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The top list of academic search engines

1. Google Scholar

4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
• Abstracts: only a snippet of the abstract is available
• Related articles: ✔
• References: ✔
• Cited by: ✔
• Links to full text: ✔
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, RIS, BibTeX

BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
• References: ✘
• Cited by: ✘
• Export formats: RIS, BibTeX

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
• Export formats: BibTeX

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, BibTeX

Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX

RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

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Scopus Search

Scopus quickly delivers the information you're looking for from over 92m records. Updated daily, Scopus features state-of-the-art search tools and filters to empower research efficiency.

Increase research efficiency

Having access to comprehensive content and high-quality data is only effective if you can easily find the information you need. Uncovering trends, discovering sources and potential collaborators, and building deeper insights require effective search tools that can identify the right results.

Identify trends for key topics

Scopus’ literature search is built to distill massive amounts of information down to the most relevant documents and information in less time.

With Scopus you can search and filter results in the following ways:

Document search : Search directly from the homepage and use detailed search options to ensure you find the document(s) you want

Author search : Search for a specific author by name or by Open Research and Contributor Identifier ID (ORCID)

Affiliation search : Identify and assess an affiliation’s scholarly output, collaborating institutions and top authors

Advanced search : Narrow the scope of your search using field codes, proximity operators and/or Boolean operators

Refine results : Scopus makes it easy to refine your results list to specific categories of documents

Language interface : The Scopus interface is available in Chinese and Japanese; content is not localized, but you can switch the interface to one of these language options (and switch back to English, the default language) at the bottom of any Scopus page

Quick reference guide

Learn how to easily start your search from the homepage and use all the features in Scopus with this handy Quick Reference Guide.

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Search Help

Get the most out of Google Scholar with some helpful tips on searches, email alerts, citation export, and more.

Finding recent papers

Your search results are normally sorted by relevance, not by date. To find newer articles, try the following options in the left sidebar:

• click "Since Year" to show only recently published papers, sorted by relevance;
• click "Sort by date" to show just the new additions, sorted by date;
• click the envelope icon to have new results periodically delivered by email.

Locating the full text of an article

Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:

• click a library link, e.g., "FindIt@Harvard", to the right of the search result;
• click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result;
• click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources;
• click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar articles.

If you're affiliated with a university, but don't see links such as "FindIt@Harvard", please check with your local library about the best way to access their online subscriptions. You may need to do search from a computer on campus, or to configure your browser to use a library proxy.

Getting better answers

If you're new to the subject, it may be helpful to pick up the terminology from secondary sources. E.g., a Wikipedia article for "overweight" might suggest a Scholar search for "pediatric hyperalimentation".

If the search results are too specific for your needs, check out what they're citing in their "References" sections. Referenced works are often more general in nature.

Similarly, if the search results are too basic for you, click "Cited by" to see newer papers that referenced them. These newer papers will often be more specific.

Explore! There's rarely a single answer to a research question. Click "Related articles" or "Cited by" to see closely related work, or search for author's name and see what else they have written.

Searching Google Scholar

Use the "author:" operator, e.g., author:"d knuth" or author:"donald e knuth".

Put the paper's title in quotations: "A History of the China Sea".

You'll often get better results if you search only recent articles, but still sort them by relevance, not by date. E.g., click "Since 2018" in the left sidebar of the search results page.

To see the absolutely newest articles first, click "Sort by date" in the sidebar. If you use this feature a lot, you may also find it useful to setup email alerts to have new results automatically sent to you.

Note: On smaller screens that don't show the sidebar, these options are available in the dropdown menu labelled "Year" right below the search button.

Select the "Case law" option on the homepage or in the side drawer on the search results page.

It finds documents similar to the given search result.

It's in the side drawer. The advanced search window lets you search in the author, title, and publication fields, as well as limit your search results by date.

Select the "Case law" option and do a keyword search over all jurisdictions. Then, click the "Select courts" link in the left sidebar on the search results page.

Tip: To quickly search a frequently used selection of courts, bookmark a search results page with the desired selection.

Access to articles

For each Scholar search result, we try to find a version of the article that you can read. These access links are labelled [PDF] or [HTML] and appear to the right of the search result. For example:

A paper that you need to read

Access links cover a wide variety of ways in which articles may be available to you - articles that your library subscribes to, open access articles, free-to-read articles from publishers, preprints, articles in repositories, etc.

When you are on a campus network, access links automatically include your library subscriptions and direct you to subscribed versions of articles. On-campus access links cover subscriptions from primary publishers as well as aggregators.

Off-campus access

Off-campus access links let you take your library subscriptions with you when you are at home or traveling. You can read subscribed articles when you are off-campus just as easily as when you are on-campus. Off-campus access links work by recording your subscriptions when you visit Scholar while on-campus, and looking up the recorded subscriptions later when you are off-campus.

