pure research project meaning

• What is Pure or Basic Research? + [Examples & Method]

Sometimes, research may be aimed at expanding a field of knowledge or improving the understanding of a natural phenomenon. This type of research is known as a basic, pure or fundamental research, and it is a major means of generating new ideas, principles and theories. 

In many cases, basic research fuels scientific innovations and development because it is driven by the need to unravel the unknown. In this article, we will define what basic research is, its data collection methods and how it differs from other approaches to research. 

What is Basic Research?

Basic research is a type of research approach that is aimed at gaining a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon or basic law of nature. This type of research is primarily focused on the advancement of knowledge rather than solving a specific problem. 

Basic research is also referred to as pure research or fundamental research. The concept of basic research emerged between the late 19th century and early 20th century in an attempt to bridge the gaps existing in the societal utility of science. 

Typically, basic research can be exploratory , descriptive or explanatory; although in many cases, it is explanatory in nature. The primary aim of this research approach is to gather information in order to improve one’s understanding, and this information can then be useful in proffering solutions to a problem. 

Examples of Basic Research 

Basic research can be carried out in different fields with the primary aim of expanding the frontier of knowledge and developing the scope of these fields of study. Examples of basic research can be seen in medicine, education, psychology, technology, to mention but a few.

Basic Research Example in Education  

In education, basic research is used to develop pedagogical theories that explain teaching and learning behaviours in the classroom. Examples of basic research in education include the following:

• How does the Language Acquisition Device work  on children?
• How does the human retentive memory work?
• How do teaching methods affect student’s concentration in class?

Basic Research Example in Science

Basic research advances scientific knowledge by helping researchers understand the function of newly discovered molecules and cells, strange phenomena, or little-understood processes. As with other fields, basic research is responsible for many scientific breakthroughs; even though the knowledge gained may not seem to yield immediate benefits. 

Examples of basic research in science include: 

• A research to determine the chemical composition of organic molecules.
• A research to discover the components of the human DNA.

Basic Research Example in Psychology  

In psychology, basic research helps individuals and organisations to gain insights and better understanding into different conditions. It is entirely theoretical and allows psychologists to understand certain behaviors better without providing  solutions to these behaviours or phenomena.  

Examples of basic research in psychology include: 

• Do stress levels make individuals more aggressive?
• To what extent does caffeine consumption affect classroom concentration?
• A research on behavioral differences between children raised by separated families and children raised by married parents.
• To what extent do gender stereotypes  trigger depression?

Basic Research Example in Health   

Basic research methods improve healthcare by providing different dimensions to the understanding and interpretation of healthcare issues. For example, it allows healthcare practitioners to gain more insight into the origin of diseases which can help to provide cures to chronic medical conditions. 

Many health researchers opine that many vaccines are developed based on an understanding of the causes of the disease such as in the case of the polio vaccine. Several medical breakthroughs have been attributed to the wealth of knowledge provided through basic research. 

Examples of basic research in health include: 

• An investigation into the symptoms of Coronavirus.
• An investigation into the causative factors of malaria
• An investigation into the secondary symptoms of high blood pressure.

Basic Research Method

 An interview is a common method of data collection in basic research that involves having a one-on-one interaction with an individual in order to gather relevant information about a phenomenon. Interview can be structured, unstructured or semi-structured depending on the research process and objectives.  

In a structured interview , the researcher asks a set of premeditated questions while in an unstructured interview, the researcher does not make use of a set of premeditated questions. Rather he or she depends on spontaneity and follow-up questioning in order to gather relevant information. 

On the other hand, a semi-structured interview is a type of interview that allows the researcher to deviate from  premeditated questions in order to gather more  information about the research subject. You can conduct structured interviews online by creating and administering a survey online on Formplus .

• Observation

Observation is a type of data-gathering method that involves paying close attention to a phenomenon for a specific period of time in order to gather relevant information about its behaviors. When carrying out basic research, the researcher may need to study the research subject for a stipulated period as it interacts with its natural environment. 

Observation can be structured or unstructured depending on its procedures and approach. In structured observation, the data collection is carried out using a predefined procedure and in line with a specific schedule while unstructured observation is not restricted to a predetermined procedure. 

An experiment is a type of quantitative data-gathering method that seeks to validate or refute a hypothesis and it can also be used to test existing theories. In this method of data collection , the researcher manipulates dependent and independent variables to achieve objective research outcomes. 

Typically, in an experiment, the independent variable is modified or changed in order to determine its effects on the dependent variables in the research context. This can be done using 3 major methods; controlled experiments , field experiments, and natural experiments 

• Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a data collection tool that is made up of a series of questions to which the research subjects provide answers. It is a cost-effective method of data gathering because it allows you to collect large samples of data from the members of the group simultaneously. 

You can create and administer your pure research questionnaire online using Formplus and you can also make use of paper questionnaires; although these are  easily susceptible to damage. [

Here is a step-by-step guide of how to create and administer questionnaires for basic research using Formplus: 

• Sign in to Formplus

In the Formplus builder, you can easily create different questionnaires for applied research by dragging and dropping preferred fields into your form. To access the Formplus builder, you will need to create an account on Formplus. 

Once you do this, sign in to your account and click on “Create Form ” to begin.

Edit Form Title

Click on the field provided to input your form title, for example, “Basic Research Questionnaire”.

Click on the edit button to edit the form.

i. Add Fields: Drag and drop preferred form fields into your form from  the Formplus builder   Inputs column. There are several field input options for questionnaires in the Formplus builder. 

ii. Edit fields

iii. Click on “Save”

iv. Preview form. 

Form Customization

With the form customization options in the form builder, you can easily change the look and feel of your form and make it more unique and personalized. Formplus allows you to change your form theme, add background images and even change the font according to your brand specifications. 

Multiple Sharing Options

Formplus offers multiple form sharing options which enables you to easily share your questionnaire with respondents. You can use the direct social media sharing buttons to share your form link to your  social media pages. 

In addition, Formplus has an option to convert form links to QR codes; you can personalize and display your form QR code on your website/banners for easy access. You also can send out survey forms as email invitations to your research subjects.  

• Data Reporting

 Data reporting is a type of data collection method where the researcher gathers relevant data and turns them in for further analysis in order to arrive at specific conclusions. The crux of this method depends, almost entirely, on the validity of the data collected. 

• Case Studies

A case study is a type of data collection method that involves the detailed examination of a specific subject matter in order to gather objective information about the features and behaviors of the research subject. This method of data gathering is primarily qualitative , although it can also be quantitative or numerical in nature.  

Case studies involve a detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. In carrying out a case study, the researcher must take extra care to identify the research questions, collect relevant data then evaluate and analyze the data in order to arrive at objective conclusions. 

Read More: Research Questions: Definition, Types +[Examples]

How is Basic Research Different from Applied Research? 

 Applied research is a type of research that is concerned with solving practical problems using scientific methods while basic research is a type of research that is concerned with the expansion of knowledge. 

Basic research generates new theories or improves on existing theories hence, it is theoretical in nature. On the other hand, applied research creates practical solutions to specific problems hence, it is practical in nature. 

 Basic research is knowledge-specific while applied research is solution-specific. 

• Research Purpose

The purpose of basic research is to improve on existing knowledge or to discover new knowledge while the purpose of applied research is to solve specific problems. 

The scope of basic research is universal while applied research is limited in nature. This means that while applied research addresses a specific problem and is limited to the problem which it addresses, basic research explores multiple dimensions of various fields. 

• Basic research is primarily explanatory while applied research is descriptive in nature .
• Basic research adopts an indirect approach to problem-solving while applied research adopts a direct approach to problem-solving.
• In basic research, generalizations are common while in applied research, specific problems are investigated without the aim of generalizations.

Read Also: What is Applied Research? +[Types, Examples & Methods]

Characteristics of Basic Research 

• Basic research is analytical in nature.
• It aims at theorizing concepts and not solving specific problems.
• It is primarily concerned with the expansion of knowledge and not with the applicability of the research outcomes.
• Basic research is explanatory in nature.
• Basic research is carried out without any primary focus on possible practical ends.
• It improves the general knowledge and understanding of different fields of study.

Importance of Basic Research

• Acquisition of New Knowledge: Basic research results in new knowledge. It is responsible for many research breakthroughs in different fields of study and it is often considered as the pacesetter in technological and innovative solutions.
• Basic research also enhances the understanding of different subject matters and provides multiple possible dimensions for interpretation of these subject matters.
• Findings of fundamental research are extremely useful in expanding the pool of knowledge in different disciplines.
• Basic research offers the foundation for applied research.

Disadvantages of Basic Research

• Findings from pure research have little or no immediate practical implications. However, these findings may be useful in providing solutions to different problems, in the long run.
• Fundamental research does not have strict deadlines.
• Basic research does not solve any specific problems.

Basic research is an important research method because it exposes researchers to varying dimensions within a field of study. This proves useful, not only for improving scholarship and the general knowledge-base, but for solving problems as is the concern of applied research. 

When carrying out basic research, the investigator adopts one or more qualitative and quantitative observation methods which includes case studies, experiments and observation. These data collection methods help the researcher to gather the most valid and relevant information for the research. 

In the case of using a survey or questionnaire for data collection , this can easily be done with the use of Formplus forms. Formplus allows you to create and administer different kinds of questionnaires, online and you can easily monitor and categ orise your form responses too. 

Connect to Formplus, Get Started Now - It's Free!

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Applied Research vs. Pure Research

What's the difference.

Applied research and pure research are two distinct approaches to conducting scientific investigations. Applied research aims to solve practical problems and find solutions that can be directly applied to real-world situations. It focuses on addressing specific issues and generating practical outcomes. On the other hand, pure research, also known as basic or fundamental research, is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in a particular field. It is conducted purely for the sake of knowledge and understanding, without any immediate practical application in mind. While applied research seeks to provide immediate solutions, pure research lays the foundation for future discoveries and advancements. Both approaches are essential in the scientific community, as they complement each other and contribute to the overall progress of knowledge and innovation.

Further Detail

Introduction.

Research is a fundamental process that drives innovation and progress in various fields. It involves the systematic investigation of a particular subject to gain knowledge and understanding. Two primary types of research are applied research and pure research. While both aim to contribute to the body of knowledge, they differ in their objectives, methodologies, and outcomes. In this article, we will explore the attributes of applied research and pure research, highlighting their similarities and differences.

