as-asia-markets-gyrate-11584413763 Osipovich, A. et al. (2020). Dow Soars More Than 11% In Biggest One-Day Jump Since 1933. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stock-markets-dow-update-3-24-2020-11585012632?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=3 Sider, A. & Davidson, K. (2020). Airlines and Treasury Agree on Coronavirus Aid? Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/treasury-airlines-reach-agreement-on-aid-11586898079?mod=hp_lead_pos4 St. Louis Federal Reserve. (2022). GDP. Retrieved from https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP Torry, H. (2020a). U.S. Economy Shrank at 4.8% Pace in First Quarter. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-quarter-gdp-us-growth-coronavirus-11588123665?mod=article_inline Torry, H. (2020b). U.S. Economy Contracted at Record Rate Last Quarter; Jobless Claims Rise to 1.43 Million. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/us-economy-gdp-report-second-quarter-coronavirus-11596061406 Yahoo! Finance. (2022). S&P 500. Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/chart/%5EGSPC https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Baer,

History of Medical Technology

Technology and the Development of Modern Medicine The 20th century saw a seismic change in the perception of the human body, and the relationship of patients to physicians and other aspects of modern medicine. With the recent coronavirus pandemic, of course, the focus upon technology and medical developments has become a matter of global importance. Vaccines and innovative drugs were not solely innovations of the past century, but they extent to which they were proven safe and effective is relatively new. The relationship between providers and patients has likewise changed, as well as expectations about treatment. Vaccination and Immunization Technology Infectious disease was once an accepted part of modern life. However, the first smallpox vaccines were developed as early as the late 18th century. Safety of vaccines could not always be guaranteed, however. Inactivation of bacteria via heat or chemical treatment to confer immunity status was developed by the very end of the…...

mla Works Cited Earl, Leslie. “How Sulfa Drugs Work.” National Institute of Health. March 12, 2012. Web. December 20, 2020. drugs-work Gaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerging Infectious Diseases vol. 23, 5 (2017): 849–853. Web. December 20, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/ Palca, Joe. “The Race For A Polio Vaccine Differed From The Quest To Prevent Coronavirus.” NPR. May 22, 2020. Web. December 20, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health - shots/2020/05/22/860789014/the-race-for-a-polio-vaccine-differed-from-the-quest-to- prevent-coronavirus Plotkin, Stanley. “History of vaccination.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 111, 34 (2014): 12283-7. December 20, 2020. Web. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151719/pdf/pnas.201400472.pdf Quianzon, Celeste C, and Issam Cheikh. “History of Insulin.” Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, vol. 2, 2 10.3402/jchimp.v2i2.18701. July 16, 2012. Web. December 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714061/ https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sulfa-

Why is the COVID Vaccine Being Rushed to Market

Are Vaccines Safe or is There a Link to Autism Introduction The rapidity with which the novel coronavirus believed to cause COVID-19 overtook the world caused alarm among leaders and media leading to an urgent demand for an emergency vaccine. Because vaccines typically take years if not decades to develop, manufacture and test, the rollout of a COVID vaccine seemed dubious at best. But as Arnold (2020) points out, scientists had no choice—they had to implement atypical methods to speed up the process: it would be the first time in history that a new disease was identified and a vaccine for it was developed at the same time that the initial outbreak persisted. Scientists quickly began rolling out a variety of vaccines that worked differently in the body—but not without cutting corners here and there (Arnold, 2020). The fact of the matter is that creating and testing vaccines safely takes time and…...

mla Works Cited American Academy of Pediatrics (2020). Immunizations. Retrieved from Arnold, C. (2020). Race for a vaccine. New Scientist, 245(3274), 44-47. Doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30600-x Barath, H. (2020). Vaccine transport. Scientific American, 322(6), 13. Bowman, D. H. (2004). Federal analysis concludes vaccines, autism not linked. Education Week, 23(38), 11. CDC. (2017). CDC Study Finds Flu Vaccine Saves Children’s Lives. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0403-flu-vaccine.html Mnookin, S. (2011). Panic virus. The true story behind the vaccine autism controversy. Rahul, N. W. (2020). Vaccine: A solution or a challenge? A public opinion about vaccine in 2020. Journal of Advanced Research, 11, 10-16. https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/immunizations/pages/immunizations-home.aspx

Identifying Opportunities to Reduce Income Disparities in South Africa Today and In the Future