We use the recorded subscriptions to provide you with the same subscribed access links as you see on campus. We also indicate your subscription access to participating publishers so that they can allow you to read the full-text of these articles without logging in or using a proxy. The recorded subscription information expires after 30 days and is automatically deleted.

In addition to Google Scholar search results, off-campus access links can also appear on articles from publishers participating in the off-campus subscription access program. Look for links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] on the right hand side of article pages.

Anne Author , John Doe , Jane Smith , Someone Else

In this fascinating paper, we investigate various topics that would be of interest to you. We also describe new methods relevant to your project, and attempt to address several questions which you would also like to know the answer to. Lastly, we analyze …

You can disable off-campus access links on the Scholar settings page . Disabling off-campus access links will turn off recording of your library subscriptions. It will also turn off indicating subscription access to participating publishers. Once off-campus access links are disabled, you may need to identify and configure an alternate mechanism (e.g., an institutional proxy or VPN) to access your library subscriptions while off-campus.

Email Alerts

Do a search for the topic of interest, e.g., "M Theory"; click the envelope icon in the sidebar of the search results page; enter your email address, and click "Create alert". We'll then periodically email you newly published papers that match your search criteria.

No, you can enter any email address of your choice. If the email address isn't a Google account or doesn't match your Google account, then we'll email you a verification link, which you'll need to click to start receiving alerts.

This works best if you create a public profile , which is free and quick to do. Once you get to the homepage with your photo, click "Follow" next to your name, select "New citations to my articles", and click "Done". We will then email you when we find new articles that cite yours.

Search for the title of your paper, e.g., "Anti de Sitter space and holography"; click on the "Cited by" link at the bottom of the search result; and then click on the envelope icon in the left sidebar of the search results page.

First, do a search for your colleague's name, and see if they have a Scholar profile. If they do, click on it, click the "Follow" button next to their name, select "New articles by this author", and click "Done".

If they don't have a profile, do a search by author, e.g., [author:s-hawking], and click on the mighty envelope in the left sidebar of the search results page. If you find that several different people share the same name, you may need to add co-author names or topical keywords to limit results to the author you wish to follow.

We send the alerts right after we add new papers to Google Scholar. This usually happens several times a week, except that our search robots meticulously observe holidays.

There's a link to cancel the alert at the bottom of every notification email.

If you created alerts using a Google account, you can manage them all here . If you're not using a Google account, you'll need to unsubscribe from the individual alerts and subscribe to the new ones.

Google Scholar library

Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by adding labels, and use the power of Scholar search to quickly find just the one you want - at any time and from anywhere. You decide what goes into your library, and we’ll keep the links up to date.

You get all the goodies that come with Scholar search results - links to PDF and to your university's subscriptions, formatted citations, citing articles, and more!

Library help

Find the article you want to add in Google Scholar and click the “Save” button under the search result.

Click “My library” at the top of the page or in the side drawer to view all articles in your library. To search the full text of these articles, enter your query as usual in the search box.

Find the article you want to remove, and then click the “Delete” button under it.

• To add a label to an article, find the article in your library, click the “Label” button under it, select the label you want to apply, and click “Done”.
• To view all the articles with a specific label, click the label name in the left sidebar of your library page.
• To remove a label from an article, click the “Label” button under it, deselect the label you want to remove, and click “Done”.
• To add, edit, or delete labels, click “Manage labels” in the left column of your library page.

Only you can see the articles in your library. If you create a Scholar profile and make it public, then the articles in your public profile (and only those articles) will be visible to everyone.

Your profile contains all the articles you have written yourself. It’s a way to present your work to others, as well as to keep track of citations to it. Your library is a way to organize the articles that you’d like to read or cite, not necessarily the ones you’ve written.

Citation Export

Click the "Cite" button under the search result and then select your bibliography manager at the bottom of the popup. We currently support BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan, and RefWorks.

Err, no, please respect our robots.txt when you access Google Scholar using automated software. As the wearers of crawler's shoes and webmaster's hat, we cannot recommend adherence to web standards highly enough.

Sorry, we're unable to provide bulk access. You'll need to make an arrangement directly with the source of the data you're interested in. Keep in mind that a lot of the records in Google Scholar come from commercial subscription services.

Sorry, we can only show up to 1,000 results for any particular search query. Try a different query to get more results.

Content Coverage

Google Scholar includes journal and conference papers, theses and dissertations, academic books, pre-prints, abstracts, technical reports and other scholarly literature from all broad areas of research. You'll find works from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies and university repositories, as well as scholarly articles available anywhere across the web. Google Scholar also includes court opinions and patents.

We index research articles and abstracts from most major academic publishers and repositories worldwide, including both free and subscription sources. To check current coverage of a specific source in Google Scholar, search for a sample of their article titles in quotes.

While we try to be comprehensive, it isn't possible to guarantee uninterrupted coverage of any particular source. We index articles from sources all over the web and link to these websites in our search results. If one of these websites becomes unavailable to our search robots or to a large number of web users, we have to remove it from Google Scholar until it becomes available again.