Applied Research

Applied research, also known as practical research, focuses on solving specific problems or addressing practical issues. It aims to provide solutions that can be directly applied to real-world situations. Applied research is often conducted in collaboration with industry, government agencies, or non-profit organizations to address their specific needs or challenges.

One of the key attributes of applied research is its goal-oriented nature. Researchers in applied research work towards finding practical solutions or developing new technologies that can be implemented in various fields such as medicine, engineering, agriculture, or business. The research questions in applied research are often driven by the need to solve a specific problem or improve existing processes.

Applied research typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, drawing knowledge and expertise from different fields to address complex problems. Researchers collaborate with professionals from various backgrounds, including scientists, engineers, economists, and social scientists, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the problem and develop effective solutions.

Another characteristic of applied research is its emphasis on the application of findings. The outcomes of applied research are intended to have immediate practical implications. The research findings are often used to develop new products, improve existing technologies, inform policy decisions, or enhance organizational processes. The success of applied research is often measured by its impact on solving real-world problems and improving the quality of life.

Applied research also involves a strong element of feasibility and practicality. Researchers need to consider the constraints and limitations of the real-world context in which the research is conducted. Factors such as cost, time, resources, and ethical considerations play a crucial role in shaping the research design and methodology. The results of applied research are expected to be directly applicable and feasible within the given constraints.

Pure Research

Pure research, also known as basic or fundamental research, is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge without any immediate practical application. It aims to explore the underlying principles, theories, and concepts of a particular subject, often without a specific end goal in mind. Pure research is driven by the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.

One of the primary attributes of pure research is its focus on theoretical understanding. Researchers in pure research seek to uncover fundamental truths, discover new phenomena, or develop theories that explain natural or social phenomena. The research questions in pure research are often open-ended and exploratory, allowing for a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Pure research is characterized by its emphasis on scientific rigor and objectivity. Researchers follow a systematic and rigorous methodology to ensure the validity and reliability of their findings. They employ various research methods, such as experiments, observations, surveys, or mathematical modeling, to gather data and test hypotheses. The results of pure research contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field and may serve as a foundation for future applied research.

Unlike applied research, pure research is not bound by immediate practical considerations or constraints. Researchers have the freedom to explore unconventional ideas, challenge existing theories, or delve into uncharted territories. This freedom allows for serendipitous discoveries and breakthroughs that may have far-reaching implications in the long run.

While pure research may not have immediate practical applications, it often serves as the building blocks for applied research. The theoretical frameworks, principles, and concepts developed through pure research provide a solid foundation for applied research to build upon. Pure research contributes to the advancement of knowledge and understanding, paving the way for future innovations and practical solutions.

Similarities and Differences

Although applied research and pure research have distinct objectives and methodologies, they also share some similarities. Both types of research involve systematic investigation and follow a scientific approach. They require researchers to formulate research questions, gather data, analyze findings, and draw conclusions based on evidence.

Furthermore, both applied research and pure research contribute to the body of knowledge in their respective fields. While applied research focuses on immediate practical applications, pure research expands the theoretical understanding and lays the groundwork for future advancements.

However, the key difference between applied research and pure research lies in their objectives and outcomes. Applied research aims to solve specific problems and generate practical solutions, while pure research seeks to expand knowledge and understanding without immediate practical applications.

Another difference is the level of collaboration and multidisciplinary involvement. Applied research often requires collaboration with industry or organizations to address real-world challenges, while pure research is more focused on individual or academic pursuits.

Additionally, the time frame and funding sources for applied research and pure research may differ. Applied research projects are often time-bound and funded by organizations with a vested interest in the outcomes, while pure research projects may have longer time frames and rely on academic or government funding.

Applied research and pure research are two distinct types of research that contribute to the advancement of knowledge and understanding. While applied research focuses on solving practical problems and generating immediate solutions, pure research explores theoretical concepts and expands the boundaries of knowledge. Both types of research play a crucial role in driving innovation and progress in various fields, and their collaboration often leads to significant breakthroughs. By understanding the attributes of applied research and pure research, researchers can choose the appropriate approach based on their objectives and the nature of the problem at hand.

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Home » Basic Research – Types, Methods and Examples

Basic Research – Types, Methods and Examples

Table of Contents

Basic Research

Definition:

Basic Research, also known as Fundamental or Pure Research , is scientific research that aims to increase knowledge and understanding about the natural world without necessarily having any practical or immediate applications. It is driven by curiosity and the desire to explore new frontiers of knowledge rather than by the need to solve a specific problem or to develop a new product.

Types of Basic Research

Types of Basic Research are as follows:

Experimental Research

This type of research involves manipulating one or more variables to observe their effect on a particular phenomenon. It aims to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Observational Research

This type of research involves observing and documenting natural phenomena without manipulating any variables. It aims to describe and understand the behavior of the observed system.

Theoretical Research

This type of research involves developing and testing theories and models to explain natural phenomena. It aims to provide a framework for understanding and predicting observations and experiments.

Descriptive Research

This type of research involves describing and cataloging natural phenomena without attempting to explain or understand them. It aims to provide a comprehensive and accurate picture of the observed system.

Comparative Research

This type of research involves comparing different systems or phenomena to identify similarities and differences. It aims to understand the underlying principles that govern different natural phenomena.

Historical Research

This type of research involves studying past events, developments, and discoveries to understand how science has evolved over time. It aims to provide insights into the factors that have influenced scientific progress and the role of basic research in shaping our understanding of the world.

Data Collection Methods

Some common data collection methods used in basic research include:

• Observation : This involves watching and recording natural phenomena in a systematic and structured way. Observations can be made in a laboratory setting or in the field and can be qualitative or quantitative.
• Surveys and questionnaires: These are tools for collecting data from a large number of individuals about their attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and experiences. Surveys and questionnaires can be administered in person, by mail, or online.
• Interviews : Interviews involve asking questions to a person or a group of people to gather information about their experiences, opinions, and perspectives. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
• Experiments : Experiments involve manipulating one or more variables and observing their effect on a particular phenomenon. Experiments can be conducted in a laboratory or in the field and can be controlled or naturalistic.
• Case studies : Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or phenomenon. Case studies can provide rich and detailed information about complex phenomena.
• Archival research : Archival research involves analyzing existing data, documents, and records to answer research questions. Archival research can be used to study historical events, trends, and developments.
• Simulation : Simulation involves creating a computer model of a particular phenomenon to study its behavior and predict its future outcomes. Simulation can be used to study complex systems that are difficult to study in the real world.

Data Analysis Methods

Some common data analysis methods used in basic research include:

• Descriptive statistics: This involves summarizing and describing data using measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. Descriptive statistics provide a simple and easy way to understand the basic properties of the data.
• Inferential statistics : This involves making inferences about a population based on data collected from a sample. Inferential statistics can be used to test hypotheses, estimate parameters, and quantify uncertainty.
• Qualitative analysis : This involves analyzing data that are not numerical in nature, such as text, images, or audio recordings. Qualitative analysis can involve coding, categorizing, and interpreting data to identify themes, patterns, and relationships.
• Content analysis: This involves analyzing the content of text, images, or audio recordings to identify specific words, phrases, or themes. Content analysis can be used to study communication, media, and discourse.
• Multivariate analysis: This involves analyzing data that have multiple variables or factors. Multivariate analysis can be used to identify patterns and relationships among variables, cluster similar observations, and reduce the dimensionality of the data.
• Network analysis: This involves analyzing the structure and dynamics of networks, such as social networks, communication networks, or ecological networks. Network analysis can be used to study the relationships and interactions among individuals, groups, or entities.
• Machine learning : This involves using algorithms and models to analyze and make predictions based on data. Machine learning can be used to identify patterns, classify observations, and make predictions based on complex data sets.

Basic Research Methodology

Basic research methodology refers to the approach, techniques, and procedures used to conduct basic research. The following are some common steps involved in basic research methodology:

• Formulating research questions or hypotheses : This involves identifying the research problem and formulating specific questions or hypotheses that can guide the research.
• Reviewing the literature: This involves reviewing and synthesizing existing research on the topic of interest to identify gaps, controversies, and areas for further investigation.
• Designing the study: This involves designing a study that is appropriate for the research question or hypothesis. The study design can involve experiments, observations, surveys, case studies, or other methods.
• Collecting data: This involves collecting data using appropriate methods and instruments, such as observation, surveys, experiments, or interviews.
• Analyzing data: This involves analyzing the collected data using appropriate methods, such as descriptive or inferential statistics, qualitative analysis, or content analysis.
• Interpreting results : This involves interpreting the results of the data analysis in light of the research question or hypothesis and the existing literature.
• Drawing conclusions: This involves drawing conclusions based on the interpretation of the results and assessing their implications for the research question or hypothesis.
• Communicating findings : This involves communicating the research findings in the form of research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, or other forms of dissemination.

Applications of Basic Research

Some applications of basic research include:

• Medical breakthroughs : Basic research in fields such as biology, chemistry, and physics has led to important medical breakthroughs, including the discovery of antibiotics, vaccines, and new drugs.
• Technology advancements: Basic research in fields such as computer science, physics, and engineering has led to advancements in technology, such as the development of the internet, smartphones, and other electronic devices.
• Environmental solutions: Basic research in fields such as ecology, geology, and meteorology has led to the development of solutions to environmental problems, such as climate change, air pollution, and water contamination.
• Economic growth: Basic research can stimulate economic growth by creating new industries and markets based on scientific discoveries and technological advancements.
• National security: Basic research in fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology has led to the development of new technologies for national security, including encryption, radar, and stealth technology.

Examples of Basic Research

Here are some examples of basic research:

• Astronomy : Astronomers conduct basic research to understand the fundamental principles that govern the universe, such as the laws of gravity, the behavior of stars and galaxies, and the origins of the universe.
• Genetics : Geneticists conduct basic research to understand the genetic basis of various traits, diseases, and disorders. This research can lead to the development of new treatments and therapies for genetic diseases.
• Physics : Physicists conduct basic research to understand the fundamental principles of matter and energy, such as quantum mechanics, particle physics, and cosmology. This research can lead to new technologies and advancements in fields such as medicine and engineering.
• Neuroscience: Neuroscientists conduct basic research to understand the structure and function of the brain, including how it processes information and controls behavior. This research can lead to new treatments and therapies for neurological disorders and brain injuries.
• Mathematics : Mathematicians conduct basic research to develop and explore new mathematical theories, such as number theory, topology, and geometry. This research can lead to new applications in fields such as computer science, physics, and engineering.
• Chemistry : Chemists conduct basic research to understand the fundamental properties of matter and how it interacts with other substances. This research can lead to the development of new materials, drugs, and technologies.