Part One: Research Proposal Problem and Purpose Statement Despite an abundance of natural resources, a modern infrastructure, and increasingly aggressive efforts by the national government and support from multiple nongovernmental organizations since apartheid ended in 1994, more than half (about 55% or 30.3 million people) of the South Africa population still lives in poverty today and another 13.8 million South Africans do not have enough to eat each day (Poverty & equity brief 2021). Moreover, current economic development indicators show that the per capita annualized consumption growth rate of the bottom 40 percent of the South African population actually suffered a 1.34% decline during the 4-year period from 2010 through 2014 (the latest statistic available from The World Bank). In sum, the situation for the poorest people in South Africa is worsening and there are few new opportunities available on the short-term horizon that can help them achieve their full employment potential…...

mla References “Global Cases.” (2021). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. [online] available: Kavya, B and Santhakumar, S (January 2020). “Economic Development, Financial Development, and Income Inequality Nexus.” Borsa Istanbul Review [in press]. Neuman, W (2008). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. New York: Pearson. “South Africa economy” (2021) CIA World Factbook. [online] available: http://teacherlink.ed. usu.edu/tlresources/reference/factbook/geos/sf.html. “South Africa Poverty and equity brief.” (2021). The World Bank. [online] available: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf . https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html .

Best Practices for Pandemic Containment

PANDEMIC CONTAINMENTPandemics and Best Practices for ContainmentIntroductionSince the earliest moments of civilization, humanity has been plagued by disease. However, it would be prudent to note that although man has been afflicted by various diseases, very few disease outbreaks have achieved the pandemic status. Some of the worst pandemics known to man have been inclusive of, but they are not limited to; Black Death (1346-1353), Plague of Justinian (541-442), Smallpox (1500), Antonine Plague (165 AD), Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918), the Asian Flu (1956-1958), Hong Kong Flu Pandemic (1968), etc. Over the last three years, the world has been battling the Novel Coronavirus. So far, COVID-19 has claimed the lives of more than 5 million people across the world. Given that various jurisdictions continue to struggle with the disease, there is need to highlight some of the best practices for pandemic containment.DiscussionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that a…...

mla ReferencesBarry, J.M. (2005). The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. Penguin. Chinazzi, M., Davis, J.T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S. …Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 368(6489), 395-400. CDC (2022). Benefits of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine. D. (2019). What Is a Pandemic? JAMA, 321(9), 55-61. Kucharski, A. (2020). Containing a pandemic, step by step. Science Direct, 246(3287), 36-39. Nam, N.H., Tien, P.T., Truong, L.V., El-Ramly, T.A., Anh, P.G., Hien, N.T. …Huy, N.T. (2018). Early centralized isolation strategy for all confirmed cases of COVID-19 remains a core intervention to disrupt the pandemic spreading significantly. PLoS ONE, 16(7), 114-119. O’Connell, J. & O’Keeffe, D.T. (2021). Contact Tracing for Covid-19 — A Digital Inoculation against Future Pandemics. N Engl J Med, 38, 484-487. Whaley, C.M., Cantor, J. & Pera, M. (2021). Assessing the Association between Social Gatherings and COVID-19 Risk Using Birthdays. JAMA Intern Med., 181(8), 1090-1099. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html Grennan,

Covid-19 Effect On Childrens Mental Health

Essay Topic Examples 1.The sychological Impact of School Closures on Children During the COVID-19 andemic: This essay topic explores the mental health effects faced by children due to the sudden disruption of routine and the absence of a school environment. It will discuss social isolation, the interruption in learning, and the loss of access to resources that schools provide, such as counseling and social support networks. 2.Adjusting to the New Normal: Resilience and Anxiety Among Children in the Face of COVID-19: This essay focuses on the adaptability and challenges children have faced in developing resilience during the pandemic. It will delve into the coping mechanisms children have adopted, the prevalence of anxiety disorders stemming from uncertainty, and the role of family and community support in mitigating mental health issues. 3.The Invisible Scars of andemics: Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes for COVID-19 Affected Youths: Here, the discussion revolves around the potential long-term effects of the pandemic on children's…...

mla Primary Sources Loades, Maria E., et al. \"Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19.\" Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 59.11 (2020): 1218-1239.e3. Fegert, Jörg M., et al. \"Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality.\" Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 14.1 (2020): 20. Marques de Miranda, Diogo, et al. \"How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents?\" International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 51 (2020): 101845. Liu, Jian J., et al. \"Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19.\" The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 4.5 (2020): 347-349. Racine, Nicole, et al. \"Child and adolescent mental illness during COVID-19: A rapid review.\" Psychiatry Research 292 (2020): 113307.