Our meticulous search robots generally try to index every paper from every website they visit, including most major sources and also many lesser known ones.

That said, Google Scholar is primarily a search of academic papers. Shorter articles, such as book reviews, news sections, editorials, announcements and letters, may or may not be included. Untitled documents and documents without authors are usually not included. Website URLs that aren't available to our search robots or to the majority of web users are, obviously, not included either. Nor do we include websites that require you to sign up for an account, install a browser plugin, watch four colorful ads, and turn around three times and say coo-coo before you can read the listing of titles scanned at 10 DPI... You get the idea, we cover academic papers from sensible websites.

That's usually because we index many of these papers from other websites, such as the websites of their primary publishers. The "site:" operator currently only searches the primary version of each paper.

It could also be that the papers are located on examplejournals.gov, not on example.gov. Please make sure you're searching for the "right" website.

That said, the best way to check coverage of a specific source is to search for a sample of their papers using the title of the paper.

Ahem, we index papers, not journals. You should also ask about our coverage of universities, research groups, proteins, seminal breakthroughs, and other dimensions that are of interest to users. All such questions are best answered by searching for a statistical sample of papers that has the property of interest - journal, author, protein, etc. Many coverage comparisons are available if you search for [allintitle:"google scholar"], but some of them are more statistically valid than others.

Currently, Google Scholar allows you to search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791. In addition, it includes citations for cases cited by indexed opinions or journal articles which allows you to find influential cases (usually older or international) which are not yet online or publicly available.

Legal opinions in Google Scholar are provided for informational purposes only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice from a licensed lawyer. Google does not warrant that the information is complete or accurate.

We normally add new papers several times a week. However, updates to existing records take 6-9 months to a year or longer, because in order to update our records, we need to first recrawl them from the source website. For many larger websites, the speed at which we can update their records is limited by the crawl rate that they allow.

Inclusion and Corrections

We apologize, and we assure you the error was unintentional. Automated extraction of information from articles in diverse fields can be tricky, so an error sometimes sneaks through.

Please write to the owner of the website where the erroneous search result is coming from, and encourage them to provide correct bibliographic data to us, as described in the technical guidelines . Once the data is corrected on their website, it usually takes 6-9 months to a year or longer for it to be updated in Google Scholar. We appreciate your help and your patience.

If you can't find your papers when you search for them by title and by author, please refer your publisher to our technical guidelines .

You can also deposit your papers into your institutional repository or put their PDF versions on your personal website, but please follow your publisher's requirements when you do so. See our technical guidelines for more details on the inclusion process.

We normally add new papers several times a week; however, it might take us some time to crawl larger websites, and corrections to already included papers can take 6-9 months to a year or longer.

Google Scholar generally reflects the state of the web as it is currently visible to our search robots and to the majority of users. When you're searching for relevant papers to read, you wouldn't want it any other way!

If your citation counts have gone down, chances are that either your paper or papers that cite it have either disappeared from the web entirely, or have become unavailable to our search robots, or, perhaps, have been reformatted in a way that made it difficult for our automated software to identify their bibliographic data and references. If you wish to correct this, you'll need to identify the specific documents with indexing problems and ask your publisher to fix them. Please refer to the technical guidelines .

Please do let us know . Please include the URL for the opinion, the corrected information and a source where we can verify the correction.

We're only able to make corrections to court opinions that are hosted on our own website. For corrections to academic papers, books, dissertations and other third-party material, click on the search result in question and contact the owner of the website where the document came from. For corrections to books from Google Book Search, click on the book's title and locate the link to provide feedback at the bottom of the book's page.

General Questions

These are articles which other scholarly articles have referred to, but which we haven't found online. To exclude them from your search results, uncheck the "include citations" box on the left sidebar.

First, click on links labeled [PDF] or [HTML] to the right of the search result's title. Also, check out the "All versions" link at the bottom of the search result.

Second, if you're affiliated with a university, using a computer on campus will often let you access your library's online subscriptions. Look for links labeled with your library's name to the right of the search result's title. Also, see if there's a link to the full text on the publisher's page with the abstract.

Keep in mind that final published versions are often only available to subscribers, and that some articles are not available online at all. Good luck!

Technically, your web browser remembers your settings in a "cookie" on your computer's disk, and sends this cookie to our website along with every search. Check that your browser isn't configured to discard our cookies. Also, check if disabling various proxies or overly helpful privacy settings does the trick. Either way, your settings are stored on your computer, not on our servers, so a long hard look at your browser's preferences or internet options should help cure the machine's forgetfulness.

Not even close. That phrase is our acknowledgement that much of scholarly research involves building on what others have already discovered. It's taken from Sir Isaac Newton's famous quote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."

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• مدیریت زنجیره تأمین
• Literasi Kesehatan Husada
• International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management
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• Innovations in Agriculture
• Neograeca Bohemica
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Recommended research databases, request articles, configuring google scholar.