Purpose of Basic Research

The purpose of basic research, also known as fundamental or pure research, is to expand knowledge in a particular field or discipline without any specific practical application in mind. The primary goal of basic research is to advance our understanding of the natural world and to uncover fundamental principles and relationships that underlie complex phenomena.

Basic research is often exploratory in nature, with researchers seeking to answer fundamental questions about how the world works. The research may involve conducting experiments, collecting and analyzing data, or developing new theories and hypotheses. Basic research often requires a high degree of creativity, innovation, and intellectual curiosity, as well as a willingness to take risks and pursue unconventional lines of inquiry.

Although basic research is not conducted with a specific practical outcome in mind, it can lead to significant practical applications in various fields. Many of the major scientific discoveries and technological advancements of the past century have been rooted in basic research, from the discovery of antibiotics to the development of the internet.

In summary, the purpose of basic research is to expand knowledge and understanding in a particular field or discipline, with the goal of uncovering fundamental principles and relationships that can help us better understand the natural world. While the practical applications of basic research may not always be immediately apparent, it has led to significant scientific and technological advancements that have benefited society in numerous ways.

When to use Basic Research

Basic research is generally conducted when scientists and researchers are seeking to expand knowledge and understanding in a particular field or discipline. It is particularly useful when there are gaps in our understanding of fundamental principles and relationships that underlie complex phenomena. Here are some situations where basic research might be particularly useful:

• Exploring new fields: Basic research can be particularly valuable when researchers are exploring new fields or areas of inquiry where little is known. By conducting basic research, scientists can establish a foundation of knowledge that can be built upon in future studies.
• Testing new theories: Basic research can be useful when researchers are testing new theories or hypotheses that have not been tested before. This can help scientists to gain a better understanding of how the world works and to identify areas where further research is needed.
• Developing new technologies : Basic research can be important for developing new technologies and innovations. By conducting basic research, scientists can uncover new materials, properties, and relationships that can be used to develop new products or technologies.
• Investigating complex phenomena : Basic research can be particularly valuable when investigating complex phenomena that are not yet well understood. By conducting basic research, scientists can gain a better understanding of the underlying principles and relationships that govern complex systems.
• Advancing scientific knowledge: Basic research is important for advancing scientific knowledge in general. By conducting basic research, scientists can uncover new principles and relationships that can be applied across multiple fields of study.

Characteristics of Basic Research

Here are some of the main characteristics of basic research:

• Focus on fundamental knowledge : Basic research is focused on expanding our understanding of the natural world and uncovering fundamental principles and relationships that underlie complex phenomena. The primary goal of basic research is to advance knowledge without any specific practical application in mind.
• Exploratory in nature: Basic research is often exploratory in nature, with researchers seeking to answer fundamental questions about how the world works. The research may involve conducting experiments, collecting and analyzing data, or developing new theories and hypotheses.
• Long-term focus: Basic research is often focused on long-term outcomes rather than immediate practical applications. The insights and discoveries generated by basic research may take years or even decades to translate into practical applications.
• High degree of creativity and innovation : Basic research often requires a high degree of creativity, innovation, and intellectual curiosity. Researchers must be willing to take risks and pursue unconventional lines of inquiry.
• Emphasis on scientific rigor: Basic research is conducted using the scientific method, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous experimental design, data collection and analysis, and peer review.
• Interdisciplinary: Basic research is often interdisciplinary, drawing on multiple fields of study to address complex research questions. Basic research can be conducted in fields ranging from physics and chemistry to biology and psychology.
• Open-ended : Basic research is open-ended, meaning that it does not have a specific end goal in mind. Researchers may follow unexpected paths or uncover new lines of inquiry that they had not anticipated.

Advantages of Basic Research

Here are some of the main advantages of basic research:

• Advancing scientific knowledge: Basic research is essential for expanding our understanding of the natural world and uncovering fundamental principles and relationships that underlie complex phenomena. This knowledge can be applied across multiple fields of study and can lead to significant scientific and technological advancements.
• Fostering innovation: Basic research often requires a high degree of creativity, innovation, and intellectual curiosity. By encouraging scientists to pursue unconventional lines of inquiry and take risks, basic research can lead to breakthrough discoveries and innovations.
• Stimulating economic growth : Basic research can lead to the development of new technologies and products that can stimulate economic growth and create new industries. Many of the major scientific and technological advancements of the past century have been rooted in basic research.
• Improving health and well-being: Basic research can lead to the development of new drugs, therapies, and medical treatments that can improve health and well-being. For example, many of the major advances in medical science, such as the development of antibiotics and vaccines, were rooted in basic research.
• Training the next generation of scientists : Basic research is essential for training the next generation of scientists and researchers. By providing opportunities for young scientists to engage in research and gain hands-on experience, basic research helps to develop the skills and expertise needed to advance scientific knowledge in the future.
• Encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration : Basic research often requires collaboration between scientists from different fields of study. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, basic research can lead to new insights and discoveries that would not be possible through single-discipline research alone.

Limitations of Basic Research

Here are some of the main limitations of basic research:

• Lack of immediate practical applications : Basic research is often focused on long-term outcomes rather than immediate practical applications. The insights and discoveries generated by basic research may take years or even decades to translate into practical applications.
• High cost and time requirements: Basic research can be expensive and time-consuming, as it often requires sophisticated equipment, specialized facilities, and large research teams. Funding for basic research can be limited, making it difficult to sustain long-term projects.
• Ethical concerns : Basic research may involve working with animal models or human subjects, raising ethical concerns around the use of animals or the safety and well-being of human participants.
• Uncertainty around outcomes: Basic research is often open-ended, meaning that it does not have a specific end goal in mind. This uncertainty can make it difficult to justify funding for basic research, as it is difficult to predict what outcomes the research will produce.
• Difficulty in communicating results : Basic research can produce complex and technical findings that may be difficult to communicate to the general public or policymakers. This can make it challenging to generate public support for basic research or to translate basic research findings into policy or practical applications.

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Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Basic Research in Psychology

Basic research—also known as fundamental or pure research—refers to study and research meant to increase our scientific knowledge base. This type of research is often purely theoretical, with the intent of increasing our understanding of certain phenomena or behavior. In contrast with applied research, basic research doesn't seek to solve or treat these problems.

Basic Research Examples

Basic research in psychology might explore:

• Whether stress levels influence how often students engage in academic cheating
• How caffeine consumption affects the brain
• Whether men or women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression
• How attachment styles among children of divorced parents compare to those raised by married parents

In all of these examples, the goal is merely to increase knowledge on a topic, not to come up with a practical solution to a problem.

The Link Between Basic and Applied Research

As Stanovich (2007) noted, many practical solutions to real-world problems have emerged directly from basic research. For this reason, the distinction between basic research and applied research is often simply a matter of time. As social psychologist Kurt Lewin once observed, "There is nothing so practical as a good theory."

For example, researchers might conduct basic research on how stress levels impact students academically, emotionally, and socially. The results of these theoretical explorations might lead to further studies designed to solve specific problems. Researchers might initially observe that students with high stress levels are more prone to dropping out of college before graduating. These first studies are examples of basic research designed to learn more about the topic.

As a result, scientists might then design research to determine what interventions might best lower these stress levels. Such studies would be examples of applied research. The purpose of applied research is specifically focused on solving a real problem that exists in the world. Thanks to the foundations established by basic research, psychologists can then design interventions that will help students effectively manage their stress levels , with the hopes of improving college retention rates.

Why Basic Research Is Important

The possible applications of basic research might not be obvious right away. During the earliest phases of basic research, scientists might not even be able to see how the information gleaned from theoretical research might ever apply to real-world problems. However, this foundational knowledge is essential. By learning as much as possible about a topic, researchers are able to gather what they need to know about an issue to fully understand the impact it may have.

"For example, early neuroscientists conducted basic research studies to understand how neurons function. The applications of this knowledge were not clear until much later when neuroscientists better understood how this neural functioning affected behavior," explained author Dawn M. McBride in her text The Process of Research in Psychology . "The understanding of the basic knowledge of neural functioning became useful in helping individuals with disorders long after this research had been completed."

Basic Research Methods

Basic research relies on many types of investigatory tools. These include observation, case studies, experiments, focus groups, surveys, interviews—anything that increases the scope of knowledge on the topic at hand.

Frequently Asked Questions

Psychologists interested in social behavior often undertake basic research. Social/community psychologists engaging in basic research are not trying to solve particular problems; rather, they want to learn more about why humans act the way they do.

Basic research is an effort to expand the scope of knowledge on a topic. Applied research uses such knowledge to solve specific problems.

An effective basic research problem statement outlines the importance of the topic; the study's significance and methods; what the research is investigating; how the results will be reported; and what the research will probably require.

Basic research might investigate, for example, the relationship between academic stress levels and cheating; how caffeine affects the brain; depression incidence in men vs. women; or attachment styles among children of divorced and married parents.

By learning as much as possible about a topic, researchers can come to fully understand the impact it may have. This knowledge can then become the basis of applied research to solve a particular problem within the topic area.

Stanovich KE.  How to Think Straight About Psychology . 8th edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Allyn and Bacon; 2007.

McCain KW. “Nothing as practical as a good theory” Does Lewin's Maxim still have salience in the applied social sciences? Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology . 2015;52(1):1-4. doi:10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010077

McBride DM. The Process of Research in Psychology . 3rd edition . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2015.

Committee on Department of Defense Basic Research. APPENDIX D: Definitions of basic, applied, and fundamental research . In: Assessment of Department of Defense Basic Research. Washington, D.C.: The National Academic Press; 2005.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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Basic vs. applied research: what’s the difference?

Last updated

27 February 2023

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Cathy Heath

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Research can be used to learn new facts, create new products, and solve various problems. Yet, there are different ways to undertake research to meet a desired goal. 

The method you choose to conduct research will most likely be based on what question you want to answer, plus other factors that will help you accurately get the answer you need. 

Research falls into two main categories: basic research and applied research. Both types of research have distinct purposes and varied benefits. 

This guide will help you understand the differences and similarities between basic and applied research and how they're used. It also answers common questions about the two types of research, including:

Why is it called basic research?

What is more important, basic research or applied research?

What are examples of pure (basic) research and applied research?

Analyze basic and applied research

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• What is basic research?

Basic research (sometimes called fundamental or pure) advances scientific knowledge to completely understand a subject, topic, or phenomenon. It's conducted to satisfy curiosity or develop a full body of knowledge on a specific subject.

Basic research is used to bring about a fundamental understanding of the world, different behaviors, and is the foundation of knowledge in the scientific disciplines. It is usually conducted based on developing and testing theories.

While there is no apparent commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research, it is the foundation of research used for other projects like developing solutions to solve problems. 

Examples of basic research

Basic research has always been used to give humans a better understanding of all branches of science and knowledge. However, it's not specifically based on identifying new things about the universe.

Basic research has a wide range of uses, as shown in the following examples:

Investigation into how the universe began

A study searching for the causes of cancer

Understanding the components that make up human DNA

An examination into whether a vegetarian diet is healthier than one with meat

A study to learn more about which areas in the world get the most precipitation

Benefits of conducting basic research

Called basic research because it is performed without an immediate or obvious benefit, this type of research often leads to vital solutions in the future. While basic research isn't technically solution-driven, it develops the underlying knowledge used for additional learning and research. 

There are many benefits derived from basic research, including:

Gaining an understanding of living systems and the environment

Gathering information that can help society prepare for the future

Expanding knowledge that can lead to medical advances

Providing a foundation for applied research

• What is applied research?

Applied research studies particular circumstances to apply the information to real-life situations. It helps improve the human condition by finding practical solutions for existing problems.

Applied research builds off facts derived from basic research and other data to address challenges in all facets of life. Instead of exploring theories of the unknown, applied research requires researchers to use existing knowledge, facts, and discoveries to generate new knowledge. 

Solutions derived from applied research are used in situations ranging from medical treatments or product development to new laws or regulations.

Examples of applied research

Applied research is designed to solve practical problems that exist under current conditions. However, it's not only used for consumer-based products and decisions.

Applied research can be used in a variety of ways, as illustrated by the following examples:

The investigation of ways to improve agricultural crop production

A study to improve methods to market products for Gen Z consumers

Examination of how technology can t make car tires last longer

Exploration of how to cook healthy meals with a limited budget

A study on how to treat patients with insomnia

Benefits of using applied research

Although applied research expands upon a foundation of existing knowledge, it also brings about new ideas. Applied research provides many benefits in various circumstances, including:

Designing new products and services

Creating new objectives

Providing unbiased data through the testing of verifiable evidence

• Basic research vs. applied research: the differences

Both basic and applied research are tactics for discovering specific information. However, they differ significantly in the way research is conducted and the objectives they achieve. 

Some of the most notable differences between basic and applied research include the following:

Research outcomes: curiosity-driven vs. solution-driven

Basic research is generally conducted to learn more about a specific subject. It is usually self-initiated to gain knowledge to satisfy curiosity or confirm a theory. 

Conversely, applied knowledge is directed toward finding a solution to a specific problem. It is often conducted to assist a client in improving products, services, or issues.

Research scope: universal scope vs. specific scope

Basic research uses a broad scope to apply various concepts to gain more knowledge. Research methods may include studying different subjects to add more information that connects evidence points in a greater body of data.

Meanwhile, applied research depends on a specific or narrow scope to gather specific evidence to address a certain problem.

Research approaches: expanding existing knowledge vs. finding new knowledge

Researchers conduct basic research to fill in gaps between existing information points. Basic knowledge is an expansion of existing knowledge to gain a deeper understanding. It is often based on how, what, or why something is the way it is. Although applied research may be based on information derived from basic research, it's not designed to expand the knowledge. Instead, the research is conducted to find new knowledge, usually in the form of a solution.

Research commercialization: Informational vs. commercial gain

The main basis of product development is to solve a problem for consumers.

Basic research might lead to solutions and commercial products in the future to help with this. Since applied research is used to develop solutions, it's often used for commercial gain.

Theory formulation: theoretical vs. practical nature

Basic research is usually based on a theory about a specific subject. Researchers may develop a theory that grows and changes as more information is discovered during the research process. Conversely, applied research is practical in nature since the goal is to solve a specific problem.

• Are there similarities between applied and basic research?

While some obvious differences exist, applied and basic research methods have similarities. For example, researchers may use the same methods to collect data (like interviews, surveys , and focus groups ) for both types of research. 

Both types of research require researchers to use inductive and deductive reasoning to develop and prove hypotheses . The two types of research frequently intersect when basic research serves as the foundation for applied research.

While applied research is solution-based, basic research is equally important because it yields information used to develop solutions to many types of problems. 

• Methods used in basic research and applied research

While basic and applied research have different approaches and goals, they require researchers or scientists to gather data. Basic and applied research makes use of many of the same methods to gather and study information, including the following:

Observations: Studying research subjects for an extended time allows researchers to gather information about how subjects behave under different conditions.

Interviews: Surveys and one-to-one discussions help researchers gain information from other subjects and validate data.

Experiments: Researchers conduct experiments to prove or disprove certain hypotheses based on information that has been gathered.

Questionnaires: A series of questions related to the research context helps researchers gather quantitative information applicable to both basic and applied research.

• How do you determine when to use basic research vs. applied research?

Basic and applied research are both helpful in obtaining knowledge. However, they aren't usually used in the same settings or under the same circumstances. 

When you're trying to determine which type of research to use for a particular project, it's essential to consider your product goals. Basic research seeks answers to universal, theoretical questions. While it works to uncover specific knowledge, it's generally not used to develop a solution. Conversely, applied research discovers answers to specific questions. It should be used to find out new knowledge to solve a problem.

• Bottom line

Both basic and applied research are methods used to gather information and analyze facts that help build knowledge around a subject. However, basic research is used to gain understanding and satisfy curiosity, while applied research is used to solve specific problems. Both types of research depend on gathering information to prove a hypothesis or create a product, service, or valuable process. 

By learning more about the similarities and differences between basic and applied research, you'll be prepared to gather and use data efficiently to meet your needs.

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Fundamental Research

Fundamental research , also known as  basic research  or  pure research  does not usually generate findings that have immediate applications in a practical level. Fundamental research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area. This type of research makes a specific contribution to the academic body of knowledge in the research area.

Fundamental studies tend to make generalizations about the phenomenon, and the philosophy of this type of studies can be explained as ‘gathering knowledge for the sake of knowledge’. Fundamental researches mainly aim to answer the questions of why, what or how and they tend to contribute the pool of fundamental knowledge in the research area .

Opposite to fundamental research is  applied research  that aims to solve specific problems, thus findings of applied research do have immediate practical implications.

Differences between Fundamental and Applied Research

Differences between applied and fundamental research have been specified in a way that fundamental research studies individual cases without generalizing, and recognizes that other variables are in constant change.

Applied research, on the contrary, seeks generalizations and assumes that other variables do not change. The table below summarizes the differences between the two types of research in terms of purpose and context:

Differences between fundamental and applied research [1]

It is important to note that although fundamental studies do not pursue immediate commercial objectives, nevertheless, findings of fundamental studies may result in innovations, as well as, generating solutions to practical problems. For example, a study entitled “A critical assessment of the role of organizational culture in facilitating management-employee communications” is a fundamental study, but findings of this study may be used to increase the levels of effectiveness of management-employee communications, thus resulting in practical implications.

Examples of Fundamental Research

The following are examples for fundamental researches in business:

• A critical analysis of product placement as an effective marketing strategy
• An investigation into the main elements of brands and branding
• A study of factors impacting each stage of product life cycle

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fundamental Research

Advantages of fundamental research are considered as disadvantages of applied research and vice versa. Fundamental researches are important to expand the pool of knowledge in any discipline. Findings of fundamental studies are usually applicable in a wide range of cases and scenarios. Fundamental studies usually do not have strict deadlines and they are usually driven by the curiosity of the researcher.

At the same time, fundamental studies have disadvantages as well. Findings of this type of studies have little or no practical implications. In other words, fundamental studies do not resolve concrete and specific business problems.

My e-book,  The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance   contains discussions of research types and application of research methods in practice. The e-book also explains all stages of the  research process  starting from the  selection of the research area  to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as  research philosophy ,  research approach ,  research design ,  methods of data collection  and  data analysis , sampling and others are explained in this e-book in simple words.

John Dudovskiy

[1] Table adapted from Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business Students” 6 th  edition, Pearson Education Limited

What is Basic Research?

Introduction

What is the meaning of basic research, examples of basic research, how do i perform basic research.

Basic science research is an essential pillar of scientific knowledge, because it extends understanding, provides new insights, and contributes to the advancement of science and fundamental knowledge across disciplines. In contrast, applied research aims for the discovery of practical solutions, which can involve using a technology or innovation that stems from existing knowledge. Basic science research potentially allows for generating ideas on which applied science can build novel inquiry and useful applications.

The process for conducting basic research is essentially the same as in an applied research orientation, but a better understanding of the distinction may prove increasingly important when crafting your research inquiry. In this article, we'll detail the characteristics and importance of basic research.

One of the key distinctions in science is the divide between basic and applied research . Applied research is directly associated with practical applications such as:

• career development
• program evaluation
• policy reform
• community action

In inquiries regarding each of these applications, researchers identify a specific problem to be solved and design a study intentionally aimed at developing solutions to that problem. Basic research is less concerned about specific problems and more focused on the nature of understanding.

Characteristics of basic research

Research that advances understanding of knowledge has distinguishing characteristics and important considerations.

• Focus on theoretical development . Rather than focus on practical applications, scholars in basic science research are more interested in ordering data and understanding in a scientific manner. This means expanding the consensus understanding of theory and the proposal of new theoretical frameworks that ultimately further research.
• Exploratory research questions . Basic research tends to look at areas where there is insufficient theoretical coherence to empirically understand phenomena. In other words, basic research often employs research questions that seek greater definition of knowledge.
• Funding for basic science . The nature of the support available for research depends on whether the science is basic or applied . Government agencies, national institutes, and private organizations all have different objectives, making some more appropriate for basic research than others.
• Writing for research dissemination . Academic journals exist on a continuum between theoretical and practical orientations. Journals that are more interested in theoretical and methodological discussions are more appropriate for basic research than are journals that look for more practical implications arising from research.

