meaning of speech apparatus

Unless there is a special problem, speaking our mother tongue is something we do so effortlessly and unconsciously that we are unaware not only of the extremely complex cognitive processes that underlie the act of speaking, but also of the incredibly precise mechanics involved in articulating our words correctly.

The human vocal apparatus is like two kinds of musical instruments at once: a wind instrument and a string instrument. This apparatus includes a source of wind (the lungs), components that vibrate (the vocal cords in the larynx), and a series of resonant chambers (the pharynx, the mouth, and the nasal cavities). Here is how all these components work together when you speak.

The vocal cords are attached horizontally from the thyroid cartilage (the “Adam’s apple” in men) at the front to the arytenoid cartilages at the rear. By moving these cartilages as you speak, you alter the length and position of your vocal cords. When you start to say something, the arytenoid cartilages press the vocal cords against each other, thus closing the opening between them (known as the glottis).

Under the pressure of the air being exhaled, the vocal cords separate, then close again immediately, causing the air pressure beneath the glottis to increase again. By opening and closing the glottis rapidly during phonation, the vocal cords thus release the air from the lungs in a vibrating stream. When you speak a sentence, you modify the vibration frequency of your vocal cords many times to produce the acoustic vibrations (sounds) that are the raw materials for the words themselves.

For these sounds to be transformed into words, they must then be shaped by the rest of the vocal apparatus. The first step in this process occurs in the pharyngeal cavity, where the respiratory and digestive systems meet. The pharynx and the other cavities with which it communicates (the nasal cavities, mouth, and larynx) act as a “ resonator ” that alters the sounds issuing from your vocal cords, amplifying some frequencies while attenuating others.

The transformation of the sounds from the larynx is then completed by the position of the soft palate, tongue, teeth, lips, and other parts of the mouth, which act as “ modulators ” for this sound. While the larynx produces the vibrations without which you would have no voice, it is these other parts of your vocal apparatus that make your voice so flexible and versatile. They do so in different ways. Your he soft palate either blocks the passage to the upper nasal cavities or leaves it open so that the vibrating airstream can enter them. Your jaws open or close to change the size of the oral cavity. Your tongue changes shape and position to alter this cavity further. Your tongue and the lips obstruct the airflow through the teeth to varying extents. The lips also alter their shape—open, closed, pursed, stretched, and so on—to shape the sound further.

To produce the vowel sound “ee” (as in “teen”), for example, you must move your tongue toward the front of your palate, which widens the pharyngeal cavity while raising the larynx slightly. To produce the sound “ah” (as in “far”), you must lower your jaw and your tongue. To pronounce consonants, you must make various movements of the tongue and lips. For example, to pronounce an “F”or an “S”, you move your tongue and lips so as to slow the outgoing airstream. To pronounce a “B”, “P”, or “T”, you stop the airstream and then release it, with varying degrees of sharpness. To produce a “V” or a “J”, you make the airstream vibrate, and so on.

Is the human vocal apparatus essential for speech?

Scientists long believed that the main reason that other primates had never succeeded in mastering human language despite all the efforts that had been made to teach them (follow the blue Experiment Module link below) was that the particular anatomy of their vocal apparatus prevented them from doing so. In apes, as in human infants, the larynx is positioned very high in the neck, which would prevent it from producing all the sounds of human language. But this position does have certain advantages: for example, both apes and babies can breathe through their noses while continuing to eat.

In contrast, in adult humans, the low position of the larynx means that the pathways to the stomach and the lungs intersect, thus increasing the risks of choking. It therefore seems that the advantage that this descended larynx provides is a vocal communication system that makes this risk of choking worthwhile.

Modelling and simulation studies have shown, however, that the limited phonatory capabilities of the high-positioned larynx in primates and babies represent only a relatively minor handicap in terms of language. For that matter, the high position of the larynx in human babies does not prevent them from imitating the adult vowel sounds “ee”, “ah”, and “oo” from as early as 4 months of age, and from producing their first words 8 months later, when the larynx is still very high and the pharyngeal cavity is still very small. The reason that apes and younger babies cannot speak would therefore seem to be not that their larynx is too high, but rather that they lack the cognitive abilities needed to master language.

The descent of the larynx in the course of evolution

In Australopithecus , the larynx had not yet descended, so individuals transmitted information by means of cries and gestures. As early humans gradually adopted an erect posture, it gradually brought the position of their head back and up so that it tipped back at the base of the skull, thus causing the neck to emerge and the larynx to descend.