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Featured Publications

• American Journal of Epidemiology 1996-present (Full Text Delay: 1 year) Use ILLiad Interlibrary Loan to request articles not available in full-text.
• American Journal of Public Health 1971-present
• Annual Review of Public Health
• American Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2015-present
• Health Promotion Practice 2000-present
• Bulletin of the World Health Organization The Bulletin of the World Health Organization is a fully open-access public health journal with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries.
• Environmental Health Perspectives Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of environmental health research and news published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• International Journal of Epidemiology 1996-present (Full Text Delay: 1 year). Use ILLiad Interlibrary Loan to request articles not available in full-text.
• International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 2007-2012. Use ILLiad Interlibrary Loan to request articles not available in full-text.
• Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1979-present (Full Text Delay: 4 years) Use ILLiad Interlibrary Loan to request articles not available in full-text.
• Preventing Chronic Disease Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) is a peer-reviewed public health journal sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and authored by experts worldwide.
• Public Health Reports 1990-present

To access Pace Library research databases from off-campus, use your Pace credentials to logon. Another option is to use the Pace VPN . Having trouble? Contact us, we're happy to try and troubleshoot. 

Public Health is a multidisciplinary field, and you may need to use resources from a variety of subject areas. We've included recommended databases below.

• PubMed This link opens in a new window Articles and citations from scholary journals on biomedical and health related scholarly journals. Years covered: 1946-present
• CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) This link opens in a new window Nursing and allied health journals. more... less... We upgraded to ultimate in August 2022 with the renewal through Lyrassis
• SocINDEX with Full Text This link opens in a new window Journal articles, books and conference proceedings in sociology, anthropology, education, and other social sciences. Years covered: 1908-present
• SAGE Journals This link opens in a new window Journal articles in business, humanities, social sciences, science, technology, and medicine. Years covered: 1847-present. Note: We subscribe to full-text for 1999-present on select titles only.
• PsycInfo This link opens in a new window Scholarly materials in psychology and behavioral science. 1887-present
• Academic Search Ultimate This link opens in a new window Journals, magazines, and newspapers in almost every subject area.
• JSTOR This link opens in a new window Citations or full-page images of back issues of scholarly journals, books, and primary sources covering a wide range of topics. Years covered: 1860s-present
• Cochrane Library This link opens in a new window Evidence-based medical information, clinical trials, and systematic reviews on the effectiveness of healthcare interventions. more... less... Notice to Google toolbar users: You must allow pop-ups when using this database.

When you find an article listed in a research database, and the article is not immediately available to read, use the Search for Article Icon to search all of Pace's holdings (print and electronic) to see if we have full text.  If you see the options below use Pace's Interlibrary Loan (ILLiad) service to request a copy of the article.

• ILLiad: Interlibrary Loan The ILLiad service allows users to request and track items not owned by the Pace University Library. Logon the first time using your Pace username and password, then complete the Registration Form.

Often, Google Scholar will show the citation for an article, but the full text of the article is not available for free online.  You can configure Google Scholar to link you to the full-text of articles available from the Pace databases.  If we don't have the article available, you can also request it through InterLibrary Loan.

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Why Databases?

Peer reviewed/refereed/scholarly articles, best databases for starting education research, find databases by subject and format: databases a-z list, find databases by subject or topic: research guides, what if the article i want isn't available full-text, google scholar, know the journal name of the article you want try publication finder.

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Databases are collections of information. We purchase access to several databases that contain journals and magazines where you can find articles for your research.

There are two types of databases for articles:

Subject-specific: These databases gather articles from journals about specific disciplines or topics, such as Education or Art or Psychology.

• Good for: Finding scholarly articles on very specific topics

Multidisciplinary: These databases gather articles from across multiple disciplines. It could be a database that covers a wide variety of social sciences or it could be a database that covers a wide variety across the arts, humanities, social sciences and sciences. Using a subject-specific database often means you can search for very specific topics and find materials.

• Good for: Finding scholarly articles on your topic from a variety of perspectives from different disciplines

Articles that are peer-reviewed can also be referred to as  peer-reviewed, refereed or scholarly articles.

Scholarly articles are written by researchers or experts in a field to share the results of their original research or analysis with other researchers, experts and students. These articles go through a process known as "peer review" where the article is reviewed by a group of experts in the field and revised based on peer feedback before being accepted and published by a journal.

This short video further explains what peer review is and why it's important.

• Video: Peer Review

These databases are examples of good subject-specific databases for researching the disciplines of Art, Education, and Psychology:

Education journal articles (EJ references) and ERIC documents (ED references), 1967-present. EDs before 1997 are requestable using the Microforms Request page and usable in the Microforms Vewing Room in the LC.

A free version of ERIC is available for all to use at this link: https://eric.ed.gov/ .

Available on campus to all, or off-campus to UMass Amherst students, staff and faculty with an UMass Amherst IT NetID (user name) and password.