How the Covid19 pandemic has created opportunities for businesses?

When most people think about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economics, they think of it as being purely destructive. While there can be no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has created economic uncertainty in many sectors, leading to a loss of production and high unemployment rates in many areas, it cannot be ignored that the pandemic has also led to new opportunities for certain businesses. Understanding those opportunities may be critical to the overall recovery of the global economy, as those industries that have experienced gains determine how to leverage them in a way that....

Can a synthesis essay question be a hypothetical question? for example, \"What effect will the Covid-19 vaccines have against the Covid-19 mutations?

A synthesis essay is a type of essay that uses a variety of different sources to support a central claim. The central claim must be well-supported within the synthesis essay, even if it is not the most likely claim or generally assumed to be true outside of the essay. Writing a synthesis essay has two main parts: synthesizing sources and supporting your main claim.

It is possible to write a synthesis essay about a hypothetical claim, but it will be more difficult to find the literature to support your claim. That is because you will not....

I’m doing a summary about the Pfizer vaccine, how it works, who should it get it first and how long it lasts, so if you can help me write the best essay title for it. Thank you in advance?

One of the difficulties about writing a summary of any of the vaccines for the novel Coronavirus that is known as COVID-19 is that much of the information remains unknown. In addition, because the vaccines created by Pfizer and Moderna are both mRNA vaccines, which are not a familiar type of vaccine, they create some additional questions. How long will the vaccines be effective? Are they safe? Will they work to prevent infection by the newer strands of COVID-19? Do they change your DNA as some people on the internet are suggesting? ....

Writing an essay on quality initiatives in healthcare in 2020 / 2021 and need help?

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Read these 12 moving essays about life during coronavirus

Artists, novelists, critics, and essayists are writing the first draft of history.

by Alissa Wilkinson

The world is grappling with an invisible, deadly enemy, trying to understand how to live with the threat posed by a virus . For some writers, the only way forward is to put pen to paper, trying to conceptualize and document what it feels like to continue living as countries are under lockdown and regular life seems to have ground to a halt.

So as the coronavirus pandemic has stretched around the world, it’s sparked a crop of diary entries and essays that describe how life has changed. Novelists, critics, artists, and journalists have put words to the feelings many are experiencing. The result is a first draft of how we’ll someday remember this time, filled with uncertainty and pain and fear as well as small moments of hope and humanity.

The Vox guide to navigating the coronavirus crisis

At the New York Review of Books, Ali Bhutto writes that in Karachi, Pakistan, the government-imposed curfew due to the virus is “eerily reminiscent of past military clampdowns”:

Beneath the quiet calm lies a sense that society has been unhinged and that the usual rules no longer apply. Small groups of pedestrians look on from the shadows, like an audience watching a spectacle slowly unfolding. People pause on street corners and in the shade of trees, under the watchful gaze of the paramilitary forces and the police.

His essay concludes with the sobering note that “in the minds of many, Covid-19 is just another life-threatening hazard in a city that stumbles from one crisis to another.”

Writing from Chattanooga, novelist Jamie Quatro documents the mixed ways her neighbors have been responding to the threat, and the frustration of conflicting direction, or no direction at all, from local, state, and federal leaders:

Whiplash, trying to keep up with who’s ordering what. We’re already experiencing enough chaos without this back-and-forth. Why didn’t the federal government issue a nationwide shelter-in-place at the get-go, the way other countries did? What happens when one state’s shelter-in-place ends, while others continue? Do states still under quarantine close their borders? We are still one nation, not fifty individual countries. Right?

A syllabus for the end of the world

Award-winning photojournalist Alessio Mamo, quarantined with his partner Marta in Sicily after she tested positive for the virus, accompanies his photographs in the Guardian of their confinement with a reflection on being confined :

The doctors asked me to take a second test, but again I tested negative. Perhaps I’m immune? The days dragged on in my apartment, in black and white, like my photos. Sometimes we tried to smile, imagining that I was asymptomatic, because I was the virus. Our smiles seemed to bring good news. My mother left hospital, but I won’t be able to see her for weeks. Marta started breathing well again, and so did I. I would have liked to photograph my country in the midst of this emergency, the battles that the doctors wage on the frontline, the hospitals pushed to their limits, Italy on its knees fighting an invisible enemy. That enemy, a day in March, knocked on my door instead.