Since the base of the skull constitutes the roof of the vocal apparatus, the fossil record gives us some idea of when in evolutionary time the larynx descended. Indications of this descent have been found in skulls of Homo ergaster , from nearly 2 million years ago. A skull of Homo heidelbergensis found in Ethiopia shows that the larynx had almost reached its current position 600 000 years ago. These findings lead to the conclusion that a vocal apparatus capable of articulate language probably existed nearly half a million years before people began to speak.

It therefore seems unlikely that the human vocal apparatus was selected “for” language. It may have conferred some advantages in pre-linguistic communication, but was this a sufficient selective pressure? Some authors believe that this low position of the larynx may have afforded certain benefits with regard to breathing. Other authors point out that other animal species besides humans (deer, for example), also have low larynxes. These authors therefore believe that this anatomical characteristic may have evolved because it lets animals make sounds that lead others to believe that they are larger than they really are.

It would therefore not be surprising if the human vocal apparatus turned out to be an exaptation: in other words, an adaptation to pressures selecting for purposes other than speech, but whose result—a descended larynx—nevertheless facilitated the articulation of words.

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Vocal apparatus: what it is, parts, function and characteristics

We explain what the speech apparatus is, the organs that make it up and their functions. Also, what are its characteristics and voice types.

What is the speaking apparatus?

The vocal apparatus or vocal apparatus is known as the set of organs of the human body (and other higher animals) that allow the emission of articulated sound . Furthermore, in the exclusive case of human beings, it allows the physical composition of speech.

The organs that intervene in the speech apparatus, with the exception of the vocal cords, They originally serve other functions as part of the respiratory or digestive system. Evolutionarily, they adapted to making sounds later, as other social activities, such as communication, became necessary.

Without the speech device we could not generate articulated sounds . Therefore, much of human communication as we understand it would be impossible.

Organs that make up the speech apparatus

The speech apparatus is made up of organs and ducts belonging to two systems:

In addition, it uses specific organs of phonation such as the vocal cords.

Parts that make up the speech apparatus

The human speech apparatus is divided into two parts or subsystems:

• Phonation system. Responsible for generating the jet of air loaded with sound waves, which extends from the lungs to the vocal cords.
• Articulation system. The person in charge of modulating sounds: cutting them out, modifying them, using the contents of the mouth and lips.

Illustration of the vocal apparatus

How does the vocal apparatus work.

The speech apparatus operates based on different stages:

• First, the lungs fill with air and, under the pressure of the diaphragm, empty by pushing a stream of air out of the body through the trachea. The air thus propelled meets the vocal cords, which vibrate and fill the air with sound waves.
• The voiced air reaches the larynx and pharynx, and instead of being exhaled through the nose, it is directed towards the mouth, where it will be modulated.
• The jet of sonorized air floods the mouth, and is released to the outside after the organs of the mouth have been placed in the desired position to generate one or several specific sounds, either by opening or closing the oral cavity, positioning the tongue in the path of the air or making it bounce off different parts of the palate.

Function of the vocal apparatus

The elementary function of the vocal apparatus is to produce sounds which can also be articulated and transformed into a spoken chain, that is, into words, screams, shouts, etc.

Evolution of the speaking apparatus

The ability to generate sounds such as roaring or barking belongs to all mammals equally . However, the ability to articulate these sounds and make them a language is exclusive to human beings.

This differentiation was due to the gradual change of various organs. For example, The lower larynx allows for a greater resonance space in the mouth and thus it is possible to produce greater sound complexity.

On the other hand, there was also an evolution at the level of the nervous system. Our brain is not only capable of recognizing and learning languages but also manages the speaking organs to produce the desired sounds.

Displacement of the larynx occurs in humans after breastfeeding ends, unlike in other primate species. Therefore, we are unable to drink and breathe at the same time because we run the risk of drowning.

However, it is known that already extinct species of the human genus, such as the Homo neanderthalensis or the Homo rudolfensis lacking this lower larynx, were unable to pronounce certain vowels (such as to the Yo wave or ).

Types of sounds

Verbal language is composed of two types of sounds produced by the vocal apparatus, whose fundamental difference is that In one case the vocal cords vibrate (voiced sounds) and in the others they do not (unvoiced sounds) . Thus, for example, the sound of the vowels is sonorous ( to , and , Yo , either , or ), while that of some consonants is voiceless ( k , s , r , F ).

Types of voice

There are several types of voice, congenitally determined since the configuration of the vocal cords is as personal as the fingerprint of our fingers. There are therefore six types of voice, three feminine and three masculine:

• Soprano. The highest voices in the human range, which on a piano would be between C4 and C6. They are divided into light sopranos, lyric sopranos and dramatic sopranos.
• Mezzo-soprano. They have deeper voices than sopranos, but less so than contraltos. They are divided into light and dramatic, being very similar to dramatic sopranos but in lower registers.
• Contralto. Rare female voices, which lean towards the lower end of the spectrum, without being male voices.
• Tenor. The highest in the male spectrum, but in a rather short range (on a piano, from C3 to C4). Like sopranos, they are divided into light, lyrical and dramatic.
• Baritone. The most common of male voices, which may not be very agile but are powerful, within their intermediate range.
• Low. The lowest voices in the human register, the darkest and deepest, similar to the low notes of a cello.

Why is the vocal apparatus important?

The speaking apparatus It is essential for the emission of articulate sounds and therefore for verbal language. This is one of the basic capacities of our species that distinguishes us from animals.

However, animals also have a vocal apparatus. For example, a dog is capable of barking, and even barking in different ways depending on the occasion. That is to say, For animals it is also essential for communication. even if it is in a rudimentary way.

What distinguishes us from them is the ability to acquire a language and train our own body to reproduce a series of certain sounds . To do this we have not only a particular complexity of our speech apparatus but also a brain capable of understanding and creating signs.

Diseases that affect it

Diseases of the speaking system can have different causes:

• External agents. They can cause infections in the respiratory tract (laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia), generating swelling and affecting the quality of the voice.
• Misuse or excessive use of the voice. Its consequence may be dysphonia or hoarseness.

In some cases of accidents, brutal infections or surgical interventions, the voice may be permanently affected . Permanent damage can even be done to the vocal cords, producing partial or total mutism.

References:

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Physiological and physical basis of speech

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In societies in which literacy is all but universal and language teaching at school begins with reading and writing in the native tongue, one is apt to think of language as a writing system that may be pronounced. In point of fact, language generally begins as a system of spoken communication that may be represented in various ways in writing.

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The human being has almost certainly been in some sense a speaking animal from early in the emergence of Homo sapiens as a recognizably distinct species. The earliest known systems of writing go back perhaps 4,000 to 5,000 years. This means that for many years (perhaps hundreds of thousands) human languages were transmitted from generation to generation and were developed entirely as spoken means of communication. Moreover, in the world as it is today, literacy is still the privilege of a minority in some language communities . Even when literacy is widespread, some languages remain unwritten if they are not economically or culturally important enough to justify creating an alphabet for them and teaching them. Then literacy is acquired in a second language learned at school. Such is the case with many speakers of South American Indian languages , who become literate in Spanish or Portuguese. A similar situation prevails in some parts of Africa, where reading and writing are taught in languages spoken over relatively wide areas. In all communities, speaking (or signing) is learned by children before writing, and, typically, people act as speakers and hearers much more than as writers and readers. The lexical content of languages varies according to the culture and the needs of their speakers, and all languages are complexly structured, rich in vocabulary , and efficient as a tool of communication.

All this means that the structure and composition of language and of all spoken languages have been conditioned by the requirements of speech, not those of writing. Spoken languages are what they are by virtue of their verbal, not their written, manifestations . The study of spoken language must be based on a knowledge of the physiological and physical nature of speaking and hearing.

Speaking is in essence the by-product of a necessary bodily process, the expulsion from the lungs of air charged with carbon dioxide after it has fulfilled its function in respiration. Most of the time one breathes out silently, but it is possible, by adopting various postures and by making various movements within the vocal tract, to interfere with the egressive airstream so as to generate noises of different sorts. This is what speech is made of.

The vocal tract comprises the passage from the trachea (windpipe) to the orifices of the mouth and nose; all the organs used in speaking lie in this passage. Conventionally, these are called the organs of speech, and the use in several languages of the same word for the tongue as a part of the body and for language shows the awareness people have of the role played by this part of the mouth in speaking. But few if any of the major organs of speech are exclusively or even mainly concerned with speaking. The lips, the tongue , and the teeth all have essential functions in the bodily economy, quite apart from talking; to think, for example, of the tongue as an organ of speech in the same way that the stomach is regarded as the organ of digestion is fallacious . Speaking is a function superimposed on these organs, and the material of speech is a waste product, spent air, exploited to produce perhaps the most wonderful by-product ever created.

Relatively few types of speech sounds are produced by other sources of air movement; the clicks in some South African languages are examples, and so is the fringe linguistic sound used in English to express disapproval, conventionally spelled tut . In all spoken languages, however, the great majority of speech sounds have their origin in air expelled through the contraction of the lungs. Air forced through a narrow passage or momentarily blocked and then released creates noise, and characteristic components of speech sounds are types of noise produced by blockage or narrowing of the passage at different places.