These are examples of multidisciplinary databases that also have a broader focus. Social Science Premium Collection  covers multiple disciplines in the social sciences and Scopus has coverage in the arts, humanities, social sciences and sciences. With Scopus, you can sort by citation to see highly cited articles.

• Scopus This link opens in a new window Scopus is an indexing and abstracting database of peer-reviewed scholarly content covering the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities, comparable to the Web of Science. Scopus allows for the discovery, tracking, and analysis of scholarship that includes: journal articles, conference proceedings, trade magazines, book series, books and book chapters, and patents. Use Scopus to: • Search for documents by topic, title, author, or institutional affiliation • Perform citation searches and establish citation alerts • Export citations to reference management systems • View impact metrics for authors and journals • Integrate Scopus content with ORCID profiles more... less... Available on campus to all, or off-campus to UMass Amherst students, staff and faculty with an UMass Amherst IT NetID (user name) and password.

We have more than 600 databases on a wide variety of topics. The spectrum ranges from databases that have a very specific topic to databases that are multidisciplinary.

The easiest way to find databases with articles on your research topic is to use the Databases A-Z List. Use the link below to go the list.

You can use the following filters to find databases based on subject and format:

• Click on the Subjects filter to narrow down to a specific subject. If you select Multidisciplinary , you will get databases that cover a wide variety of publications.
• Click on the Types filter and select the Articles  filter. This narrows down the list to databases with articles (abstract only and full-text).
• Finally, click Search .

• You can select multiple subjects. Once you've picked one subject, you can go back and select another to add.
• If you use the filters, make sure to click on Clear Filters  before switching to another subject and/or format.
• Try exploring different subjects to find databases that have other discipline perspective on your topic. For instance, you might want to explore psychology databases if you're researching the effects of a specific learning theory.
• If there's a database you want to bookmark, make sure to bookmark the link from the Databases A-Z list.
• Databases A-Z List of databases by subject and type.

Library staff at the UMass Libraries have developed research guides by subjects, topics and collections. You can look at various guides and see what resources librarians recommend for those subjects, which includes databases where you can find articles.

• UMass Amherst Libraries Research Guides

If the article that you want doesn't have full-text available, look for this icon in the result for the article and click on it:

This will search our other databases to see if it's available full-text. You'll go to a page that may list several of the options if they are available:

Google Scholar searches scholarly literature across many topics. However, we don't know what it searches - you can't tell if it's a comprehensive search of the literature. The benefit of using library databases is that you can see where the information in the database is from, such as a list of publications.

Use Our Google Scholar Link!

You want to use the Google Scholar link from the Databases A-Z list or use the link below (and use that link if you want a bookmark!)

This will allow you to search Google Scholar and if the article is in one our databases, you'll either see a link to the article on the right and/or you will see UMass Check for Full Text . The check for full text will do the same as the UMass icon described above.

Google Scholar Search Tips

• You can then limit the search by exact phrases, exclude specific words, or select where the words searched occur (anywhere or just the title). You can also search by the author, journal and/or specific date ranges.
• Most of the article search tips below will work for Google Scholar!
• Google Scholar This link opens in a new window Use to access many UMass online journal subscriptions. more... less... Available on campus to all, or off-campus to UMass Amherst students, staff and faculty with an UMass Amherst IT NetID (user name) and password. You can access Google Scholar with UMLinks buttons from outside the UMass Amherst IP range ("off campus") by two methods: 1. Access Google Scholar through the Library web site by using this link. 2. Go to generic Google Scholar. a. Click on "Settings." b. Click on Library links. c. Type in "University of Massachusetts" or "UMass Amherst" (or a few other variations). d. Check "University of Massachusetts Amherst - UMass Check for Full Text" and Save. e. You will be asked to authenticate somewhere along the way to full text.

If you know the name of the journal of the article that you want, you can use Publication Finder to see if we have electronic access to the journal. You can search for the name of the publication and limit by publication type.

How To Search

• If you are getting too many results, you may want to change Contains to Exact Match or Begins With to narrow the results down.
• You can also switch from Title to ISSN and search by the ISSN for the journal if you have it. You can often find the ISSN on the publisher's page for the journal. This is helpful for journals with frequently used words in the title, such as Journal or Education .
• If you see Full Text Delay , this means that there are only abstracts available for the specified number of years.

• Once you've determined that the date is available, click on the name of the database. This will bring you to the details for the publication.
• Usually there is some way to browse by the year (often on the right or in a drop-down field in a bar under the publication's name).
• There is often a link to click to search within that publication or sometimes a search bar to immediately search within the publication.
• Publication Finder Search PubFinder to see if we have electronic access to a publication by name or ISSN.
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Document Search

Search for records from our product indexes. Successful searches are added to the Search History table. Remember to follow all applicable search rules when creating search queries.

Adding a new field sets the second field to the AND operator. You can change the AND operator to OR or NOT.

Your settings are applied to all product databases in your subscription package; administrators may set one to three search fields to display as the default search fields for their institution.