The brief survey of these characteristics should guide researchers about how they should approach research design in terms of feasibility, methods, and execution. This discussion shouldn't preclude you from pursuing basic research if it is more appropriate to your research inquiry. Instead, it should inform you of the opportunities, advantages, and challenges of basic research.

Importance of basic research

Basic research may seem aimless and unfocused if it doesn't yield any direct practical implications. However, its contribution to scholarly discussion cannot be overstated as it guides the development of theories and facilitates critical discussion about what applied studies to pursue next.

Basic science has guided fields such as microbiology, engineering, and chemistry. Scientists ultimately use its findings to develop new methods in treating disease and innovating on new technology.

Its contribution to the social sciences through observation and longitudinal study is also immeasurable. While basic research is often a precursor to more applied science, the theories it generates spur further study that ultimately leads to professional development programs and policy reform in social institutions.

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Different fields rely on both applied and basic science for generating new knowledge. While applied research looks to yield direct benefits through real-world applications, basic research provides the necessary theoretical foundation for practical research in various fields.

Basic research example in education

Basic research in schooling contexts focuses on understanding the nature of teaching and learning or the processes within educational environments before any focused investigation can be designed, let alone conducted. Basic research is necessary in this case because of the various situated differences across learners who come from different cultures and backgrounds.

Basic research in education looks at various inquiries such as how teachers and students interact with each other and how alternative assessments can create positive learning outcomes. Ultimately, this may lead to applied research that can facilitate the creation of teacher education and professional development programs.

Basic research example in psychology

Psychology is a field that is under constant development. Basic research is essential to developing theories related to human behavior and mental processes. The subfield of cognition is a significant benefactor of basic research as it relies on novel theoretical frameworks relating to memory and learning.

Basic research example in health

A great deal of health research that reaches public consciousness is undoubtedly applied research. The development of vaccines and other medicine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic was one such line of inquiry that addressed a practical need.

That said, scientists will undoubtedly credit basic research as a precursor to medical breakthroughs in applied science research. The knowledge gained through basic research laid the foundation for genomic sequencing of the COVID-19 virus, while experiments on living systems created knowledge about how to safely vaccinate the human body.

The National Institute of Health sponsors such basic research and research in other areas such as human DNA, while the National Science Foundation funds basic research on topics such as gender stereotypes and stress levels.

At its core, all scientific inquiry seeks to identify causal factors, relationships, and distinguishing characteristics among concepts and phenomena. As a result, the process is essentially the same for basic or applied science. Nonetheless, it is worth reviewing the process.

• Research design . Identify gaps in existing research that novel inquiry can address. A rigorous literature review can help identify theoretical or methodological gaps that a new study with an exploratory research question can address.
• Data collection . Exploratory research questions tend to prioritize data collection methods such as interviews , focus groups , and observations . Basic research, as a result, casts a wide net for any and all potential data that can facilitate generation of theoretical developments.
• Data analysis . At this stage, the goal is to organize and view your data in such a way that facilitates the identification of key insights. Analysis in basic research serves the dual purpose of filtering data through existing theoretical frameworks and generating new theory.
• Research dissemination . Once you determine your findings, you will want to present your insights in an empirical and rigorous manner. Visualizing data in your papers and presentations is useful for pointing out the most relevant data and analysis in your study.

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What is Research? – Purpose of Research

• By DiscoverPhDs
• September 10, 2020

The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through the development of scientific theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met through forming hypotheses, collecting data, analysing results, forming conclusions, implementing findings into real-life applications and forming new research questions.

What is Research

Simply put, research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.

As a more formal definition of research, the following has been extracted from the Code of Federal Regulations :

While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges.

The use of ‘systematic investigation’ in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted – a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analysed, and research results are summarised into one or more ‘research conclusions’. These research conclusions are then shared with the rest of the scientific community to add to the existing knowledge and serve as evidence to form additional questions that can be investigated. It is this cyclical process that enables scientific research to make continuous progress over the years; the true purpose of research.

What is the Purpose of Research

From weather forecasts to the discovery of antibiotics, researchers are constantly trying to find new ways to understand the world and how things work – with the ultimate goal of improving our lives.

The purpose of research is therefore to find out what is known, what is not and what we can develop further. In this way, scientists can develop new theories, ideas and products that shape our society and our everyday lives.

Although research can take many forms, there are three main purposes of research:

• Exploratory: Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. Exploration research therefore aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. This enables us to conduct more in-depth research later on.
• Descriptive: Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the ‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.
• Explanatory: Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments.

Characteristics of Research

There are 8 core characteristics that all research projects should have. These are:

• Empirical  – based on proven scientific methods derived from real-life observations and experiments.
• Logical  – follows sequential procedures based on valid principles.
• Cyclic  – research begins with a question and ends with a question, i.e. research should lead to a new line of questioning.
• Controlled  – vigorous measures put into place to keep all variables constant, except those under investigation.
• Hypothesis-based  – the research design generates data that sufficiently meets the research objectives and can prove or disprove the hypothesis. It makes the research study repeatable and gives credibility to the results.
• Analytical  – data is generated, recorded and analysed using proven techniques to ensure high accuracy and repeatability while minimising potential errors and anomalies.
• Objective  – sound judgement is used by the researcher to ensure that the research findings are valid.
• Statistical treatment  – statistical treatment is used to transform the available data into something more meaningful from which knowledge can be gained.

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Types of Research

Research can be divided into two main types: basic research (also known as pure research) and applied research.

Basic Research

Basic research, also known as pure research, is an original investigation into the reasons behind a process, phenomenon or particular event. It focuses on generating knowledge around existing basic principles.

Basic research is generally considered ‘non-commercial research’ because it does not focus on solving practical problems, and has no immediate benefit or ways it can be applied.

While basic research may not have direct applications, it usually provides new insights that can later be used in applied research.

Applied Research

Applied research investigates well-known theories and principles in order to enhance knowledge around a practical aim. Because of this, applied research focuses on solving real-life problems by deriving knowledge which has an immediate application.

Methods of Research

Research methods for data collection fall into one of two categories: inductive methods or deductive methods.

Inductive research methods focus on the analysis of an observation and are usually associated with qualitative research. Deductive research methods focus on the verification of an observation and are typically associated with quantitative research.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is a method that enables non-numerical data collection through open-ended methods such as interviews, case studies and focus groups .

It enables researchers to collect data on personal experiences, feelings or behaviours, as well as the reasons behind them. Because of this, qualitative research is often used in fields such as social science, psychology and philosophy and other areas where it is useful to know the connection between what has occurred and why it has occurred.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is a method that collects and analyses numerical data through statistical analysis.

It allows us to quantify variables, uncover relationships, and make generalisations across a larger population. As a result, quantitative research is often used in the natural and physical sciences such as engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, finance, and medical research, etc.

What does Research Involve?

Research often follows a systematic approach known as a Scientific Method, which is carried out using an hourglass model.

A research project first starts with a problem statement, or rather, the research purpose for engaging in the study. This can take the form of the ‘ scope of the study ’ or ‘ aims and objectives ’ of your research topic.

Subsequently, a literature review is carried out and a hypothesis is formed. The researcher then creates a research methodology and collects the data.

The data is then analysed using various statistical methods and the null hypothesis is either accepted or rejected.

In both cases, the study and its conclusion are officially written up as a report or research paper, and the researcher may also recommend lines of further questioning. The report or research paper is then shared with the wider research community, and the cycle begins all over again.

Although these steps outline the overall research process, keep in mind that research projects are highly dynamic and are therefore considered an iterative process with continued refinements and not a series of fixed stages.

The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through developing scientific theories, concepts and ideas – find out more on what this involves.

In this post you’ll learn what the significance of the study means, why it’s important, where and how to write one in your paper or thesis with an example.

The term research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to collect, measure and analyse research data.

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Types of Research

Research is often put into categories:

• pure and applied
• quantitative and qualitative

Pure and applied research

Pure research (also known as “basic” or “fundamental” research) is exploratory in nature and is conducted without any practical end-use in mind. It is driven by gut instinct, interest, curiosity or intuition, and simply aims to advance knowledge and to identify/explain relationships between variables. However, as the term “fundamental” suggests, pure research may provide a foundation for further, sometimes applied research.

In general, applied research is not carried out for its own sake but in order to solve specific, practical questions or problems. It tends to be descriptive, rather than exploratory and is often based upon pure research. However, the distinction between applied and pure research may sometimes be unclear; for example, is research into the genetic codes of plants being carried out simply to advance knowledge or for possible future commercial exploitation? It could be argued that the only real difference between these two categories of research is the length of time between research and reasonably foreseeable practical applications, either in the public or private sectors.

Quantitative and qualitative research

The terms “quantitative research” and “qualitative research” are commonly used within the research community and implicitly indicate the nature of research being undertaken and the types of assumptions being made. In reality, many research activities do not fall neatly into one or other category,

Some quantitative studies involve mathematics so complex that very few researchers are able to understand and reproduce the work. In contrast, some qualitative research studies can be carried out in a systematic and logically ordered fashion that may be replicated relatively easily by other researchers. The reverse is also true.

However, most research does not fit clearly into one category or the other. Many studies are best performed using features of both. For example, trends in economic behaviour may be presented as time series graphs, analysed statistically and modelled mathematically, but individual events (i.e. a blip on the graph) may best be explained using a qualitative approach (e.g. an in-depth personal interview).

All research (quantitative or qualitative) is based on some underlying assumptions about what constitutes “valid” research and which research methods are appropriate. In quantitative research, methods of observation are submitted to tests of reliability and validity to establish the credibility of these observations. This can be done using a range of methods, many of which are statistical. Qualitative research checks reliability and validity in the form of prolonged treatment, triangulation, and persistent observation.

Both approaches have their own ways of sampling. Random sampling (or stratified random sampling) is often preferred in quantitative research as it allows the researcher to pick a representation of a larger group and the results can be generalised to the larger group. In qualitative research, sampling is generally not random since the researcher is trying to find a subject or group that is especially suited to the topic area.

The practitioners of quantitative approach argue that it is  “objective”, which means that it tries to be unbiased toward its subjects and has no interaction with a study’s participants.  Quantitative approaches often focus on tightly controlled variables in a structured setting to provide an explanation of theories, with an emphasis on gathering and validating knowledge through systematic, objective observations. Quantitative research counts and measures behaviour with scales, tools, or interventions

Qualitative research tries to understand the subject’s viewpoint.  Qualitative approaches can have flexible variables and tend to provide an in-depth description of a topic or participant.

As a consequence, the approach and methods used by quantitative or qualitative research are different, leading to differences in research design.

There is an ongoing, often quite fierce debate between some practitioners of qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative researchers often argue that reliability and validity are difficult to prove when doing qualitative research and the approach is too subjective. Quantitative research regards itself as objective and ‘value-free’; many Feminist evaluators have attacked what they call the ‘myth’ of value-free scientific inquiry. Qualitative researchers also argue that most quantitative data is based on qualitative judgement, i.e. numbers can’t be interpreted without understanding the assumptions which lie beneath them.

The key features outlined below for quantitative and qualitative research are generalisations but provide an outline for you.

Quantitative research methods describe phenomena in a numerical format for example:

• the height of a person (in metres)
• the weight of a person (in kilograms)
• the age of a person (in years and months)

The key features of quantitative research are:

• it is usually based upon numerical measurements and thus tends to use numbers and statistical methods of analysis
• it tends to be associated with large scale studies and with a specific focus, often condensing information from a large number of specific occurrences to investigate causal hypotheses
• it is a very controlled approach to research
• validity and reliability can be measured numerically using statistical tests

There are three primary types of quantitative research designs:

• Experimental
• Quasi-experimental
• Descriptive and correlational

Qualitative research takes an inductive approach and its methods were developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena

There is no universally accepted definition of qualitative research, although it is accepted that data collected during qualitative research activities is usually not numerical. Qualitative approaches to research are based on a “world view” which is holistic and has the following beliefs:

• there is not a single reality
• reality is based upon perceptions that are different for each person and change over time
• what we know has meaning only within a given situation or context

A range of terms is employed to indicate that the approach to research being used is qualitative; these include holistic, naturalistic, ethnographic, constructivist and interpretive. One significant difference between qualitative and quantitative research approaches is that no intervention or control group is used in qualitative research.

The key features of qualitative research are that:

• it is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use numbers and statistical methods as key research indicators and tools
• it uses words as the unit of analysis and often takes an in-depth, holistic or rounded approach to events/issues/case studies
• it tends to be associated with description
• it tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic perspective, often studying a single occurrence or small number of occurrences/case studies in great depth
• it does not investigate causal hypotheses
• it develops and tests theories as part of an ongoing process
• it tends to be associated with researcher involvement and with the researcher acting as a measurement tool
• it tends to be associated with emergent research design
• it use a wide range of approaches and analyses in a fashion that is sometimes impossible to replicate yet this does not invalidate the research

Examples of qualitative research methods are:

• action research
• grounded theory
• historical methods
• ethnography

Choice of research method

Deciding how to research something is an important part of becoming a researcher. You need to make an informed choice about the research methods you will use and be able to justify why you think that they are the most appropriate. You have to take into account what other people have done so it is important to read widely the literature that is related to your proposed area of research. You may have to read up on research methods that you haven’t used before in order to learn whether they are appropriate and how to use them.

These are questions to keep in mind as you consider which research methods are the most appropriate for your project.

• What do you need to find out – how are you going to do this?
• Is there more than one way of finding out what you need?
• What methods have other people used in similar situations and why?
• What are the strengths and limitations of the methods you are considering?
• How do these limitations influence what you can find out and what you can conclude from your results?

Action Research

This is generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection.

In the social and life sciences, a case study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular case.

A procedure by which raw data are transformed into meaningful categories. For example, a process of categorising data from open-ended questions.

Ethnography

Involves the production of highly detailed accounts of how people in a social setting lead their lives, based on systematic and long-term observation of, and discussion with, those people.

The systematic determination of the value, validity, or effectiveness of something often in terms of some kind of intervention.

Intensive open-ended individual interviews which deeply explore the respondent’s point of view, feelings and perspectives.

Mixed Methods

Inquiry that combines two or more methods. This particular term usually refers to mixing that crosses the quantitative-qualitative boundary.

Narrative Research

Focused on the getting and interpretation of people’s narrative accounts of their experience.

Observational Research

The researcher observes research participants in some way. The extent to which the presence of the researcher is apparent to those being studied can vary.

Questionnaires

A set of questions and their corresponding response categories (either printed or in electronic form) used with or without the presence of an interviewer as a means of collecting structured data from respondents.

Generally refers to a research method that involves asking a sample of people a set of pre-prepared questions on a single occasion in order to gather data about their opinions and behaviour.

Books on research methods

The library has books on research methods which you might find useful. Use the library catalogue to find these books and more. 

The next section describes the originality and critical analysis of research.

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In praise of “pure research”, and its significance for the understanding of ways and reasons to improve environment, health and quality of life

Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been able to discover , trial, produce and administer effective vaccines to hundreds of millions of people in a very short time – an immense scientific, medical, financial and business endeavour , in terms of logistics, politics and policies, too. And also substantial evidence of the positive impact that international collaboration and an approach to science and health conceived as global “common goods” can have. This is a path we should keep on following.

Of course, it’s been a difficult, controversial process, rife with contradictions, dark undertones, conflicts involving different political and economic interests. Yet, despite all this, we can now acknowledge – with some satisfaction – a series of accomplishments: in many countries, the infection has been drastically slowed down and the number of deaths has significantly decreased (though not the sorrow felt for the five millions’ deaths worldwide and for the regions where the virus continues to claim victims). Moreover, trials for drugs able to fight the most harmful and painful effects of Coronavirus continue.

Essentially, the health crisis has been adequately tackled. It has highlighted the tragic vulnerabilities of our human and social condition, but now we can hope to have learned how to better cope with the next crisis. A crisis that will come for sure – we might not know when and how it will hit, yet we all feel that this is not an irrational fear.

From this overall picture, an initial basic consideration arises: we were able to make vaccines thanks to key scientific genetic research , which had been pursued for quite some time. In other words, thanks to the existence of a sound, substantial amount of “pure research”, whose results were then swiftly applied to a concrete problem – the pandemic.

The spotlight, then, is back on a particular issue: the need for a major, long-term commitment and investment – mainly from public sources, but also from some private ones – in so-called “pure research”, or, “basic research”. Research that is not focused on specific goals and whose only purpose is to investigate the mysteries surrounding nature and the human mind, the meaning of life and the choices we make, the strategies and languages people adopt to build relationships with each other, the values of our social and civic coexistence. The complexity that is inherent to us all, human beings living on this Earth, in an infinitesimal part of a space that is still largely undiscovered, incomprehensible, untold (astrophysicists, the most emblematic figures of “pure research”, would have a lot to tell us).

These themes were also revived by a recent document “for a Pure Science Project”, published by the Aspen Institute USA and shared for discussion with all the 14 countries where Aspen has a presence (Italy at the forefront), with a dual aim: to explore, more in depth and in a public forum, issues such as the value of science and research and to stimulate political decision-makers in investing more, and better.

The document explains how making progress in pure science is, in itself, a beneficial thing, as it moves us along one of the fundamental paths for civilisation: the one leading towards the full understanding of who we are and of the physical and biological characteristics of the world in which we live. These are strong values, reiterates the Aspen document, that also have an impact on our material progress and quality of life. If we had not discovered thermodynamics, relativity and quantum physics, the theory of evolution and theoretical chemistry – to mention just a few scientific findings – we would lead a much more impoverished and less interesting life.

Unfortunately, Aspen remarks, support for basic scientific research is decreasing everywhere, as also shown by the latest UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 ( https://en.unesco.org/unescosciencereport ).

This, then, is the reason why such a debate needs to be rekindled. We need to apportion a larger part of funding to basic research and measure its outcome according to criteria that go well beyond the mere achievement of immediate results. This is the responsibility of major international bodies and governments or, at least, of those where liberal democracy thrives (the Aspen document also reminds us of the link between freedom of research and democratic liberties). But it’s also a matter for the most forward-looking and sensible public opinions, those aware of the links between knowledge, environmental and social sustainability (i.e. the fight against inequalities), innovation, quality of life (good health is an essential part of it) – those who have trust and confidence in our younger generations’ future.

It’s also an essential task from an economic standpoint, whereby we need to “go beyond the GDP” – which only quantifies produced wealth – in order to investigate the environmental and social dimensions of phenomena, the cost caused by environmental damage and the depletion of resources, but also widening disparities (the age gap, the gender gap, social and geographic gaps) and the crisis affecting opportunities for improvement. What we need, then, is to define and implement a “Better Life Index”, in order to evaluate the increase in well-being. And to focus on the assumptions surrounding a “circular” and “civic” economy, in order to improve people’s lives and prospects, not just on increasing productivity and competitiveness. We need, therefore, to undertake “pure research” on the key aspects of our fragile human condition (on this, Misurare ciò che conta ( Measuring what counts ) by Joseph E. Stiglitz, Jean-Paul Fitoussi and Martine Durand, recently published by Einaudi, makes for a very useful read).

Applied research on individual issues will then follow naturally, as part of the collaboration between public powers and legitimate private interests, public funds and fiscal stimuli, and corporate investments.

The EU Recovery Fund, based on a green and digital economy and aimed at opening up opportunities for the “Next Generation” – as well as at redefining the EU budget for the coming years – needs to move in this direction showing a clearer insight and with greater resources at its disposal.

The issues concerning pure research raised in the Aspen document also pertain to the worlds of education and culture, to reiterate some points we’ve already mentioned several times in this blog: the need for a “polytechnic culture” where humanities interbreed with sciences; different disciplines intersect; engineers and philosophers, medical practitioners and persons of letters, physicists and experts in neuroscience, chemists and sociologists, technicians and psychologists, legal experts and economists end up studying, researching, working and producing together.

In this period, defined by the knowledge economy and the evolution of artificial intelligence, this is what a balanced field of development should look like. And without a focus on basic research, with all that it entails, we won’t be able to make some major headway towards a better, more fulfilling and balanced life.

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Frequently asked questions

What is a research project.

A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question . Research projects can take many forms, such as qualitative or quantitative , descriptive , longitudinal , experimental , or correlational . What kind of research approach you choose will depend on your topic.

Frequently asked questions: Writing a research paper

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

• Researchability
• Feasibility and specificity
• Relevance and originality

Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them.