If the vocal cords (really more like two curtains) are held taut as the air passes through them, the resultant regular vibrations in the larynx produce what is technically called voice , or voicing. These vibrations can be readily observed by contrasting the sounds of f and v or of s and z as usually pronounced; five and size each begin and end with voiceless and voiced sounds, respectively, which are otherwise formed alike, with the tongue and the lips in the same position . Most consonant sounds and all vowel sounds in English and in the majority of languages are voiced, and voice , in this sense, is the basis of singing and of the rise and fall in speaking that is called intonation , as well as of the tone distinctions in tone languages. The vocal cords may be drawn together more or less tightly, and the vibrations will be correspondingly more or less frequent. A rise in frequency causes a rise in perceived vocal pitch . Speech in which voice is completely excluded is called whispering .

Above the larynx, places of articulation in frequent use are between the back of the tongue and the soft palate , between the blade of the tongue and the ridge just behind the upper front teeth, and between the lips. Stoppage and release (technically, plosion) at these places form the k (often written as c , as in cat ), t , and p sounds in English and, when voicing is also present, the g (as in gift ), d , and b sounds. Obstruction at these and other places sufficient to cause noise gives rise to what are called fricative sounds; in English these include the normal pronunciations of s , z , f , and v and the th sounds in “thin” and “then.” A vowel is characterized as the product of the shape of the entire tract between the lips and larynx, without local obstruction though usually with voicing from the vocal cords. It is contrasted with a consonant, though the exact division between these two categories of speech sound is not always easy to draw. Different shaping of the tract produces the different vowel sounds of languages.

The soft palate may be raised or lowered. It is lowered in breathing and allows air to pass in and out through the nose. In the utterance of most speech sounds it is raised, so that air passing through the mouth alone forms the sound; if it is lowered, air passes additionally or alternatively through the nose, producing nasal sounds. All but a few languages have nasal consonants (the English sounds m , n , and ng as in sing ), and some, such as French, have nasalized vowels as well. A few people regularly allow air to pass through their nasal passages while they speak; such persons are said to “speak through the nose.”

All articulatory movements, including the initial expulsion of air from the lungs, may be made with greater or less vigour, giving rise to louder or softer speech or to greater loudness on one part of what is said.

Every different configuration and movement of the vocal tract creates corresponding differences in the air vibrations that comprise and transmit sound. These vibrations, like those of all noises, extend outward in all directions from the source, gradually decreasing to zero or to below the threshold of audibility. They are called sound waves, and they consist of rapid rises and falls in air pressure. The speed at which pressure rises and falls is the frequency. Speech sounds involve complex waves containing vibrations at a number of different frequencies, the most complex being those produced by the vocal cords in voiced sounds.

The eardrum responds to the different frequencies of speech, provided they retain enough energy, or amplitude (i.e., are still audible). The different speech sounds that make up the utterances of any language are the result of the different impacts on one’s ears made by the different complexes of frequencies in the waves produced by different articulatory processes. As the result of careful and detailed observation of the movements of the vocal organs in speaking, aided by various instruments to supplement the naked eye, a great deal is now known about the processes of articulation. Other instruments have provided much information about the nature of the sound waves produced by articulation. Speech sounds have been described and classified both from an articulatory viewpoint, in terms of how they are produced, and from an acoustic viewpoint, by reference to the resulting sound waves (their frequencies, amplitudes, and so forth). Articulatory descriptions are more readily understood, being couched in terms such as nasal , bilabial lip-rounded , and so on. Acoustic terminology requires a knowledge of the technicalities involved for its comprehension. Both sorts of description and classification are important, and each has its particular value for certain parts of the scientific study of language.

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Human speech apparatus: parts and functions

The human speech apparatus is a complex system of organs and structures that participate in the production of sounds for language and communication. It is made up of different parts that work together to generate voice and speech. Understanding how it works is essential to understanding how we produce speech sounds and how we can take care of our voice.

Parts of the Speaking System

1 . respiratory system.

The respiratory system is a fundamental part of the vocal apparatus, since it provides the air necessary for the production of sounds. It includes the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea) and the pulmonary system, where gas exchange takes place. During the emission of the voice, the lungs supply the air essential for the vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx.

The larynx is a box-shaped structure that is located in the upper part of the trachea. It contains the vocal cords, which are folds of tissue located inside. During the emission of sounds, the vocal folds vibrate as air from the lungs passes, thus generating the basic sound. The larynx also participates in regulating the intensity and tone of the voice.

3. Oral and Nasal Cavity

The oral and nasal cavity play a crucial role in the resonance of vocal sounds. The spaces inside the mouth and nose amplify and modify the quality of the voice produced in the larynx. The tongue, lips and palate are important for articulating speech sounds and shaping words.