In the New York Times Magazine, deputy editor Jessica Lustig writes with devastating clarity about her family’s life in Brooklyn while her husband battled the virus, weeks before most people began taking the threat seriously:

At the door of the clinic, we stand looking out at two older women chatting outside the doorway, oblivious. Do I wave them away? Call out that they should get far away, go home, wash their hands, stay inside? Instead we just stand there, awkwardly, until they move on. Only then do we step outside to begin the long three-block walk home. I point out the early magnolia, the forsythia. T says he is cold. The untrimmed hairs on his neck, under his beard, are white. The few people walking past us on the sidewalk don’t know that we are visitors from the future. A vision, a premonition, a walking visitation. This will be them: Either T, in the mask, or — if they’re lucky — me, tending to him.

Essayist Leslie Jamison writes in the New York Review of Books about being shut away alone in her New York City apartment with her 2-year-old daughter since she became sick:

The virus. Its sinewy, intimate name. What does it feel like in my body today? Shivering under blankets. A hot itch behind the eyes. Three sweatshirts in the middle of the day. My daughter trying to pull another blanket over my body with her tiny arms. An ache in the muscles that somehow makes it hard to lie still. This loss of taste has become a kind of sensory quarantine. It’s as if the quarantine keeps inching closer and closer to my insides. First I lost the touch of other bodies; then I lost the air; now I’ve lost the taste of bananas. Nothing about any of these losses is particularly unique. I’ve made a schedule so I won’t go insane with the toddler. Five days ago, I wrote Walk/Adventure! on it, next to a cut-out illustration of a tiger—as if we’d see tigers on our walks. It was good to keep possibility alive.

At Literary Hub, novelist Heidi Pitlor writes about the elastic nature of time during her family’s quarantine in Massachusetts:

During a shutdown, the things that mark our days—commuting to work, sending our kids to school, having a drink with friends—vanish and time takes on a flat, seamless quality. Without some self-imposed structure, it’s easy to feel a little untethered. A friend recently posted on Facebook: “For those who have lost track, today is Blursday the fortyteenth of Maprilay.” ... Giving shape to time is especially important now, when the future is so shapeless. We do not know whether the virus will continue to rage for weeks or months or, lord help us, on and off for years. We do not know when we will feel safe again. And so many of us, minus those who are gifted at compartmentalization or denial, remain largely captive to fear. We may stay this way if we do not create at least the illusion of movement in our lives, our long days spent with ourselves or partners or families.

What day is it today?

Novelist Lauren Groff writes at the New York Review of Books about trying to escape the prison of her fears while sequestered at home in Gainesville, Florida:

Some people have imaginations sparked only by what they can see; I blame this blinkered empiricism for the parks overwhelmed with people, the bars, until a few nights ago, thickly thronged. My imagination is the opposite. I fear everything invisible to me. From the enclosure of my house, I am afraid of the suffering that isn’t present before me, the people running out of money and food or drowning in the fluid in their lungs, the deaths of health-care workers now growing ill while performing their duties. I fear the federal government, which the right wing has so—intentionally—weakened that not only is it insufficient to help its people, it is actively standing in help’s way. I fear we won’t sufficiently punish the right. I fear leaving the house and spreading the disease. I fear what this time of fear is doing to my children, their imaginations, and their souls.

At ArtForum , Berlin-based critic and writer Kristian Vistrup Madsen reflects on martinis, melancholia, and Finnish artist Jaakko Pallasvuo’s 2018 graphic novel Retreat , in which three young people exile themselves in the woods:

In melancholia, the shape of what is ending, and its temporality, is sprawling and incomprehensible. The ambivalence makes it hard to bear. The world of Retreat is rendered in lush pink and purple watercolors, which dissolve into wild and messy abstractions. In apocalypse, the divisions established in genesis bleed back out. My own Corona-retreat is similarly soft, color-field like, each day a blurred succession of quarantinis, YouTube–yoga, and televized press conferences. As restrictions mount, so does abstraction. For now, I’m still rooting for love to save the world.

At the Paris Review , Matt Levin writes about reading Virginia Woolf’s novel The Waves during quarantine:

A retreat, a quarantine, a sickness—they simultaneously distort and clarify, curtail and expand. It is an ideal state in which to read literature with a reputation for difficulty and inaccessibility, those hermetic books shorn of the handholds of conventional plot or characterization or description. A novel like Virginia Woolf’s The Waves is perfect for the state of interiority induced by quarantine—a story of three men and three women, meeting after the death of a mutual friend, told entirely in the overlapping internal monologues of the six, interspersed only with sections of pure, achingly beautiful descriptions of the natural world, a day’s procession and recession of light and waves. The novel is, in my mind’s eye, a perfectly spherical object. It is translucent and shimmering and infinitely fragile, prone to shatter at the slightest disturbance. It is not a book that can be read in snatches on the subway—it demands total absorption. Though it revels in a stark emotional nakedness, the book remains aloof, remote in its own deep self-absorption.