• Cited Reference Search
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To perform a document search, select the field you want to search and type a term in the search field. To add more than one search criterion, click Add Row . Select a Boolean operator and click Search .

The Web of Science Core Collection and All Database Search includes AI enabled Topic and Keyword suggestions. This feature is available to all users who perform basic or advanced search in All Data Bases and WoS Core Collection on Web of Science.

Users can modify search by selecting from algorithm generated author keywords and topic suggestions or by inputing free text in the search box. This feature enhances search experience by providing search term suggestions that can help narrow down search and improve search results relevance.

Quick add keywords

On the search results page, users will be presented with a list of keywords. These additional keywords are provided as relevant selections to the search, thus helping users to complete or modify query quickly and effectively.

Add Keyword Topic Suggestions

When users click ‘Add Keywords’, they can enter free text or use automatically generated topic suggestions. As users start typing the keyword, topic suggestions are provided in real time which can be selected to help compete their search query. This feature can help users save time and refine a search by suggesting relevant topics related to a research field and help users explore various aspects of the topic of interest.

Add ‘Free Text’ keywords

When users click on ‘Add Keywords’, the free text bar allows users to directly enter their own search terms, enabling users to search for specific terms that are important to their research.

Simplified Boolean Logic (Should Include, Must Include & Do Not Include)

When a user selects to add one keyword, this is ‘Should Include’ (OR) by default. However, when users select at least 2 keywords (or multiple keywords), they can select to manage search logic from 3-Dot menu to help complete their query with Boolean logic easily and effectively

AI Enabled Search only works when searching All Databases or Web of Science Core Collection.

All database products within the Web of Science platform includes a spellchecker that checks your search queries against common spellings and their variants to determine if alternative spellings exist that would improve your search results.

If the system determines that an alternative spelling exists, a Did You Mean text box appears offering you an alternative search query. The tool checks full terms and not truncated terms or terms within quotation marks.

For example:

• Did You Mean: Topic=(suggested search terms) [NNN results]
• Did You Mean: (Topic=(suggested search terms) AND Author=(author name)) [NNN results]

When you select the Did You Mean suggestion, a new search opens and takes you to the results page. The original search and the Did You Mean search both display in the Search History .

If no results are found, and there are no Did You Mean suggestions, you will get a list search tips to help return better results.

The product uses an implicit AND operator when you enter two or more adjacent terms in most fields. For example, entering rainbow trout fish farm in the search field is equivalent to entering rainbow AND trout AND fish AND farm ; both queries return the same number of results.

See more about search operators.

Chemical Communications

Mechanistic insights into c–c coupling in electrocatalytic co2 reduction reaction.

The utilization of CO2 has become an emerging area of research in response to climate change and global warming. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) holds significant promise as a technology to address this issue by converting CO2 molecules into various commercially valuable chemicals. While CO2RR to C1 hydrocarbons has achieved high activity and selectivity, the C–C coupling to produce higher hydrocarbons remains challenging due to low energy efficiency and the prevalent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the same catalyst, leading to high hydrogenation rates. In this review, we aim to elucidate the fundamental challenges of C–C coupling and explore potential strategies to enhance the selectivity for higher hydrocarbon products. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the formation of C2 and C3 products, focusing on molecular catalysts that facilitate C–C coupling by positioning CO2 molecules in close proximity. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of different approaches to improve higher hydrocarbon selectivity, along with future suggestions and recommendations for new researchers in the field. This review serves as a valuable resource for both academic researchers and industrial stakeholders aiming for the commercialization of CO2RR technologies.

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

Y. Hu, M. K. khan, J. Gong, H. Zeb, H. Lan, M. Asif, H. Xia and M. Du, Chem. Commun. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4CC03964E

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

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Ask An SEO: How To Find The Right Long-tail Keywords For Articles

Learn how to find the right long tail keywords for articles and avoid keyword cannibalization. Improve your content strategy with non-traditional research methods.

This week’s Ask An SEO question comes from Carrazana in Cuba, who asks:

“How do you find the right, long-tail keywords for articles? I can not find the right keywords and long tail keywords for my post and articles. I use keywords everywhere.”

Great question, Carrazana! Lots of content professionals struggle with finding long tail keywords , and many worry about cross-over between posts, also known as keyword and topic cannibalization.

The way to find long tail keywords and prevent cannibalization is to change your mindset on needing keywords by article and incorporate non-traditional research tools . So, let’s solve this so it is no longer an obstacle for you.

I’m going to start by addressing cannibalization, then jump into using non-traditional keyword research methods like LinkedIn hashtags and strategies our agency uses to generate ideas for our clients.

One thing I’d like to emphasize is to not focus on keywords; focus on the topic, and providing the best possible user experience for the intent of the topic.

Cannibalization

Instead of thinking about the keywords that are needed, think about the topic that you’re writing for.

The same words and phrases could mean different things and have different intent based on the topic, even if they’re used in the same way. Not in the sense of a homonym or double entendre, but as in search intent.

The same phrase for the service should exist in multiple pages of content, including product or service pages for conversions, and in guides to help consumers learn more, decide where to purchase, or how to prepare. The difference here is the topic changes based on the intent.

On the conversion page, the phrase needs to reinforce that this is a page that the consumer can take action on. For a how-to guide, it is more informative and should help the consumer know how to do it themselves, prepare for the professional to come and visit, or learn how to hire the right person for the job.

Search engines are smart enough to know the intent of content and can show it as needed. This is why you want to have a clear intent when creating content.

If you sell apples, do not define what an apple is on your product or service page.

The person already knows; instead, define it on a blog post about “what an apple is.” The product or service page should be about the benefits of using the specific apple, like baking, eating it directly, or feeding it to specific animals as a treat.

Your blog posts can include definitions, guides, and comparisons of which apples are better for specific purposes and why, as well as other non-conversion-oriented content.

Both the product page and at least one guide will have “apples for horses,” but the intent is different.

One page clearly shows where you can buy an apple to feed a horse, while the other explains why that particular apple is better for horses, which may be its nutritional value or the way a horse’s tastebuds and body respond to the sugar or fiber content.

I’m making this up for the example; don’t take it as factual advice. You can deploy schema to let the search engines know when to show each page based on search intent.

Product and service schema goes on the pages where you want conversions, and article or blog posting schema can go on the guides and informative ones. The machine learning portions of the search engine will look at the associations around the text while other aspects read the schema to determine what the purpose of the page is.

Proper implementation and clear wording make the search engine’s job easy and reduce the chance of cannibalization. Now that you know how to prevent cannibalization, let’s go into finding long tail keyword topics.

Finding Long-Tail Keyword Phrases

Finding long-tail keyword phrases is simple when you step outside of the normal tool sets.  You have data points your competitors and third parties don’t have access to using customer data, and there are non-traditional places you can search.

Customer Support

Start by reading customer service and live chat transcripts. See if you can extract questions that mention specific products or services or by a category like blue t-shirts or red apples. With this information, you can see the words and language your customers are using, and how frequently.

These become long tail phrases for content on all forms of pages. You can also see the questions they have, reasons they return product, and recommendations customer support offers to guide them to the correct option to purchase.

These data points lead to sizing guides and comparison shopping content, articles about one fabric being better than another for a purpose like cocktail parties or running a marathon, and answer questions for the shopping and checkout process.

You may also find that these are questions being asked about your competitors like which of their models is similar to a specific product on your website.

You can create solutions on your site to bring in this type of traffic by answering their customers’ questions and optimizing your site for them via search.

LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram, And Other Hashtag Sites

Social media sites that power part of their search and algorithm with hashtags are a goldmine of topics.

Go to LinkedIn and click on a hashtag like #SEO or #business. You’ll see how many people subscribe to it, how often it is used, and engagement on new content published within the hashtag’s feed.

If the hashtag is being used regularly and has engagement, look at the posts that exist within it. By knowing which gets the most comments, activity, and other signals, you can use them as a basis for new content on your own website.

As a bonus, they can be shared on these social platforms and hopefully get social media engagement too.

Bonus tip: The most engaged may only be engaged because the person or company that shared has an active following.  Look for three that are similar in topic and see if two of the three have engagement to determine if it has the potential for a bit of virality on social media.

Forums And Q&A Sites

Next, use forums and question-and-answer sites. Take a Reddit  forum  and  plug it into an SEO tool like Semrush, Ahrefs, or Moz to see the keywords and phrases they’re ranking for.

You may find a lot of long tail that could be relevant to your own product or service offerings.

Then look at the specific threads showing up for these phrases and see if there are new long-tail keyword phrases being used by the community. This gives you insight into their mindset – compare it with your own live chat and customer service data.

Q&A Keyword Tools

There are some great tools out there to find long-tail phrases, like AlsoAsked.com and AnswerThePublic.com.  When you type a keyword phrase in you can see the ideas these tools come up with for topics to write about and the keywords the tools feel are related to the main topic.

Use Autocomplete On YouTube And Search Engines

The last tip is to use auto-complete on search engines , including YouTube. Once on YouTube, type in a portion of a phrase or a keyword and you’ll see it begin to autofill potential matches.

When there’s one that is relevant for your audience, click it and then look at the titles and descriptions from each video.

Many creators use chapters, and these chapters are what the content creator found to be helpful and relevant to the phrase. Each can become topics and phrases for you as well. Next, watch each video, listen to the wording and phrases the YouTuber uses, and read the comments section below.

You’ll learn the questions that weren’t answered in the video, the jargon users use, and find more content ideas as well as gaps you can fill in to bring new information into the mix. This same strategy applies to TikTok, Instagram Reels, and other video content platforms.

There’s no shortage of ways to find long-tail keyword phrases; the only limit is your own creativity.

As a content writer and SEO professional, you have tons of it! I hope this post helps you find more to write about.