4. Supraglottic Articulators

The supraglottic articulators are the structures found above the larynx that are involved in the articulation of speech sounds. They include the tongue, lips, palate, and nasal passages. These articulators are essential for the formation of consonant and vowel sounds by modulating the passage of air through the oral and nasal cavity.

Functions of the Speaking Device

1. sound production.

The main function of the human speech apparatus is the production of sounds for speech and communication. This process begins with the generation of sounds in the larynx by the vibration of the vocal cords. Sounds are then modified and amplified in the oral and nasal cavities, where supraglottic articulators shape vocal resonance to produce distinct words.

2. Articulation of Sounds

In addition to generating sounds, the speech apparatus is also responsible for articulating them precisely to form words and phrases. This task involves coordinating the movements of the tongue, lips, and other articulators to produce appropriate sounds and convey the desired meaning. Articulation is essential for clarity and understanding in verbal communication.

3. Voice Modulation

Another important function of the speech apparatus is voice modulation, which refers to the ability to vary the intensity, tone and intonation of the voice. This process involves adjustments in the tension of the vocal folds, the position of the articulators, and the resonance in the oral and nasal cavities. Vocal modulation is crucial to express emotions, nuances and emphasis in spoken language.

Pathologies of the Speaking System

Throughout life, the speaking system can be affected by various conditions that compromise its normal functioning. Some of the most common pathologies include:

1. Dysphonia

Dysphonia is a disorder characterized by changes in the quality, tone or intensity of the voice. It may manifest as hoarseness, harshness, vocal weakness, or lack of projection. Dysphonia can be caused by injuries to the vocal cords, inflammations, polyps or nodules on the vocal cords, among other conditions.

Aphonia is the total or partial loss of the voice due to the inability to generate vocal sounds. It can be temporary or chronic and be associated with disorders in the larynx, vocal cords or respiratory tract. Aphonia can be caused by vocal overuse, infections, injuries or neurological disorders.

3. Nodules on the Vocal Cords

Nodules on the vocal cords are benign lesions that form due to excessive or incorrect use of the voice. These bumps can cause dysphonia, slurred speech, and vocal fatigue. Treatment may include vocal therapy, vocal rest, medication, or, in severe cases, surgery.

4. Laryngitis

Laryngitis is acute inflammation of the larynx, usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. It causes hoarseness, pain when speaking, dry cough and difficulty breathing. Vocal rest, hydration and medications are usually part of the treatment to relieve symptoms.

Care and Prevention of the Speaking System

To maintain vocal health and prevent possible conditions of the system speaker, it is important to follow some practical recommendations:

1. Hydration

Drinking enough water is essential to keep the vocal cords lubricated and flexible. Proper hydration helps prevent dryness and irritation in the throat, which promotes the production of a clear, resonant voice.

2. Vocal Rest

Avoiding vocal overuse and resting the voice in case of fatigue or irritation is crucial to prevent injuries to the vocal cords. Alternating periods of speaking with moments of silence can help maintain the health of the speech system.

3. Vocal Warm-Up

Performing vocal warm-up exercises before speaking or singing intensely can help prepare the muscles and articulators of the speech system. Gentle stretching, vocalizations and breathing exercises are useful practices to avoid tension and improve vocal quality.

4. Avoid Toxics and Irritants

Tobacco, alcohol, smoke and other irritants can damage the vocal cords and the mucosa of the speaking apparatus. Reducing or eliminating exposure to these substances can help protect long-term vocal health.

5. Consult with a Professional

If you have any symptoms of dysphonia, aphonia or other vocal complications, it is important to go to a specialist in otorhinolaryngology or phoniatrics. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can prevent complications and promote voice recovery.

In conclusion, the human speech apparatus is a complex and delicate system that plays a fundamental role in the production of voice and He speaks. Knowing its parts and functions allows us to understand how vocal sounds are generated and how we can maintain the health of our voice over time. Taking care of and protecting the speaking apparatus is essential for effective communication and a healthy voice.

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Function of Speech Apparatus, its Component Organs, Types of Voice, and Characteristics

We explain what the speech apparatus is, its component organs and their functions. Also, what are its characteristics and types of voice.

What is the speech apparatus?

Organs that make up the speech apparatus.

• Respiratory system . It uses the lungs, bronchi, trachea, and larynx .
• Digestive .  It uses the teeth, lips, tongue, palate, glottis.

In addition, it uses specific organs of phonation such as the vocal cords.

Parts that make up the speech apparatus

The human speech apparatus is divided into two parts or subsystems:

• Phonation system.  The one in charge of generating the jet of air loaded with sound waves, and that covers from the lungs to the vocal cords.
• Articulation system.  The person in charge of modulating the sounds: cutting them off, modifying them, using the content of the mouth and lips.