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In an essay for the Financial Times, novelist Arundhati Roy writes with anger about Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s anemic response to the threat, but also offers a glimmer of hope for the future:

Historically, pandemics have forced humans to break with the past and imagine their world anew. This one is no different. It is a portal, a gateway between one world and the next. We can choose to walk through it, dragging the carcasses of our prejudice and hatred, our avarice, our data banks and dead ideas, our dead rivers and smoky skies behind us. Or we can walk through lightly, with little luggage, ready to imagine another world. And ready to fight for it.

From Boston, Nora Caplan-Bricker writes in The Point about the strange contraction of space under quarantine, in which a friend in Beirut is as close as the one around the corner in the same city:

It’s a nice illusion—nice to feel like we’re in it together, even if my real world has shrunk to one person, my husband, who sits with his laptop in the other room. It’s nice in the same way as reading those essays that reframe social distancing as solidarity. “We must begin to see the negative space as clearly as the positive, to know what we don’t do is also brilliant and full of love,” the poet Anne Boyer wrote on March 10th, the day that Massachusetts declared a state of emergency. If you squint, you could almost make sense of this quarantine as an effort to flatten, along with the curve, the distinctions we make between our bonds with others. Right now, I care for my neighbor in the same way I demonstrate love for my mother: in all instances, I stay away. And in moments this month, I have loved strangers with an intensity that is new to me. On March 14th, the Saturday night after the end of life as we knew it, I went out with my dog and found the street silent: no lines for restaurants, no children on bicycles, no couples strolling with little cups of ice cream. It had taken the combined will of thousands of people to deliver such a sudden and complete emptiness. I felt so grateful, and so bereft.

And on his own website, musician and artist David Byrne writes about rediscovering the value of working for collective good , saying that “what is happening now is an opportunity to learn how to change our behavior”:

In emergencies, citizens can suddenly cooperate and collaborate. Change can happen. We’re going to need to work together as the effects of climate change ramp up. In order for capitalism to survive in any form, we will have to be a little more socialist. Here is an opportunity for us to see things differently — to see that we really are all connected — and adjust our behavior accordingly. Are we willing to do this? Is this moment an opportunity to see how truly interdependent we all are? To live in a world that is different and better than the one we live in now? We might be too far down the road to test every asymptomatic person, but a change in our mindsets, in how we view our neighbors, could lay the groundwork for the collective action we’ll need to deal with other global crises. The time to see how connected we all are is now.

The portrait these writers paint of a world under quarantine is multifaceted. Our worlds have contracted to the confines of our homes, and yet in some ways we’re more connected than ever to one another. We feel fear and boredom, anger and gratitude, frustration and strange peace. Uncertainty drives us to find metaphors and images that will let us wrap our minds around what is happening.

Yet there’s no single “what” that is happening. Everyone is contending with the pandemic and its effects from different places and in different ways. Reading others’ experiences — even the most frightening ones — can help alleviate the loneliness and dread, a little, and remind us that what we’re going through is both unique and shared by all.

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Life During Pandemic Essay - Check Life Lessons From COVID-19. Last Updated on Aug 11, 2023. Download as PDF. The Covid-19 pandemic had completely disrupted lives around the world. With lockdowns and social distancing measures in place, daily life had changed dramatically for people globally. No one was truly prepared for how much of an impact ...
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A novel coronavirus (CoV) named '2019-nCoV' or '2019 novel coronavirus' or 'COVID-19' by the World Health Organization (WHO) is in charge of the current outbreak of pneumonia that began at the beginning of December 2019 near in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China [1-4]. COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus. From the phylogenetic analysis ...
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A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. This is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. This course provides a general introduction to COVID-19 and emerging respiratory viruses and is intended for public health professionals, incident managers and personnel working for the United ...
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12 moving essays about life during coronavirus
Read these 12 moving essays about life during coronavirus. Artists, novelists, critics, and essayists are writing the first draft of history. A woman wearing a face mask in Miami. Alissa Wilkinson ...