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Case Study on A Comparative Study of Operating Systems

Ict application in business (mgt334), universiti teknologi mara.

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Volume 176 – No. 39, July 2020

A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of

Windows, unix, linux, mac, android and ios, akinlolu adekotujo, phd student, computer science dept.,, lagos state university,, adedoyin odumabo, ademola adedokun, olukayode aiyeniko.

Varieties of operating systems (OS) have emerged over the years having different features and functionalities. