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How to spot tiny black holes that might pass through the solar system 

Flybys of primordial black holes may occur once a decade. Tweaks to the orbits of planets and GPS satellites could give away their presence.

Projectile pollen helps this flower edge out reproductive competition

Pregnancy overhauls the brain. Here’s what that looks like

How a dying star is similar to a lava lamp

The Most Profound Industrial Revolution Is Underway In Low-Earth Orbit

Can solar farms and crop farms coexist.

Can taking ashwagandha supplements improve health?

Trending stories.

Scientists find a long-sought electric field in Earth’s atmosphere

Ancient DNA unveils a previously unknown line of Neandertals

Spotlight on health.

The first face transplant to include an eye shows no rejection a year later

A man who received a partial face transplant that included an eye can’t see out of the eye, but there is blood flow to it.

California droughts may help valley fever spread

From the archives.

Mathematicians Hail New Theory

September 14, 1974 Vol. 106 No. #11

Science News Magazine

September 7, 2024 Vol. 206 No. 4

Squall line tornadoes are sneaky, dangerous and difficult to forecast

Stonehenge’s mysterious altar stone had roots in scotland, nasty-tasting cane toads teach crocodiles a lifesaving lesson.

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Researchers working in the field of agrivoltaics are studying how to combine solar farming with grazing, crop production or ecological restoration.

How much is climate change to blame for extreme weather?

Fiddler crabs are migrating north to cooler waters

Here’s how an arthropod pulls off the world’s fastest backflip.

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Mega El Niños kicked off the world’s worst mass extinction

Remote seamounts in the southeast pacific may be home to 20 new species, this protist unfolds its ‘neck’ up to 30 times its body length to scout prey.

World record speeds for two Olympics events have fallen over time. We can go faster

Does social status shape height, rain bosworth studies how deaf children experience the world.

Summer-like heat is scorching the Southern Hemisphere — in winter

Zapping sand to create rock could help curb coastal erosion, the world’s record-breaking hot streak has lasted 14 months. when will it end.

The nearest midsized black hole might instead be a horde of lightweights

A distant quasar may be zapping all galaxies around itself, some meteors leave trails lasting up to an hour. now we may know why.

A nuclear clock prototype hints at ultraprecise timekeeping 

Mayo is weirdly great for understanding nuclear fusion experiments, the world’s fastest microscope makes its debut, health & medicine.

50 years ago, some of plastic’s toxic hazards were exposed

A new drug shows promise for hot flashes due to menopause, a next-gen pain drug shows promise, but chronic sufferers need more options.

Quartz generates an electrical voltage when it is strained, and during earthquakes this characteristic may stimulate the deposition of gold.

How earthquakes build beefy gold nuggets

Mantle waves buoy continents upward and bedeck them with diamonds, ‘turning to stone’ paints rocks as storytellers and mentors, science & society.

‘After 1177 B.C.’ describes how societies fared when the Bronze Age ended

Scientists are fixing flawed forensics that can lead to wrongful convictions, language models may miss signs of depression in black people’s facebook posts.

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Scientists Have Developed “Super Golden Lettuce” Which Is Richer in Vitamin A

Biotechnological methods increased beta-carotene in leaves by up to 30 times, improving its bioaccessibility without…

Scientists Identify 5 Key Factors That Predict Cancer Immunotherapy Success

Researchers identified five factors that predict response to immunotherapy, advancing personalized cancer treatment. This could…

Goodbye Traditional Farming? German Scientists Harvest Protein From Air and Water

German researchers have developed a sustainable method to produce protein and vitamin B9 from microbes…

Redefining the Rules of Matter: How Scientists Are Creating “Perfectly Imperfect” Materials at the Atomic Level

Prof. Sebastian Loth and his team have captured atomic-level electron motion in solids with unprecedented…

Bat-Killing Fungus Implicated in Over 1,000 Infant Deaths Nationwide

When insect-eating bats died, farmers increased pesticide use—leading to more than 1,000 infant deaths. Since…

The Great Antarctic Escape of Iceberg A-83

Under the cloak of darkness, Iceberg A-83 wiggled away from glue-like sea ice and drifted…

Discover the Science Behind the Swirls of “The Starry Night”

Vincent van Gogh’s use of scale and brightness accurately captures cascading energy and turbulence. Researchers…

Unlocking AI’s Future With a New Molecular Computing Breakthrough

Researchers have engineered innovative molecules poised to transform computing by mimicking the human brain’s processing…

Huge Gamma-Ray Burst Collection: Time Machines to the Universe’s Origins

An international team has cataloged over 500 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), rivaling the historical deep-sky catalog…

Could Childhood Stress Lead to Adult Diseases? UCLA Study Reveals Startling Links

UCLA Health researchers have uncovered that sex and childhood trauma distinctly affect one’s risk for…

Sun Ignites: Unleashing a Powerful X4.5 Solar Flare

On September 14, 2024, the Sun released a powerful X4.5 solar flare, observed by NASA’s…

Could Earth Have Been Ringed Like Saturn? Scientists Think So

Research suggests Earth might have once boasted a spectacular ring similar to Saturn’s, formed from…

Unlocking 1000x Faster Computer Chips With Plasmonic Resonators

Physicists present a nanometer-sized light antenna with electrically modulated surface properties – a breakthrough that…

New Technology Could More Effectively Treat Hearing Loss

NIH-funded research explores magnetic nanoparticles for noninvasive, targeted treatment of hearing loss. For medications to…

How Mayonnaise Is Helping Scientists Crack the Code of Nuclear Fusion

Researchers at Lehigh University use mayonnaise in experiments to better understand the dynamics of fusion…

62 Years of Marmot Research Unlocks Secrets of Survival and Early Adversity

Researchers have developed a cumulative adversity index that could be adapted to aid conservation efforts.…

New Research Reveals That Cannabis Can Reverse Brain Aging

Researchers in Bonn examine how treatment with tetrahydrocannabinol affects the mTOR metabolic pathway. A low-dose,…

Unlocking the Secrets of Habitable Planets: New Space Missions To Explore Sun’s Impact on Earth & Beyond

New proposed space missions, led by the University of Leicester, will study stellar impacts on…

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Author correction: fast-moving stars around an intermediate-mass black hole in ω centauri.

• Maximilian Häberle
• Nadine Neumayer
• Glenn van de Ven

UN Pact for the Future: Scientists must step up to accelerate sustainability goals

• Terrence Forrester

A triple rainbow all the way across the sky — 150 years ago

The first circumnavigation of Earth by plane (in just five short months) and a spectacle in the sky, in our weekly dive into Nature ’s archive.

My identity was stolen by a predatory conference

• Tin Wui Wong

A small fix to cut beer intake: downsize the pint

Total alcohol consumed fell at establishments in England that replaced the classic imperial pint with a two-thirds measure.

To combat antimicrobial resistance, invest in test-to-treat strategies

• Rachel A. McKendry
• Elliott Rogers
• Colin S. Brown

AI model collapse might be prevented by studying human language transmission

• Kenny Smith
• Simon Kirby
• Thomas L. Griffiths

Ultra-precise particle measurement thrills physicists: ‘The standard model is not dead’

CERN’s calculation of the W boson’s mass agrees with theory, contradicting a previous anomaly that had raised the possibility of new physics.

• Elizabeth Gibney

40 million deaths by 2050: toll of drug-resistant infections to rise by 70%

By 2050, around 2 million people — the majority aged over 70 — could die from drug-resistant infections each year.

• Miryam Naddaf

Should young kids take the new anti-obesity drugs? What the research says

Evidence shows that blockbuster weight-loss medications can reduce obesity even in children aged 6–11, but their long-term effects on growing bodies are unknown.

• Julian Nowogrodzki

Tackling antimicrobial resistance needs a tailored approach — four specialists weigh in

Ahead of a United Nations meeting on the global challenge of drug-resistant infections, Nature asked health-care experts in emerging economies to describe what would address the issue in their country or region most effectively.

• Senjuti Saha
• Ana Cristina Gales
• Nour Shamas

Stop delaying action on antimicrobial resistance — it is achievable and affordable

Ensuring that clinics in low- and middle-income countries are well-stocked with high-quality antibiotics could help physicians to treat millions of people each year and slow the spread of drug resistance.

• Ramanan Laxminarayan

Unearthing ‘hidden’ science would help to tackle the world’s biggest problems

Tens of thousands of studies evaluating government programmes are collecting dust in institutional vaults. Sharing them could benefit everyone.

Doctors cured her sickle-cell disease. So why is she still in pain?

Gene and cell therapies bring fresh hope to people with genetic disorders, but recovery can be complex and long-term support remains sparse.

• Heidi Ledford

Islands are rich with languages spoken nowhere else

Extremely remote islands are more likely than less isolated ones to have a high number of endemic languages.

I fire darts at whales to help track their movements

Yakamoz Kizildas collects the DNA of humpback whales to learn about their behaviour in the North Atlantic ocean.

• Esme Hedley

When physicists strove for peace: past lessons for our uncertain times

Can science be a route to peace and common understanding? A glance at the history of one institution shows: only when scientists actively commit to it.

• Roberto Lalli
• Jaume Navarro

Mosquito-borne diseases are surging in Europe — how worried are scientists?

Diseases such as West Nile virus and dengue are becoming increasingly common as the insects that spread them move north.

Forget ChatGPT: why researchers now run small AIs on their laptops

Artificial-intelligence models are typically used online, but a host of openly available tools is changing that. Here’s how to get started with local AIs.

• Matthew Hutson

The Burning Earth: how conquest and carnage have decimated landscapes worldwide

An epic exploration of human history examines how the poor and powerless have fought back — time and again — against those seeking to profit from the planet’s natural resources.

• Josie Glausiusz

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Why Is It So Hard to Go Back to the Moon?

NASA's Artemis moon program faces challenges the Apollo missions never did

Sarah Scoles

Vote for Kamala Harris to Support Science, Health and the Environment

The Editors

Why Have Record-Breaking Rains Drenched the Carolinas and Europe?

Meghan Bartels

New Treatments Address Addiction alongside Trauma

Maia Szalavitz

Science Crossword: Cosmic Goals

Aimee Lucido

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The Next President Should End the ‘Senate’ Launch System Rocket

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Being Empathetic Is Easier when Everyone’s Doing It

Elizabeth Svoboda

Meet the Advocates and Researchers Revolutionizing Sickle Cell Care

Kavin Senapathy

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October 2024 Issue

Chickadees Show How Species Boundaries Can Shift and Blur

Rebecca Heisman

New Hope for Treating People with Sickle Cell Disease

Lauren Gravitz

Reshaping Sickle Cell Treatment with Patient Perspectives

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AI Takes on Conspiracies; Massachusetts Tackles Trash

Rachel Feltman, Jeffery DelViscio, Fonda Mwangi

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How Forensic Breakthroughs Are Still Helping Identify 9/11 Victims Today

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Jellyfish Clones Swarm British Columbian Lakes, and Measles Cases Spike in Oregon

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Balancing Long-Term Caregiving with Personal Well-Being

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Popular Stories

An ‘Unidentified Seismic Object’ Shook Earth for Nine Days—Now We Know What It Was

Scientists have traced a baffling monotonous planetary hum that lasted for nine days back to a glacier in Greenland

Stephen Hicks, Kristian Svennevig, The Conversation US

Elon Musk Owes His Success to Coming in Second (and Government Handouts)

The world’s richest man, Elon Musk, owes his superstar success to self-satisfied competitors who blew obvious opportunities

Why This Great Mathematician Wanted a Heptadecagon on His Tombstone

Mathematician Gauss left behind a trophy case of mathematical achievements to highlight on his tombstone, but above all he wanted a regular heptadecagon etched on it

Jack Murtagh

A New Quantum Cheshire Cat Thought Experiment Is Out of the Box

The spin of a particle seems to detach and move without a body—a strange experimental observation that’s stirring up debate

Manon Bischoff

Scientists Will Engineer the Ocean to Absorb More Carbon Dioxide

A research consortium plans to revive geoengineering trials of the controversial iron fertilization technique to pull carbon dioxide from the air, despite public backlash

The Arctic Seed Vault Shows the Flawed Logic of Climate Adaptation

The difficulties of the Svalbard seed repository illustrate why we need to prevent climate disaster rather than plan for it

Naomi Oreskes

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People hugely underestimate the carbon footprints of the 1 per cent.

Quantum computers teleport and store energy harvested from empty space

We need to start telling women how pregnancy changes their brain

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Invisible messengers: How neutrinos reveal the secrets of supernovae

Electric vehicles race combustion cars in 'battle of technologies'

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NATO tests autonomous drone technology in DARPA-style competition

How to spot deepfakes and AI-generated images

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As Yellowstone’s supervolcano slumbers, another big danger lurks

Superheated water beneath Yellowstone could fuel hydrothermal explosions with the force of an atomic bomb. And lessons from the past suggest they could happen today.

Science reveals the reasons behind painful paper cuts

The brain of a tiny worm inspired a new type of AI

Rain Bosworth studies how deaf kids experience the world

New system uses evaporation to greatly cool artificial turf, let’s learn about orangutans, ‘percy,’ nasa’s rover, finds its first hint of ancient life on mars, word of the week.

Scientists Say: Kugelblitz

A black hole made of pure light —or kugelblitz — may be possible, at least in theory. But in practice: impossible.

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Analyze This: Human brains can last thousands of years

Ancient brains may not be rare finds. An analysis of over 4,000 preserved human brains reveals five processes that protect against decay.

Experiment: Making music with bottles

In this study, we investigate how the volume of air inside a bottle affects the pitch of the musical notes it can create.

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Ötzi the mummified Iceman actually froze to death

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Do school-shooter drills hurt students more than they help?

There’s no set standard for shooter drills held at most U.S. schools. Experts are beginning to ask whether certain drills might hurt students more than they help.

Beyond the El Paso shooting: Racist words and acts harm kids’ health

Five ways to cope if shooter drills stress you out, strict gun laws ended mass shootings in australia.

Tiny treadmills reveal how fruit flies sprint

Forcing fruit flies to move shows how the insects coordinate their steps. This holds clues to other animals’ brains and movement.

Belugas can warp and wiggle their forehead fat like Jell-O

Turning jeans blue with sunlight might help the environment

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What the weird world of protists can teach us about life on Earth

More stories, superman’s kryptonite doesn’t have a true equal on earth, hawaii’s kilauea volcano recently erupted like a stomp rocket, here’s why some shooting stars have long-lasting afterglows, summer ‘space hurricanes’ are emerging high above earth’s magnetic poles.

Want to spot a deepfake? Focus on the eyes  

Did builders of egypt’s first pyramid use a water-powered elevator, environment.

To limit pollution, new recipe makes plastic a treat for microbes

Scientists say: carbon capture, bottled water hosts many thousands of nano-sized plastic bits.

The last woolly mammoths offer new clues to why this species died out

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Just how brainy was a T. rex ?

Herbal medicine could help recovery after concussion, handwriting may boost brain connections that aid memory, scientists say: magnetosphere, health & medicine.

Want to avoid getting sick? Adopt these immune-boosting behaviors

Python fangs inspired a fix for shoulder injuries common in sports, a little-known gene may explain why some people never get covid-19.

The Science Websites That We Read Every Day

There's a lot of junk on the internet, but the web is still a wonderful place to share and discover knowledge. For science enthusiasts and news connoisseurs who don't want to waste time searching out the most interesting and legit conveyors of this knowledge, Live Science editors and reporters put together a list of the science sites that we love to read. Check it out. If there's a site you think deserves to be on this list, please email us. (The following list is arranged alphabetically, and not by any ranking system.)

Ars Technica

Ars Technica offers brainy, geeky coverage of technology and science and how it intersects with our everyday lives, whether we want it to or not. The site's name, derived from the Latin for "the art of technology," reflects a perspective and a voice that is not only steeped in an appreciation of science and tech innovation, but which also deeply considers how the use of technology informs and changes human culture — and how culture and technology in turn are shaped by our own potential and shortcomings.

Atlas Obscura

Atlas Obscura explores some of the true wonders of the modern world, from people living on the planet’s most remote islands to 35-lb edible nuts that look like human buttocks. And articles like "The Real Reason Humans Need to Sleep Under Blankets" and "What Is an Island, Exactly?" answer science questions you never knew you had. Their archaeology and history coverage is fascinating, and their crowd-sourced atlas of the world's most unusual, sinister and magical spots — from an underwater prison in Estonia to a lake ringed with skeletons in India ­— will blow your mind.

BBC – Science

For science news that cuts through the clutter, there's the BBC's science section. Their science stories cover every part of the globe and beyond, and do so with sharp, concise reporting. Plus, with short succinct headlines that don't spare a single word, readers will know exactly what they're getting from every story.

Chemistry World

Did you hear about the chemist who got caught stealing and dumping cyanide down a curbside drain? Chemistry World did. Its reporters described the crime in detail, the same way they approach all their chemistry-related coverage — including its quirky stories, nerdy features and industry news. You can tell Chemistry World enjoys diving into nitty gritty science, describing how chemical bonds and reactions enable researchers to study art, distill gin, create new materials and advance renewable energy. The site also offers advice to chemists, describing routes to professorship and how to break into the field as a woman or minority.

As their name suggests, Futurism focuses on the science and tech that will shape humanity's future. Whether it's Elon Musk 's latest Tesla feature (and this site stays on top of all things Musk, Tesla and SpaceX ) or particle physics, such as an article on the elusive neutrino or human-levitating tractor beams, Futurism delivers context-filled news that seems to stay close to their forward-looking mission. Other topics Futurism reporters do a good job of covering: self-driving cars, artificial intelligence, all things robots and even space tech.

Giz is the rudest science website on the internet, publishing stories like "Ancient Elephants and Mastodons Were Totally Down with Inter-Species Boning" and "Neptune's Stinky Dark Vortex Is Fading Away Like a Bad Fart." Unfortunately for folks who prefer their science media G-Rated, the Gawker stepchild is also one of the best science reporting outlets on the internet, mixing top-tier environmental, physics and space news in with their usual tech and politics coverage.

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National Geographic

Nat Geo's got you covered if you're in the mood for breathtaking photos and stories about animals, archaeology, nature or really any kind of captivating discovery percolating up in labs the world over. Its reporters have a knack for humanizing almost any phenomena they feature, making the science relatable whether you're a scientist or armchair enthusiast.

NPR – Science

If you'd like your science news delivered into your ears rather than your eyeballs, check out the Science section of the National Public Radio (NPR) website. Their audio news stories cover a broad range of science topics, delving into global issues like climate change and conservation as well as investigating technology innovation, new directions in space exploration and the latest discoveries in health and medicine. Their "Brain Candy" section addresses slightly more esoteric science questions — such as why Olympians are turning to non-alcoholic beer as their post-sport drink of choice, and what happens when you program a neural network to generate romantic messages on candy hearts for Valentine's Day. You can also find animations and music videos by NPR science show Skunk Bear, which are as hilarious (and catchy) as they are educational.

Pacific Standard

The Pacific Standard is a bit off the beaten path of science reporting outfits. They don't do much daily blogging about science news, and approach all their stories with an eye toward social justice. But the West Coast magazine and website routinely turn out excellent writing and reporting from offbeat angles on issues like the day-to-day impacts of the changing climate, psychology, sociology and disability that appeal to science fans.

Quanta magazine

What do M-theory, Bohmian mechanics and scale-free networks have in common? Quanta Magazine has written about all of them. From the theory of everything to the logic-defying behavior of tiny subatomic particles, Quanta Magazine never shies away from the tough physics stories. Yet, despite diving right into the deep end of physics, computer science, mathematics and biology, Quanta reporters turn out stories that are always clear, engrossing page-turners that illuminate the beauty of science for even general readers.

Smithsonian.com

English scientist James Smithson founded the Smithsonian Institution nearly 200 years ago as "an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Today, Smithsonian.com delivers on that promise for anyone who can't make it to one of the institution's world-class museums or research centers. Stop by the site for an eclectic blend of science news, history essays and nature videos to make your inner scholar harrumph with satisfaction. 

Scientific American

Scientific American is not only the U.S.'s longest continuously published magazine (past contributors to the 170-year-old brand include Jonas Salk, Francis Crick and Albert Einstein), but also one of its most comprehensive science news websites. Whether you're in the mood for a 60-second podcast or a sprawling special report, SciAm has you covered with smart takes on science, culture, policy and everywhere the three intersect. 

If you're interested in astronomy and spaceflight, our sister site Space.com is the perfect site for you. Whether the news is Elon Musk sending a Tesla into space, a black hole behaving oddly, a once-in-a-lifetime solar eclipse or the latest in the search for alien life, Space.com reporters don't miss an astronomical beat. And if your cosmic cup of tea is more sci-fi leaning, you'll find plenty of "Star Trek"-esque articles and movie reviews.

The Guardian – Science

The science section of this nearly 200-year-old British daily newspaper covers discoveries from around the world in a succinct, clear way. The depth and breadth of their science coverage makes the Guardian a great place to browse on a lazy Saturday, when you can spend time on one of their "long reads" (such as the bogus science of race ) or scan through the latest news in health, climate change, animals, psychology, space … the list goes on and on. The visuals and ease of scrolling make the Guardian a frustration-free place among sites that are so jam-packed with ads that you can hardly read an article without being bombarded with pop-ups. 

In an age of "sound bites," Vox strives to provide information beyond the headlines — not just the "who" and "what" but the "why" and "how." Vox's science news articles are impressively in-depth, providing much needed background information and context for a wide range of topics — everything from the latest infectious disease outbreaks to fad diets to gun control research. Often, their articles provide useful infographics to help visualize complex issues. If you have the time to devote to understanding a topic, Vox gives you resources.

With its conversational and sometimes cutting tone, Wired can feel like your cool friend letting you in on a secret. Their tech reporting covers everything from the coolest gadgets to the current events that shape our lives, and their science reporting gives you a glimpse of what's happening at the cutting-edge of research.

Originally published on Live Science .

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

The top list of academic search engines

1. Google Scholar

4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
• Abstracts: only a snippet of the abstract is available
• Related articles: ✔
• References: ✔
• Cited by: ✔
• Links to full text: ✔
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, RIS, BibTeX

BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
• References: ✘
• Cited by: ✘
• Export formats: RIS, BibTeX

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
• Export formats: BibTeX

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, BibTeX

Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX

RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

How-To Geek

The best websites for expanding your scientific knowledge.

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Proceedings of the national academy of sciences (pnas) of the usa, american association for the advancement of science (aaas), sciencestage.com, sciencedaily, science news, new york times science news, howstuffworks, national public radio (npr), public library of science (plos), biomed central, science.gov, national geographic – science and space, understanding science, science news for kids, science made simple, cool science, union of concerned scientists (ucs), professional scientific organizations, ucsf osher mini medical school for the public, college and university lectures, publications, podcasts, and online courses, national technical reports library (ntrl).

If you have a thirst for scientific knowledge, there are many websites that can start to quench that thirst. From news about scientific discoveries to resources for teaching science, you can find a wealth of scientific information on the web.

PNAS publishes cutting-edge research reports, commentaries, reviews, perspectives, colloquium papers, and actions of the Academy that cover the biological, physical, and social sciences. The site contains the full text, figures, tables, equations, and references of all articles in PNAS dating back to 1990. PNAS is available by subscription weekly in print, and daily online before the printed version in the PNAS Early Edition. For individuals only in the online Early Edition format only, it costs $215/year. For more information about what’s included in the subscription and for more subscription rates, see their About page and their rates page . If you don’t want to subscribe, you can still access the tables of contents, abstracts, full-text search, and all content older than 6 months at no cost and without registration.

Also, see the National Academy of Sciences website.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science , or “Triple A-S,” is an international, professional, non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of science, engineering, and innovation throughout the world for the benefit of all people. Their goals include enhancing communication among scientists, engineers, and the public, strengthening and diversifying the science and technology workforce, promoting and defending the integrity of science and its use, and fostering education in science and technology for everyone. The AAAS publishes the journal Science , as well as many scientific newsletters, books, and reports. Science boasts an estimated total readership of one million.

Lessons and tools for educating K-12 kids can be found on their ScienceNetLinks site.

ScienceStage.com is an online portal for the advanced teaching of science and scientific research. They provide a virtual conference room, lecture hall, laboratory, library, and a meeting venue for the presentation and transfer of scientific knowledge. The site enables scientists, lecturers, academics, students, and practitioners of all types to present and share scientific knowledge through the use of streaming audio and video, text documents and classic community functions such as chat, email, and blogs.

ScienceDaily is one of the most popular science news sites on the web and covers breaking scientific news and the latest scientific discoveries. You can access over 65,000 research articles, 15,000 images, 2,500 encyclopedia entries, 1,500 book reviews, and hundreds of education videos for free, without subscription fees. The breaking news and feature articles, covering discoveries in almost every science topic from astrophysics to zoology, are updated several times a day, seven days a week. The world’s leading universities and research organizations use ScienceDailyto spread their scientists’ findings to a wider audience, and showcase the top science news stories.

You can sign up for ScienceDaily’s email newsletter and/or their RSS feed  to receive notifications of important scientific discoveries.

Science News is an award-winning, news magazine that publishes concise, accurate, timely articles about all areas of science and covers important and emerging scientific research. You can subscribe to Science News in print, online digital format, and on the Kindle and iPad. It’s also distributed in audio form on Audible.com in a 1-month subscription or 12-month subscription . You can also search for Science News on the Audible  site to find single issues you can purchase.

The New York Times has a special Science page that covers current scientific events about the environment and space and the cosmos.

NOVA is the most watched documentary series on public television and the highest rated science series on television and has won many major television awards, some multiple times. It’s a science show for “curious people exploring interesting questions.” Each show covers a single topic shown to be of great interest to viewers in an uninterrupted, hour-long program. If you’re still hungry for more information about the topic, each show has a website to accompany it that offers articles, interviews, personal essays, slide shows, 360° panoramas and interactive features.

HowStuffWorks provides explanations for thousands of topics, allowing you to explore how the natural world works, as well as topics in engineering, space, military technology, and physics, among many others.

You can get daily notifications about the newest articles through their RSS feed , as well as finding out about articles on specific topics. HowStuffWorks is also available as an iPad app , an iPhone app , and an Android app .

National Public Radio (NPR) creates and distributes news, information, and music to a network of almost a thousand independent stations. They have a special science page on their website with scientific news and information about many topics, such as the environment, energy, space, technology, and research news.

Subscribe to their science podcast RSS feed to be notified about podcasts covering the latest health and science news that you can download in MP3 format. You can also build your own custom podcast of various topics, music, personalities, and other NPR programs.

Stay informed by downloading apps for Android, iPhone, and iPad, access a mobile site in the browser on your phone or tablet. Follow NPR on Twitter and be a fan of NPR on Facebook .

The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a nonprofit publisher of high-quality, high-profile scientific and medical journals in which scientists and physicians can publish their most important work. Because the sharing of research encourages progress, the journals are freely available to the public under the open access model with no fees for access. The journals can be read, downloaded, copied, distributed, and used (with attribution as specified by the Creative Commons Attribution License).

The PLoS also publishes a blog providing an insider’s view of what’s going on at PLoS.

BioMed Central is a science, technology, and medicine (STM) publisher of 241 peer-reviewed, open access journals. The original research articles published by BioMed Central are freely and permanently accessible online to the public immediately upon publication.

Science.gov provides the ability to search over 55 scientific databases and 200 million pages of government science information and research results using one query. 17 scientific and technical organizations from 13 federal agencies contribute content to Science.gov. The site is also a gateway to over 2100 other scientific websites. Wikipedia and Eureka News results related to your search terms are included in the search results.

If you want to automatically receive updates regarding newly available information on Science.gov in specific areas of interest, you can register for their ALERTS feature . You can also follow the site on Twitter . To view Science.gov on your mobile device, visit the mobile site, m.science.gov.

National Geographic supports exploration and discovery and groundbreaking scientific fieldwork and critical expeditions through grant programs and public projects. Their Science and Space site covers topics in archaeology, technology, space, the prehistoric world, the Earth, and health and the human body.

The Understanding Science  website is a fun, free resource that aims to accurately communicate what science is and how it really works. It provides “an inside look at the general principles, methods, and motivations that underlie all of science.” They provide resources and strategies for K-16 teachers so they can improve their scientific understanding and reinforce the nature of science in their scientific teachings. The website also provides an informative reference that allows students and the general public to accurately understand the nature of science.

Science News for Kids is a website launched in 2003 by the Society for Science & the Public (SSP) , who also publishes the Science News magazine. It’s meant to be a youth edition of and companion to the magazine and to inform, educate, and inspire kids to understand and appreciate science and the vital role it plays in human advancement.

Kids can stay up-to-date with the latest in science news by signing up for the SNK E-Blast email newsletter which lists the headline, summary, and URL of every Science News for Kids article being published every week.

Children learn by asking questions. Some questions you, as a parent or teacher, will be able to answer, some you may not. The Science Made Simple website can help you answer those questions. They offer a newsletter that costs $11.95 for 10 issues of downloadable PDF files, and you can try risk free. If you are not happy with the first issue, they will refund your money.

The newsletter is designed for kids from about ages 5 to 13 and has several different sections written at different levels of difficulty and depth. Each issue starts with a question children might ask about the world around them. The newsletter continues with an easy section for the younger children followed by a general discussion of the basic science needed to answer the question. More detailed information is also included about related science topics for further education. The basic science concepts in the newsletter can be reinforced using the included fun, safe, kid-tested projects.

Cool Science is a website published by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) that provides scientific information for people of all ages. There’s a database of resources for educators , from lesson plans and detailed curricula to tutorials, animations and laboratory exercises. Educators can also subscribe to the Educational Resource Locator RSS feed  to stay updated on new resources as they become available.

There’s also a section of the site that allows curious kids to explore  on their own answers to questions they might have.

The Biointeractive  section of the site provides free resources for science teachers and students.

If you have questions about medicine, human biology, animals, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, or evolution, the Ask a Scientist  section connects you with some of the top scientists in the country connected with HHMI to get your questions answered.

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)  is a science-based, nonprofit alliance of more than 400,000 citizens and scientists working on improving the environment and making the world a safer place. The UCS members include parents and businesspeople, teachers and students, and many types of scientists. Through independent scientific research and citizen action, they work to develop innovative, practical solutions for safeguarding our future and the future of our planet.

To receive updates on news, event information, and urgent action alerts, you can sign up to receive free email updates . Providing your city, state, and zip code ensures that you receive information specific to your community. If you would rather not get updates through email, you can subscribe to their RSS feed . For a tax-deductible fee, you can also join UCS  to aid them in the advancement of science-based solutions.

In addition to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  mentioned earlier, there are other professional organizations dedicated to scientific professional and educational development.

• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) – The world’s largest educational and scientific computing society that delivers resources that advance computing as a science and a profession
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – The world’s largest nonprofit, professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity
• National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST) – A worldwide organization of professionals committed to the improvement of science teaching and learning through research
• National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) –  A member-driven organization committed to promoting excellence and innovation in science teaching and learning for all
• American Chemical Society (ACS) – A congressionally chartered independent membership organization which represents professionals at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry and sciences that involve chemistry
• The American Institute of Physics (AIP) – A nonprofit, membership corporation created for the purpose of promoting the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge of physics and its application to human welfare
• National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA) – A nonprofit, educational organization whose purpose is the advancement, stimulation, extension, improvement, and coordination of Earth and Space Science education at all educational levels
• American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) – A nonprofit, scientific association dedicated to advancing biological research and education for the welfare of society

The UCSF Osher Mini Medical School for the Public is a freely available series of programs presented by UCSF’s Osher Center for Integrative Medicine that allow you to learn about health and the health sciences directly from UCSF faculty members and other nationally-recognized experts.

The following sites provide lectures, publications, podcasts, and even free online college courses from some of the top universities and colleges.

• Cornell University Library – arXiv.org e-Print archive  – Open access to 774,879 e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance and Statistics
• Princeton University – Archived Lectures  – Streaming videos of past lectures
• Princeton University – Podcasts  – Recordings of public lectures and events held at Princeton University
• HarvardScience  – Online publication of the Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs devoted to all matters related to science at the various schools, departments, institutes, and hospitals of Harvard University
• ClassX  – Interactive Lecture Streaming from Stanford University
• Virtual Professors – Free Online College Courses – The most interesting free online college courses and lectures from top university professors and industry experts

The NTRL V3.0 was created by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce to provide access to one of the world’s largest repositories of scientific and technical information produced by the Federal Government over the past 75 years. The mission of the NTIS is to promote American innovation and economic growth by collecting and disseminating scientific, technical and engineering information. As a non-appropriated federal agency, the NTIS operates on a cost-recovery basis. The NTRL V3.0 was developed by the Federal Science Repository Service (FSRS) as an IP-authenticated, subscription-based platform based on the open-source Fedora/SOLR architecture. It provides access to over 2.2 million titles with over 700K digitized full-text technical reports. With updates on a weekly basis these numbers continuously grow as new content is acquired, and existing bibliographic content is digitized. The content of the NTRL V3.0 is arranged by 39 major subject categories and 375 sub-categories. Subscribers to the NTRL V3.0 include major domestic and international universities, federal agencies, businesses, and the library community.

The NTRL V3.0 Newsletter is a complimentary digital publication, published monthly to provide a snapshot of the content of the NTRL V3.0 by subject or theme. Sign-up for your free subscription today to stay informed of new content added to the NTRL V3.0.

If you have any favorite websites for science education and resources, let us know.

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28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier

If you’re a researcher or scholar, you know that conducting effective online research is a critical part of your job. And if you’re like most people, you’re always on the lookout for new and better ways to do it. 

This article aims to give you an edge over researchers that rely mainly on Google for their entire research process.

Table of Contents

#1. Google Scholar

Google Scholar is an academic search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

#2. ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) 

ERIC indexes over a million articles, reports, conference papers, and other resources on all aspects of education from early childhood to higher education. So, search results are more relevant to Education on ERIC. 

ERIC is a free online database of education-related literature. 

#3. Wolfram Alpha

Wolfram Alpha can also be used to find academic articles. Just type in your keywords and Wolfram Alpha will generate a list of academic articles that match your query.

#4. iSEEK Education 

iSEEK is a search engine targeting students, teachers, administrators, and caregiver. It’s designed to be safe with editor-reviewed content.

iSEEK Education is free to use.

#5. BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine)

CORE is an academic search engine that focuses on open access research papers. A link to the full text PDF or complete text web page is supplied for each search result. It’s academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers.

You might also like:

#7. Science.gov

#8. semantic scholar, #9. refseek.

This is one of the free search engines that feels like Yahoo with a massive directory. It could be good when you are just looking for research ideas from unexpected angles. It could lead you to some other database that you might not know such as the CIA The World Factbook, which is a great reference tool.

#10. ResearchGate 

A mixture of social networking site + forum + content databases where researchers can build their profile, share research papers, and interact with one another.

#11. DataONE Search (formerly CiteULike) 

#12. dataelixir .

DataElixir is free to use.

#13. LazyScholar – browser extension

#14. citeseerx – digital library from penstate.

CiteseerX is a digital library stores and indexes research articles in Computer Science and related fields. The site has a robust search engine that allows you to filter results by date, author.

CiteseerX is free to use.

#15. The Lens – patents search 

#16. fatcat – wiki for bibliographic catalog , #17. lexis web – legal database, #18. infotopia – part of the vlrc family, #19. virtual learning resources center, #21. worldwidescience.

Over 70 countries’ databases are used on the website. When a user enters a query, it contacts databases from all across the world and shows results in both English and translated journals and academic resources.

#22. Google Books

A user can browse thousands of books on Google Books, from popular titles to old titles, to find pages that include their search terms. You can look through pages, read online reviews, and find out where to buy a hard copy once you find the book you are interested in.

#23. DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)

#24. baidu scholar, #25. pubmed central, #26. medline®.

MEDLINE® is a paid subscription database for life sciences and biomedicine that includes more than 28 million citations to journal articles. For finding reliable, carefully chosen health information, Medline Plus provides a powerful search tool and even a dictionary.

Defunct Academic Search Engines 

#27. microsoft academic  .

Microsoft Academic

#28. Scizzle

Final thoughts.

There are many academic search engines that can help researchers and scholars find the information they need. This list provides a variety of options, starting with more familiar engines and moving on to less well-known ones. 

10 thoughts on “28 Best Academic Search Engines That make your research easier”

Thank you so much Joannah..I have found this information useful to me as librarian in an academic library

You are welcome! We are happy to hear that!

Thank You Team, for providing a comprehensive list of academic search engines that can help make research easier for students and scholars. The variety of search engines included offers a range of options for finding scholarly articles, journals, and other academic resources. The article also provides a brief summary of each search engine’s features, which helps in determining which one is the best fit for a specific research topic. Overall, this article is a valuable resource for anyone looking for a quick and easy way to access a wealth of academic information.

We appreciate your support and thank you for your kind words. We will continue to provide valuable resources for students and researchers in the future. Please let us know if you have any further questions or suggestions.

No more questions Thank You

I cannot thank you enough!!! thanks alot 🙂

Typography animation is a technique that combines text and motion to create visually engaging and dynamic animations. It involves animating individual letters, words, or phrases in various ways to convey a message, evoke emotions, or enhance the visual impact of a design or video. – Typography Animation Techniques Tools and Online Software {43}

Expontum – Helps researchers quickly find knowledge gaps and identify what research projects have been completed before. Expontum is free, open access, and available to all globally with no paid versions of the site. Automated processes scan research article information 24/7 so this website is constantly updating. By looking at over 35 million research publications (240 million by the end of 2023), the site has 146 million tagged research subjects and 122 million tagged research attributes. Learn more about methodology and sources on the Expontum About Page ( https://www.expontum.com/about.php )

Hey Ryan, I clicked and checked your site and thought it was very relevant to our reader. Thank you for sharing. And, we will be reviewing your site soon.

Sounds good! Thanks, Joannah!

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The Top 10 Websites to Get Your Daily Dose of Science

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Whether you’re a science buff or you're just looking to learn, the internet makes it easy for you to keep up to date with the latest science news.

Here, we'll take a look at ten science websites you can use to get your daily science dose. Some of these are intended for science students, and teachers, while the other focus on simplifying complex topics for laymen.

1. Live Science

Live Science is a reputable website that covers different science-related topics. You can read articles on space, health, Earth, animals, history, mysteries, and other topics here.

The website's articles are quite interesting and easy for everyone to understand. If you’re just starting to learn science and can’t read boring journals, it’s a good starting point to develop your interest. Below each story, you can find the author's details, most of whom are well-versed in science.

It also has forums for different topics where you can ask your questions from the community. Moreover, you can subscribe to the Live Science newsletter and get science news directly to your inbox.

2. Science Daily

Launched back in 1995, Science Daily is another website that offers the latest science news. Science Daily covers a wide range of topics and subtopics, including health, environment, technology, and society. There is also a section that features some strange science stories.

Most of the time, the stories on Science Daily are taken from other reputable websites with slight editing. It also provides a link to the story source and the original research, so you can dive deeper into the topic.

Related: The Best Mobile Apps for Learning Science

You can also follow the RSS feed of Science Daily or its specific topics to stay abreast of the latest happenings in the world of science.

3. Geology.com

As the name suggests, Geology.com focuses on stories around the Earth. Here you can learn about rocks, metals, gemstones, and volcanoes. Similarly, there are articles on fossil fuels, tectonic plates, and earthquakes.

For teachers, it has a ton of teaching resources on different science topics. Geology.com also has a gigantic collection of maps. These include maps of countries and even that of U.S. states. Moreover, you can view the satellite images of the Earth, different cities, countries, and oilfields.

Geology.com has a wealth of information in the form of small and easy-to-understand articles.

4. Futurism

If you’re interested in learning more about science and the latest technologies, Futurism is a great website to follow.

They have two main sections on their websites: The Byte and Neoscope. The Byte focuses on emerging technologies like Earth energy, Sci-Fi visions, AI, Enhanced Humans, and Virtuality. Neoscope covers health sciences genetic, neuroscience, cancer, developments in health, medical devices, etc.

Related: The Best YouTube Channels for Wacky Science Experiments

Other than articles, it has several interesting videos on different scientific topics. You can subscribe to their daily newsletter and keep up with the latest science and technology news.

5. Scientific American

Scientific American is one of the oldest and most reputable science magazines. More than 200 Nobel laureates, including Albert Einstein, have written for this magazine. Other than their monthly magazine, they publish features, opinion pieces, and e-books on their website.

The main topics include health, mind, technology, space, and physics. Scientific American regularly publishes videos about different topics related to science.

Moreover, they host podcasts, providing the latest science news and explaining different scientific subjects. Thanks to its informative newsletter, you can choose the topics of your interest and get related articles to your inbox.

Scientific American requires a subscription, but you can access limited content for free by registering on the website. The subscription cost between $20 and $200 a year. If you’re a science enthusiast, it’s worth upgrading to the paid plan.

6. How Stuff Works- Science

How Stuff Works is a popular website that publishes easy-to-understand explanations of different subjects and phenomena.

The website has an informative science section on its website. How Stuff Works publishes articles, podcasts, and videos shows, simplifying difficult scientific concepts for the general audience.

Related: Science Made Simple! Sites and Apps That Explain Complex Topics

It science section covers different topics like environment, physical sciences, space, engineering, life, nature, innovation, etc. It, too, has a newsletter, featuring science and culture stories.

Like Scientific American, Nature too is an old and respected science journal. On its website, you can find news, analysis, opinions, and research articles on various science subjects. These include physical, environmental, biological, and health sciences.

Nature also releases videos and podcasts on different science topics. You can sign up for alerts or subscribe to RSS feeds to find new articles posted by Nature. Some of Nature's content is available only to subscribers.

As Nature publishes peer-reviewed research, it’s a good source for science students or teachers, but not the general audience.

8. Science News

Science News is a century-old non-profit magazine that publishes the latest happenings in the science world. The website covers subjects like physics, space, Earth, life, humans, tech, and chemistry.

As a free member, you can read most of the articles on Science News, but some of them are accessible to subscribers only. You can watch interesting science videos and subscribe to the email newsletters for the latest news.

Related: Top Virtual Science Lab Apps to Experiment With

For students, Science News has a separate website that focuses on providing easy-to-understand science news to learners and educators.

9. Popular Science

Popular Science is a 145-year-old magazine that aims to present scientific concepts and news in a simple way to the public. Their website, too, focuses on the same goal and has several short, simple articles.

Popular Science covers science, technology, health, animals, space, the environment, and gadgets. It also has podcasts, newsletters, and videos for providing science news.

Though there are free articles on its website, you can subscribe to the digital magazine for $12 and access premium content.

10. BBC Science

The science section of the BBC website is another great resource for learning science. Though there are articles on almost all science topics, the section focuses on climate and the environment.

Intended for the general public, the articles here are simple and interesting to read. BBC also publishes short, science-related videos on its website.

With its high standards of journalism and ability to simplify complex topics, BBC is a good website to learn science.

Learn Science the Fun Way

These websites have a wealth of information on all science topics. If you want to improve your science knowledge, it’s worth sparing some time each day to visit these sites.

But if the in-depth research and feature articles seem boring to you, there are some great documentaries to learn science the fun way.

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Introducing OpenAI o1-preview

A new series of reasoning models for solving hard problems. Available starting 9.12

We've developed a new series of AI models designed to spend more time thinking before they respond. They can reason through complex tasks and solve harder problems than previous models in science, coding, and math. Today, we are releasing the first of this series in ChatGPT and our API. This is a preview and we expect regular updates and improvements. Alongside this release, we’re also including evaluations for the next update, currently in development.

How it works

We trained these models to spend more time thinking through problems before they respond, much like a person would. Through training, they learn to refine their thinking process, try different strategies, and recognize their mistakes. 

In our tests, the next model update performs similarly to PhD students on challenging benchmark tasks in physics, chemistry, and biology. We also found that it excels in math and coding. In a qualifying exam for the International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO), GPT-4o correctly solved only 13% of problems, while the reasoning model scored 83%. Their coding abilities were evaluated in contests and reached the 89th percentile in Codeforces competitions. You can read more about this in our technical research post .

As an early model, it doesn't yet have many of the features that make ChatGPT useful, like browsing the web for information and uploading files and images. For many common cases GPT-4o will be more capable in the near term.

But for complex reasoning tasks this is a significant advancement and represents a new level of AI capability. Given this, we are resetting the counter back to 1 and naming this series OpenAI o1.

As part of developing these new models, we have come up with a new safety training approach that harnesses their reasoning capabilities to make them adhere to safety and alignment guidelines. By being able to reason about our safety rules in context, it can apply them more effectively. 

One way we measure safety is by testing how well our model continues to follow its safety rules if a user tries to bypass them (known as "jailbreaking"). On one of our hardest jailbreaking tests, GPT-4o scored 22 (on a scale of 0-100) while our o1-preview model scored 84. You can read more about this in the system card and our research post .

To match the new capabilities of these models, we’ve bolstered our safety work, internal governance, and federal government collaboration. This includes rigorous testing and evaluations using our Preparedness Framework (opens in a new window) , best-in-class red teaming, and board-level review processes, including by our Safety & Security Committee. To advance our commitment to AI safety, we recently formalized agreements with the U.S. and U.K. AI Safety Institutes. We've begun operationalizing these agreements, including granting the institutes early access to a research version of this model. This was an important first step in our partnership, helping to establish a process for research, evaluation, and testing of future models prior to and following their public release.

Whom it’s for

These enhanced reasoning capabilities may be particularly useful if you’re tackling complex problems in science, coding, math, and similar fields. For example, o1 can be used by healthcare researchers to annotate cell sequencing data, by physicists to generate complicated mathematical formulas needed for quantum optics, and by developers in all fields to build and execute multi-step workflows. 

OpenAI o1-mini

The o1 series excels at accurately generating and debugging complex code. To offer a more efficient solution for developers, we’re also releasing OpenAI o1-mini , a faster, cheaper reasoning model that is particularly effective at coding. As a smaller model, o1-mini is 80% cheaper than o1-preview, making it a powerful, cost-effective model for applications that require reasoning but not broad world knowledge. 

How to use OpenAI o1

ChatGPT Plus and Team users will be able to access o1 models in ChatGPT starting today. Both o1-preview and o1-mini can be selected manually in the model picker, and at launch, weekly rate limits will be 30 messages for o1-preview and 50 for o1-mini. We are working to increase those rates and enable ChatGPT to automatically choose the right model for a given prompt.

ChatGPT Enterprise and Edu users will get access to both models beginning next week.  Developers who qualify for API usage tier 5 (opens in a new window) can start prototyping with both models in the API today with a rate limit of 20 RPM. We’re working to increase these limits after additional testing. The API for these models currently doesn't include function calling, streaming, support for system messages, and other features. To get started, check out the API documentation (opens in a new window) .

We also are planning to bring o1-mini access to all ChatGPT Free users . 

What’s next

This is an early preview of these reasoning models in ChatGPT and the API. In addition to model updates, we expect to add browsing, file and image uploading, and other features to make them more useful to everyone. 

We also plan to continue developing and releasing models in our GPT series, in addition to the new OpenAI o1 series. 

• Try it in ChatGPT Plus (opens in a new window)
• Try it in the API (opens in a new window)