In general, they should be:

• Focused and researchable
• Answerable using credible sources
• Complex and arguable
• Feasible and specific
• Relevant and original

All research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

Your research objectives indicate how you’ll try to address your research problem and should be specific:

Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.

They summarize the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in Chicago style are to:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Use 1 inch margins or larger
• Apply double line spacing
• Indent every new paragraph ½ inch
• Include a title page
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center
• Cite your sources with author-date citations or Chicago footnotes
• Include a bibliography or reference list

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style are as follows:

• Use an easily readable font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Set 1 inch page margins
• Include a four-line MLA heading on the first page
• Center the paper’s title
• Use title case capitalization for headings
• Cite your sources with MLA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a Works Cited page at the end

To format a paper in APA Style , follow these guidelines:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman or 11 pt Arial
• If submitting for publication, insert a running head on every page
• Apply APA heading styles
• Cite your sources with APA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a reference page at the end

No, it’s not appropriate to present new arguments or evidence in the conclusion . While you might be tempted to save a striking argument for last, research papers follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the results and discussion sections if you are following a scientific structure). The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

The conclusion of a research paper has several key elements you should make sure to include:

• A restatement of the research problem
• A summary of your key arguments and/or findings
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

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The Practical Uses of Pure Research

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Science, Technology, and Public Policy

The Practical Uses of Pure Research Writing about government, supported science in 1957, A.H. Dupree, the historian, said:

“The mighty edifice of Government science dominated the scene in the middle of the 20th century as a Gothic cathedral dominated a 13th century landscape. The work of many hands over many years, it universally inspired admiration, wonder and fear.”

These words describe the situation that still existed near the end of the sixties, and indeed Dupree’s edifice has grown more than fivefold since he first wrote. However, many cracks are appearing in this edifice, and there are signs that those of fear are displacing the emotions of admiration and wonder.

This edifice has been abuilding over three centuries. It is the product of a conscious and extraordinary prescient revolution begun by Francis Bacon and carried on by the Royal Society in the 17th century.

Value of Works

The revolution resulted from the union of intellectual and utilitarian skills, from the realization of the cumulative character of scientific knowledge, but above all from putting “experiments of light” ahead of “experiments of fruit.” Although Bacon believed that his new method of discovering knowledge would revolutionize the material condition of mankind, he insisted that “works themselves are of greater value as pledges of truth than as contributing to the comforts of life.”

Yet, although society adopted Bacon’s revolution, it has never quite believed in it. It has always hoped to get the fruits with the light. During the period after World War II science and Government reached a specially effective accommodation. The experience of the war had demonstrated that even the most abstract and esoteric science could have major practical consequences.

Government began to support science generously and in terms of its fruits-principally defense and health and to a lesser degree, agriculture and economic growth. However, within these broad categories of social purpose scientists were left fairly free to pursue knowledge according to their own conceptions and priorities

In the late 1960’s, however, the 20 year-long national consensus that encouraged the autonomous pursuit of science had started to erode, and the scientific, community enters the 1970’s with grave apprehensions for the future of a society that appears to be turning its back on one of the failures of science.

Science, or rather science and engineering together, have been spectacularly successful in achieving most of the goals for which the American people supported them so generously. It is the goals themselves that have turned to dust in men’s mouths and generated a reaction against science.

Man walked on the moon before the deadline set by President Kennedy, but this achievement was seen by many Americans as nothing, but an arrogant piece of conspicuous consumption. We attained military strength unsurpassed in the history of the world, but found that national security eluded us, indeed declined with the appearance of every new weapons system.  

Science produced impressive achievement in the control and cure of disease. But the relative quality and the medical care available to much of the population declined. Science produced a revolution in agriculture that enabled 5 per cent of the population to feed the rest while retiring land from production and feeding starving millions in other countries.

Yet in the midst of this plenty, Americans were shocked of hunger and malnutrition in their own population, and of the population of the environment by pesticides, fertilizers, and agricultural waste.

Science produced dramatic changes in communications, entertainment, transportation, and information processing, but instead of bringing about one world, this revolution seemed only to increase the complexity and impersonality of life, threatening privacy, glorifying violence, and bringing all the pain and suffering and injustice of the world into the living room.

The benefits of technology were rapidly taken for granted and lost to sight while the bad side effects of technology captured the headlines.

The support of science for its fruits tended to confuse science with technology in the public mind with the result that the bad effects of the application of technology were attributed to science. The antiscience, antirationalist views held by a literacy elite have been popularized by the mass media, and have had great appeal to an educated younger generation.

Other Weaknesses

Support of science primarily for its fruits has disclosed other weaknesses. As society changes its priorities with increasing rapidity, the basic sciences that received their support because of supposed fruits suffer, while others benefit faster than they can produce results.

Thus, the physical sciences, whose support was heavily tied to national security expenditures, are especially vulnerable at the present time, while the social sciences and ecology are the object of expectations of immediate answers to pressing social problems, expectations that they are scarcely ready to fulfill.

Science and technology are becoming increasingly tied down to currently perceived social and political priorities with less opportunity to advance their own conceptual structure. The system of support for science thus loses the opportunity for science itself to generate the options for new priorities in the future. Many of the complaints against science are really complaints against obsolete political priorities and institutions and the failure of science to break outside the bounds, of the society that provides its resources.

Furthermore, the public has failed to appreciate that science is successful not only when it generates opportunities for successful new technology, but also when it provides a sounder basis for choice among alternative technologies, including the knowledge and arguments needed not to choose certain options.

A system of support of science less tied to its immediate possible fruits could release science to provide greater guidance for future social priorities and long-range planning. The results of fundamental science are most important for the social problems and technological choices with which we will be faced 20 years from now.

Military Argument

The military use to justify the support of science on the ground that it helped them to avoid “technological surprise,” unexpected technical development in the hands of a potential enemy. Today the main dangers of a technological surprise lie in the physical environment or in unanticipated social impact.

The arguments for greater fundamental understanding to avoid this sort of surprise are even more compelling than in the case of the military, and yet they are little appreciated by the public or politicians. Furthermore, just because we are dealing with the element of “surprise” we cannot afford to be too selective in our exploration into the future. The problems that we can foresee today and toward which we might be tempted to direct our science too exclusively may not be most important a decade or so hence.

If science is to continue to contribute to society in the 1970’s, it will have to find new ways of shielding itself partially from these political breezes, so that it can concentrate on long-term problems – both those of society and those internal to the structure of science itself.

This undoubtedly means a trend toward more direct support of institutions as such and also a trend toward greater concentration of support for both basic science and for both basic science and  for academic science generally in a single federal agency charged with looking at the health of science in its entirety, including the health of scientific institutions and advanced education.

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basic research

Learn about this topic in these articles:, research and development.

Basic research is defined as the work of scientists and others who pursue their investigations without conscious goals, other than the desire to unravel the secrets of nature. In modern programs of industrial research and development, basic research (sometimes called pure research) is usually not…

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What Is the Difference Between Applied and Pure Science?

People working in the sciences often need to discuss both applied science and pure science. Here we discuss the differences between these two types of science, and how they can often be used in combination to make a convincing argument.

Major differences

Pure science—which is also called fundamental science—seeks to understand how the universe works. It is the result of basic research that generates new scientific information by exploring the unknown. A classic example of pure science research is understanding what causes cells to divide, which has been studied since the late 1800s.

Applied science uses existing scientific information to develop practical solutions for real-world problems. A modern example of applied science research is developing drugs to prevent cell division in specific cell types—such as breast cancer cells. Medical doctors also use applied science to determine the best course of treatment for individual patients.

Because pure science explores the unknown, the specific challenges of completing a research project are often unknown, and the results are unknown before the project is complete. Because of these uncertainties, pure science research often takes significant time to complete, and requires substantial troubleshooting. In the classic example of understanding what causes cells to divide, this involved developing reliable techniques to grow different types of cells in a Petri dish, and solving many other basic problems. This preliminary work is unprofitable, so pure science research is primarily funded by government agencies such as the US National Science Foundation and the European Research Council . Universities provide additional support for researchers, as do some charitable organizations.

In contrast, applied science research is primarily funded by companies hoping to make a profit. These companies typically take published results from pure science research, and try to develop a product or service that customers will want to purchase. For example, the biotechnology company Genentech developed the drug Herceptin based on the discovery of the HER2 protein. In some breast cancer patients, excessive copies of the HER2 protein sit on the surface of tumor cells and promote uncontrolled cell division. The drug Herceptin is an antibody that binds to the HER2 protein and helps inhibit cancer progression. Herceptin was approved for clinical use in 2015, and has since improved the breast cancer survival rate for nearly 3 million women.

Bringing any drug to market involves a massive financial investment. Beyond the lengthy process of developing a potentially effective drug, and producing it reliably, safely, and in large quantities, companies need to coordinate and pay for clinical trials involving thousands of patients. These trials need to show that the drug is safe, and that it is effective as intended. For potential cancer treatments, this often involves showing that a drug improves survival when combined with other treatments, or that it improves survival for patients with no other options. Small differences in study design—such as enrolling patients who may not benefit or only enrolling a small number of patients who meet very stringent requirements—can lead to no statistical significance and no approval to sell the drug.

The shrinking gap

Our collective understanding of the natural world—and our ability to manipulate it—has rapidly expanded over the past few decades. As a result, the gap between pure science and applied science has shrunk. For example, Darwin's work on evolution was published in 1859 and Mendel's work on genetics was published in 1866 . It wasn't until 1973—more than a century later—that scientists were able to add DNA to a living creature to change its characteristics , producing bacteria that were resistant to a specific antibiotic.

These and many other discoveries contributed to the relatively rapid development of the breast cancer drug Herceptin. According to UCLA Health , Herceptin was the result of work done from 1998 through 2015 by researchers at the UCLA School of Medicine, the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, and the biotechnology company Genentech. Many other targeted therapies—which precisely identify and attack diseased cells based on their chemical characteristics—are being developed. This work is based on decades of pure science research, and is made possible by technological advances achieved through applied science research.

Nowadays, it's quite common for academic researchers to partner with corporations so that the benefits of their research can be brought to market, for some combination of the public good and profit.

Using pure science and applied science to support an argument

The current abundance of fundamental knowledge and useful techniques means that researchers need to meet high standards before their projects receive financial support, or are accepted for publication in high quality journals. Before potentially investing millions of dollars in an applied science project, corporate investors what to know that it has a solid basis in pure science, and that it has a high probability of success or a high potential payout that justifies the risk.