How does the speech apparatus work?

The speech apparatus operates on the basis of different stages:

• First, the lungs fill with air and, under the pressure of the diaphragm, are emptied by pushing a jet of air out of the body through the windpipe. The air thus propelled meets the vocal cords, which vibrate and fill the air with sound waves.
• The voiced air reaches the larynx and pharynx, and instead of being exhaled through the nose, it is directed towards the mouth, where it will be modulated.
• The jet of voiced air fills the mouth, and is released outwards after the organs of the mouth have been placed in the desired position to generate one or more specific sounds, either by opening or closing the oral cavity, positioning the tongue in the path of the air or by bouncing it off different parts of the palate.

Function of the speech apparatus

The elementary function of the speech apparatus is to  produce sounds  , which can also be articulated and transformed into a spoken chain, that is, into words, screams, screams, etc.

Evolution of the speech apparatus

The ability to generate sounds such as roaring or barking  belongs to all mammals alike  . However, the ability to articulate these sounds and make a language of them is unique to the human being.

This differentiation was thanks to the gradual change of various organs. For example,  the lower larynx allows a greater resonance space in the mouth  and thus it is possible to produce a greater complexity of sound.

On the other hand, there was also an evolution at the level of the nervous system .  Our brain is not only capable of recognizing and learning languages  , but it also manages the speaking organs to produce the desired sounds.

Displacement of the larynx occurs in humans after the end of breastfeeding, unlike other primate species. Therefore,  we are unable to drink and breathe at the same time  , as we run the risk of drowning.

However, it is known that extinct species of the human genus, such as  Homo neanderthalensis  or  Homo rudolfensis  , lacking this lower larynx, were unable to pronounce certain vowels (such as  a  ,  i  or  u  ).

Types of sounds

The verbal language is composed of two types of sounds produced by the vocal apparatus, the fundamental difference is that  in one case the vocal cords vibrate (sound sounds) and others not (sounds deaf)  . Thus, for example, the sound of vowels is voiced (  a  ,  e  ,  i  ,  o  ,  u  ), while that of some consonants is deaf (  k  ,  s  ,  r  ,  f  ).

Voice types

There are several types of voice ,  determined congenitally  , since the configuration of the vocal cords is as personal as the fingerprint of our fingers. Thus, six types of voice are recognized, three feminine and three masculine:

• Soprano.  The highest voices in the human register, which on a piano would go between C4 and C6. They are divided into light sopranos, lyrical sopranos and dramatic sopranos.
• Mezzo-soprano.  Of voices more serious than the sopranos, but less than the contraltos. They are divided into light and dramatic, being very similar to dramatic sopranos but in more serious registers.
• Contralto.  Infrequent female voices, that pull towards the bottom of the spectrum, without becoming male voices.
• Tenor.  The highest of the male spectrum, but in a fairly short range (on a piano, from C3 to C4). Like the sopranos, they are divided into light, lyrical and dramatic.
• Baritone.  The most common of male voices, not being able to be very agile but powerful, within their intermediate range.
• Under.  The lowest voices in the human register, the darkest and deepest, similar to the low notes of a cello.

Why is the speech apparatus important?

The speech apparatus  is essential for the emission of articulated sounds  and therefore for verbal language. This is one of the basic capabilities of our species that distinguishes us from animals.

However, animals also have a speech apparatus. For example, a dog is capable of barking, even barking in different ways depending on the occasion. In other words, it  is also essential for animals to communicate  , albeit in a rudimentary way.

What distinguishes us from them is the ability to acquire a language and  train our own body to reproduce a series of specific sounds  . For this we have not only a particular complexity of our speech apparatus but also a brain capable of understanding and creating signs.

Diseases that affect you

Diseases of the voice apparatus can have different causes:

• External agents.  They can cause respiratory tract infections (laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia) causing swelling and affecting the quality of the voice.
• Misuse or excessive use of the voice.  Its consequence can be hoarseness or hoarseness.

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Definition of apparatus

• accoutrements
• accouterments
• kit [ chiefly British ]
• material(s)
• materiel
• paraphernalia

Examples of apparatus in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'apparatus.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

borrowed from Latin apparātus "act of preparing, display, trappings, equipment," from apparāre "to make ready, make preparations for" (from ad- ad- + parāre "to supply, provide, make ready") + -tus, suffix of verbal nouns — more at pare

circa 1628, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Phrases Containing apparatus

• Golgi apparatus

Dictionary Entries Near apparatus

apparatchik

apparatus criticus

Cite this Entry

“Apparatus.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apparatus. Accessed 9 Sep. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of apparatus, medical definition, medical definition of apparatus, more from merriam-webster on apparatus.

Nglish: Translation of apparatus for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of apparatus for Arabic Speakers

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| | | | | | | My Wordlists Legacy activities       Wordsmyth     Lookup History apparatus, apparatuses tools or equipment made for a particular task. , , , , , , , , , , , Subscribe for ad-free Wordsmyth and more Dictionaries home American English Collocations German-English Grammar home Practical English Usage Learn & Practise Grammar (Beta) Word Lists home My Word Lists Recent additions Resources home Text Checker Definition of apparatus noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary a piece of laboratory apparatus Firefighters needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning house. Science departments say they are lacking basic apparatus. camping equipment a piece of equipment household cleaning materials teaching material Skiing gear can be expensive. a first-aid kit breathing apparatus for firefighters laboratory apparatus electrical/​electronic equipment/​gear/​apparatus sports equipment/​gear/​kit camping equipment/​gear a piece of equipment/​apparatus experimental the apparatus of government the apparatus of the state Want to learn more? Find out which words work together and produce more natural-sounding English with the Oxford Collocations Dictionary app. Try it for free as part of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app. Cambridge Dictionary +Plus Meaning of apparatus in English Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio apparatus noun ( EQUIPMENT ) accoutrements could use something idiom necessaries paraphernalia stock-in-trade tool (something/someone) up apparatus noun ( ORGANIZATION ) advanced capitalism ancien régime anti-apartheid anti-communism democratic centralism democratically democratization democratize kakistocracy kleptocracy kleptocratic majority rule plutocratic police state post-apartheid pre-fascist pure democracy apparatus | American Dictionary Apparatus noun ( system ), examples of apparatus, collocations with apparatus. These are words often used in combination with apparatus . Click on a collocation to see more examples of it. Translations of apparatus Get a quick, free translation! Word of the Day a soft toy bear Like a bull in a china shop: talking about people who are clumsy Learn more with +Plus Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}} Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English English–Dutch Dutch–English English–French French–English English–German German–English English–Indonesian Indonesian–English English–Italian Italian–English English–Japanese Japanese–English English–Norwegian Norwegian–English English–Polish Polish–English English–Portuguese Portuguese–English English–Spanish Spanish–English English–Swedish Swedish–English Dictionary +Plus Word Lists apparatus (EQUIPMENT) apparatus (ORGANIZATION) apparatus (SYSTEM) Collocations Translations All translations To add apparatus to a word list please sign up or log in. Add apparatus to one of your lists below, or create a new one. {{message}} Something went wrong. There was a problem sending your report. Daily Crossword Word Puzzle Word Finder Word of the Day Synonym of the Day Word of the Year Language stories All featured Gender and sexuality All pop culture Writing hub Grammar essentials Commonly confused All writing tips Pop culture Writing tips Advertisement [ ap- uh - rat - uh s , - rey -t uh s ] Our town has excellent fire-fighting apparatus. Synonyms: contrivance , contraption , device , appliance , machine the apparatus of government; espionage apparatus. the digestive apparatus. / ˌæpəˈreɪtəs; ˈæpəˌreɪtəs; -ˈrɑːtəs / a collection of instruments, machines, tools, parts, or other equipment used for a particular purpose breathing apparatus the apparatus of government anatomy any group of organs having a specific function Word History and Origins Origin of apparatus 1 Example Sentences The way academics still publish papers on whether you possess the necessary mental apparatus to function in a civil democracy. After failing to secure the nomination, he eventually suspended his campaign—but he did not suspend his political apparatus. But providing an objective picture is not what the Kremlin and its media apparatus is known for. Safety officials believe it snapped, sending both acrobats and apparatus hurtling 25 to 40 feet to the floor. He also opted to use “his eyes” as his only light measuring apparatus, something Nel quickly dismissed as “subjective.” “The sepoys have come in from Meerut,” he announced with the slow tick of the earliest form of apparatus. While the test is somewhat tedious, all the manipulations are simple and require no apparatus but flasks, test-tubes, and funnels. Hydrogen sulphid is easily prepared in the simple apparatus shown in Fig. 30. The endless miles of railways, the vast apparatus of the factories, the soaring structures of the cities bear easy witness to it. As all parts of this apparatus are of metal changes in humidity or temperature do not affect its regulation. Related Words | | | | | | | My Wordlists Legacy activities       Wordsmyth     Standard   Lookup History apparatus, apparatuses a machine or group of machines designed to accomplish a specific task. , , , , , , , , , , , , any system, such as a political organization, that is designed to accomplish a specific purpose. , , , , , , , , , Subscriber feature Subscribe for ad-free Wordsmyth and more 399 IMAGES An Introduction To How The Human Voice Works Voice In A schematic view of the speech apparatus. The three arrows depict three Schematic view of the human speech 1 Schematic of speech apparatus [13] Human Speech System Human Speech System VIDEO Apparate Meaning Apparatus டான்ஸ் இரட்டை அர்த்த பேச்சு Double meaning speech நம்ம ஊர் கச்சேரி What is the meaning of the word STOVE? Ayyappa thavakola darshanam meaning speech by|| Punith_naicker || @punith_naicker #tatvamasi_punith Parts of Speech COMMENTS Human Speaking Apparatus: What It Is, Parts And Functions The speech apparatus refers to the set of organs in the human body responsible for generating (and amplifying) the sound produced when speaking It is necessary to emphasize that almost none of these structures are designed solely for this task, since they fulfill another essential function for the metabolism and survival of human beings. For ... Speech Speech | Language, Voice Production, Anatomy, & ... 2.1 How Humans Produce Speech 2.1 How Humans Produce Speech - Essentials of Linguistics The 15 parts of the human speech apparatus (characteristics and The human speech apparatus or vocal system is the set of organs and tissues in our body capable of generating and amplifying the sound we produce when we speak.. In other words, it is the set of anatomical structures that allow us to produce sounds and that human beings have a voice. The voice is basically air. 2.2 The Articulatory System 2.2 The Articulatory System - Psychology of Language Speech production Speech production Phonetics Phonetics | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts Tool Module: The Human Vocal Apparatus Tool Module: The Human Vocal Apparatus Vocal apparatus: what it is, parts, function and characteristics The speech apparatus is made up of organs and ducts belonging to two systems: In addition, it uses specific organs of phonation such as the vocal cords. Parts that make up the speech apparatus. The human speech apparatus is divided into two parts or subsystems: Phonation system. Language Language - Speech, Physiology, Phonetics: In societies in which literacy is all but universal and language teaching at school begins with reading and writing in the native tongue, one is apt to think of language as a writing system that may be pronounced. In point of fact, language generally begins as a system of spoken communication that may be represented in various ways in writing. Origin of speech Speech is a fundamental aspect of human communication and plays a vital role in the everyday lives of humans. It allows them to convey thoughts, emotions, and ideas, and providing the ability to connect with others and shape collective reality. ... tongue and other components of the vocal apparatus. The speech organs evolved in the first ... Human speech apparatus: parts and functions Human speech apparatus: parts and functions, The human speech apparatus is a complex system of organs and structures that participate in the production of sounds for language and communication. It is made up of different parts that work together to generate voice and speech. Understanding how it works is essential to understanding how we produce speech sounds and how we can take care of our ... Function of Speech Apparatus, its Component Organs, Types of Voice, and The speech apparatus or vocal apparatus is known as the set of organs of the human body (and of other higher animals ) that allow the emission of articulated sound . In addition, in the exclusive case of the human being, it allows the physical composition of speech . The organs involved in the speech system, with the exception of the vocal ... Apparatus Definition & Meaning The meaning of APPARATUS is a set of materials or equipment designed for a particular use. How to use apparatus in a sentence. a set of materials or equipment designed for a particular use; a group of anatomical or cytological parts functioning together… See the full definition Games & Quizzes ... Articulatory phonetics Articulatory phonetics The Human Speech Apparatus Verbal: Speech sounds are signals associated with ideas. When you produce a bunch of speech sounds put together as words, phrases or sentences, you convey ideas. Non-verbal: Moving your hands. e hand gestures, sign language, etc. Nevertheless, the 'speech production mechanism' is a language universal process. apparatus noun 1 [uncountable] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task a piece of laboratory apparatus Firefighters needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning house. Thesaurus equipment. material; gear; kit; apparatus; These are all words for the things that you need for a particular purpose or activity. equipment the things that are needed for a ... apparatus apparatus | definition for kids APPARATUS Apparatus is the equipment, such as tools and machines, which is used to do a particular job or activity. [...] More . Synonyms of 'apparatus' ... Collocations are words that are often used together and are brilliant at providing natural sounding language for your speech and writing. apparatus noun apparatus noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and ... APPARATUS APPARATUS definition: 1. a set of equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose: 2. an…. Learn more. APPARATUS Definition & Meaning Apparatus definition: a group or combination of instruments, machinery, tools, materials, etc., having a particular function or intended for a specific use. See examples of APPARATUS used in a sentence. Definition of APPARATUS definition 1: a machine or group of machines designed to accomplish a specific task. "The iron lung" was a name given to an apparatus that enables patients to breathe. essay homework paper phd project resume review study thesis