More resources: 

• How To Use ChatGPT For Keyword Research
• Long-Tail Keyword Strategy: Why & How to Target Intent for SEO
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Over Half of Costco Members Have an Executive Membership. Should You Join Them?

Published on Aug. 30, 2024

By: Devon Delfino

• Costco announced that it's raising its membership prices in September of 2024, and the Executive membership will cost $130 per year ($10 more per year).
• Along with the price increase, the maximum annual reward that comes with this membership tier will rise from $1,000 per year to $1,250.
• For many, the Executive membership's perks still greatly outweigh the increased costs.

Costco announced that it would be raising its membership prices starting in September of 2024. This will impact about 52 million Costco memberships, just over half of which are at the Executive level, according to the company.

Perks of the Executive Costco membership

The Executive membership is the higher-tier membership option (the Gold Star membership currently costs half as much per year and comes with fewer perks). The Executive membership comes with a 2% rewards rate for purchases made on eligible Costco and Costco Travel purchases. A few other key perks include:

• Discounts on Costco services
• Fee-free shopping on the Costco website
• Included access to two membership cards
• A 100% satisfaction guarantee on the membership (with a full refund if you aren't satisfied)

If you choose a business Executive membership, you'd also get the ability to purchase items for resale, as well as the option to purchase additional membership cards for $60 each.

How the Executive membership compares before and after the price hike

There are two major changes coming for the executive-level membership:

Bottom line: You'd still get the 2% rewards rate, but the cap has increased by $250 per year, alongside the $10 annual membership increase.

Is the Costco Executive membership still worth it?

If you had already decided that you wanted an Executive membership at Costco, this small fee increase probably shouldn't dissuade you from getting one -- especially since there is an even larger increase in the maximum rewards you can earn per year. Either way, there are many shoppers who can likely save by getting the Executive membership.

For example, if you spend $250 a month on qualifying Costco purchases , you could earn $60 per year in rewards. That more than makes up for the $10 membership-fee increase. And if you can get more than about $6 per month in savings on items by shopping at Costco instead of at your usual grocery store, you'll save money via this membership.

However, if your goal is to get more value out of the rewards than that membership cost, you should note that you'd have to spend a bit over $500 per month on qualifying purchases to out-earn those costs. Still, access to the other perks, like discounts on Costco services and the satisfaction guarantee, are certainly valuable features and will likely outweigh the costs in the minds of many shoppers.

Costco may be raising its membership fees, but for those who shop there often or who want to access its lower-cost items and services, the allure of the Executive membership has hardly lost its shine.

Our Research Expert

Devon Delfino is a financial writer based in the Pacific Northwest. Her work has been featured in LendingTree, U.S. News and World Report, CNN, and USA Today, among others.

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Research: Why Inclusive Hiring Must Include Refugees

• Betina Szkudlarek

Six ways companies of any size can engage this overlooked talent pool.

When companies seek to engage in more inclusive recruitment, they often overlook recruitment initiatives focused on refugees. The number of global refugees, asylum seekers, and others in need of international protection surpassed 50.3 million people at the end of 2023, per the U.N. Refugee Agency. The authors cite their findings from two of their studies: first, that managers who have never recruited from this group tend to not only undervalue the benefits of this talent pool, but also hold various misconceptions and biases around recruiting and hiring refugees; and second, that traditional recruitment processes prevent managers from tapping into non-traditional talent pools. From their studies based on conversations with managers, talent leaders, and job seekers from refugee backgrounds, the authors offer 6 ways companies can better recruit from this talent pool: scrutinize your hiring criteria, be proactive and creative with recruitment, reevaluate your selection processes, consider utilizing external support, reach out to industry peers, and think of inclusive recruitment beyond direct recruitment.

As organizations seek to be more inclusive in their recruitment and hiring practices, one area they can improve upon is expanding their talent acquisition playbook to include refugees.

• BS Betina Szkudlarek , PhD, is Professor of International Management at the University of Sydney Business School, Australia. Betina is a world-renowned expert on refugee workforce integration and cross-cultural management and a Strategic Sustainability and Growth Consultant with the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. She has a strong corporate presence and wide experience in researching, consulting and training in various areas linked to diversity management and global leadership. Her research has been featured by the Wall Street Journal, BBC, and ABC, among others. Her work in the domain of refugee workforce integration and SDG impact has been recognised with multiple prizes, including the United Nations Award for Excellence in SDG Integration (UN PRME Global Forum, New York 2023).
• EL Eun Su Lee , PhD, is Assistant Professor in Management at the University of Newcastle, Australia. Her research focuses on migrants’ integration journeys in foreign countries and the role of stakeholders in facilitating such integrative efforts. Her work has been published in top-tier international journals such as Human Resource Management Journal and International Journal of Management Reviews. Eun Su has also won a number of international awards with Prof Szkudlarek; these prestigious awards include AIB Insights Award for Actionable Insights (Miami, 2022), NBS Research Impact on Practice Award and International HRM Scholarly Award (Seattle, 2022).

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