This abundance of knowledge and technology— along with increased pressure to publish —has also made many non-profit organizations more hesitant to fund high-risk projects in the pure sciences. This is despite the fact that exploring the truly unknown is inherently high risk. For example, the US National Institutes of Health funds research on many well-defined cancers, but can be reluctant to fund research on poorly understood diseases like fibromyalgia (characterized by widespread muscle pain and tenderness). Likewise, space missions to Mars receive a lot of attention because it is easy to imagine what might be learned, while missions to the surface of Venus or the bottom of Earth's oceans receive less support because it is harder to imagine what we don't understand. However, a mission to the surface of Venus or the bottom of the ocean may reveal something that is truly unknown—such as bizarre life forms that can survive in extreme conditions—and thus open up entirely new fields of study.

Therefore, researchers who are truly exploring the unknown must be especially persuasive. This can often be achieved by showing that a project will start with well-established technologies and an understanding of some related phenomenon, then sharing plausible ideas for the wondrous things that might be discovered and how they could fundamentally change our collective understanding of the world. It also helps to have experience or collaborators that will aid in making the adjustments that will likely be necessary for success.

Let's explore some examples of how pure science and applied science can be used in combination to make a convincing argument.

• Physician explaining the need for a specific treatment : "The pancreatic cancer cells from the patient tested as HER2 positive, and share many other genetic characteristics with HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Therefore, Herceptin is being prescribed as an adjuvant treatment, in addition to surgery and chemotherapy."
• Engineer proposing a 3D printer for houses : In impoverished communities around the world, there is an urgent need for sturdy, affordable housing. Using existing technologies, we can design a 3D printer that constructs high-quality homes with mortar produced from local materials. Such a 3D printer could be small enough to transport by truck, and could print a home of perhaps 500 square feet in about 24 hours, at a cost of perhaps $5,000.
• Scientist justifying research on naked mole rats in 1990 : Naked mole rats are extremely odd mammals. These mouse-sized rodents are nearly hairless, nearly blind, and live in underground colonies of about 100 individuals. A recent DNA "fingerprinting" study revealed high levels of inbreeding in wild colonies. These data are consistent with a eusocial colony structure, in which one female (the "queen") breeds with a small number of males. To better understand these animals—and the behavioral and genetic adaptations that allow them to live and reproduce under such unusual conditions—our research group will develop methods to maintain reproductively active colonies in captivity. We expect to adopt many of the techniques used to successfully maintain colonies of meerkats, moles, beavers, and other mammals that spend significant time underground. Simple techniques such as tagging will allow for detailed behavioral studies, and simple DNA tests can reveal which individuals have reproduced and which genetic traits have survived natural selection under such extreme conditions.
• Scientist justifying research on naked mole rats in 2021 : Naked mole rats have the longest lifespan of any mammal of its size, typically living for 10-30 years. In addition, naked mole rats are almost completely resistant to cancer, and their risk of death does not increase with age—meaning that they don't age in the traditional way. To better understand these exceptional characteristics, our research group will inactivate specific genes in pluripotent stem cells from naked mole rats, to identify genes that contribute to their increased longevity. These findings may eventually contribute to improvements in human health.

With the shrinking gap between applied science and pure science, this is truly an amazing time to be involved in the sciences. As you can see from the examples above, it is often useful to discuss both applied science and pure science in order to make a convincing argument.

Is There Such a Thing as “Basic” Research Anymore?

What is Basic Research?

In simple words, basic research (also known as pure research or fundamental research) is conducted with the sole objective of contributing to existing knowledge by gathering information.

Critics, however, argue that such research panders to general curiosity without demanding practical outcomes that generate a return on the research dollars invested. Broad questions about “life, the universe, and everything,” they say, may contribute data, but without clear research criteria, that data becomes foundational at best.

Basic science helps researchers decipher the fundamental theories behind their subject area. This form of research creates a better way to predict, define, comprehend, and evolve theories.

What is Applied Research?

Applied research seeks to answer specific as opposed to general questions, and does so with the intent of delivering practical applications that can improve human well being. Hopefully, those practical applications will be commercial in nature and generate enough sales revenue to deliver a strong return on investment (ROI).

As an example, a neurologist studying the brain to contribute to a broader knowledge of how the brain functions, would be conducting basic or pure research. That broader knowledge data gets added to the existing data already gathered about the brain but does not deliver an immediate application.

By contrast, a neurologist studying the impact of Parkinson’s disease on the brain in the hope of identifying new deep brain stimulation (DBS) technologies is conducting applied research.

Key Differences Between Basic Research and Applied Research

The Financial Realities of Research

Whether you prefer the analogy of a pie, a bucket, or a checkbook, research funding is inevitably limited. As a result, researchers must compete for that funding by justifying why project A should be funded as a priority over projects B or C.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimates that around 70% of research funding comes from private sources (companies, non-profit foundations, philanthropists, etc.), 20% from universities, and 10% from national governments. That places considerable pressure on researchers to deliver the results that their paymasters are looking for when they write the check for project A instead of project B.

If the practical reality of research funding has truly become “no money without a clear ROI,” is there a future for basic research ?

Research Needs a Solid Foundation

The division between basic and applied research is not as clear as we would perhaps like it to be. Applied research may deliver practical applications, but it is only able to do so by calling on the foundational data contributed by broader basic research studies. In addition, if all research data contributes to the broader body of knowledge, it may be argued that applied research feeds into basic research, and vice versa.

In the long run, if those broader basic research studies are underfunded as a lower priority to high-profile applied research projects, the quality of foundational data will inevitably suffer. Slicing up the same foundational data into smaller projects in the pursuit of practical applications without refreshing the data with new basic research projects can only lead to homogeneity.

Making a long-term commitment to quality foundational data can be challenging when corporate paymasters want a faster ROI, but without it, basic research projects are in danger of being relegated to token projects for the institutions that have enough funding to support them.

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Applied Research: Definition, Types & Examples

Every research project begins with a clear definition of the investigation’s purpose, which helps to identify the research procedure or approach used. In this sense, a researcher can conduct either basic or applied research.

This research focuses on answering specific questions to solve a specific problem. It tries to identify a solution to a cultural or organizational problem and is often a follow-up research plan for basic or pure research.

In this blog, we will explain the types of applied research and give some examples. But before that, we will go through what it is.

What is applied research?

Applied research is a non-systematic way of finding solutions to specific research problems or issues. These problems or issues can be on an individual, group, or societal level. It is called “non-systematic” because it goes straight to finding solutions.

It is often called a “scientific process” because it uses the available scientific tools and puts them to use to find answers.

Like in regular research, the researcher identifies the problem, makes a hypothesis, and then experiments to test it. It goes deeper into the findings of true or basic research.

LEARN ABOUT:   Research Process Steps

Types of applied research

This research has three types: 

• Evaluation research, 
• Research and Development, and 
• Action research. 

The short versions of each type are explained below:

• Evaluation research

Evaluation research is one type of applied research. It looks at the information on a research subject. This kind of research leads to objective research or helps people make better decisions sooner. Most of the time, evaluation research is used in business settings. 

The organization uses this research to figure out how the overhead costs can be cut down or cut down a lot.

• Research and development

Research and Development is the second type of applied research. Its main goal is to create or design new products, goods, or services that meet the needs of certain markets in society. It finds out what the needs of the market are. It focuses on finding new ways to improve products that already meet an organization’s needs.

• Action research

Action research is the third type of applied research. Action research is a way to learn about things that happen in everyday life and nature. Its goal is to find real-world solutions to business problems by pointing the business in the right direction.

LEARN ABOUT: Action Research

Examples of applied research

Applied study is used in many areas of study and research, from the sciences to the social sciences. We also talk about how it’s used in those fields and give some examples:

• Applied study in business

Applied study in business sectors is fully dependent on their products and services. It helps organizations understand market needs and trends, and then shape their products to fit customers.

Businesses benefit from This research because it allows them to detect gaps in their findings and obtain primary information on target market preferences.

• It can improve hiring.
• It improves work and policy.
• It identifies workplace skill gaps.
• Applied study in education

The applied study is used in the education field to test different ways of teaching and to find better ways of teaching and learning. Before implementing new education policies, they are tested to see how well they work, how they affect teaching, and how the classroom works.

Applied education research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from first-hand sources. This information is then looked at and interpreted differently to generate valuable results or conclusions.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Interview

Most applied research in this field is done to develop and test different ways of doing things by trying them out in different situations. It is based on accurate observations and descriptions of the real world.

• Applied study to understand the reach of online learning initiatives.
• Applied study to promote teacher-student classroom engagement.
• Applied study on the new math program.
• Applied study in science

As already said, applied study is often called a scientific process because it uses the available scientific tools to find answers. It can be used in physics, microbiology, thermodynamics, and other fields.

• The applied study is put into practice to cure a disease.
• The applied study is put into practice to improve agricultural practices.
• The applied study is applied to testing new laboratory equipment.
• Applied study in psychology

Researchers use this research in psychology to figure out how people act at work, how HR works, and how the organization is growing and changing so they can come up with solutions.

It is used a lot in areas where researchers try to figure out how people think and then come up with solutions that fit their behavior best.

• Applied study to figure out new ways to deal with depression.
• Applied study to improve students’ grades by emphasizing practical Education.
• Applied study to create a plan to keep employees coming to work regularly.
• Applied study in health

This research is used to examine new drugs in the medical industry. It combines scientific knowledge and procedures with health experiences to produce evidence-based results.

• Applied study in heart surgery.
• Applied study to determine a drug’s efficacy.
• Applied study on a medicine’s adverse effects.

LEARN ABOUT: Theoretical Research

Applied research is an important way to research because it helps organizations find real-world solutions to specific problems while also increasing their output and productivity. In contrast to basic research, which focuses on making theories that explain things, applied research focuses on describing evidence to find solutions.

In the applied study, the researcher uses qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data, such as questionnaires, interviews, and observation methods. Conducting interviews is one of the examples of qualitative data in education . It helps the researcher collect real-world evidence, which is then tested depending on the type of applied research and the main focus.

At QuestionPro, we give researchers access to a library of long-term research insights and tools for collecting data, like our survey software. Go to InsightHub if you want to see a demo or learn more about it.

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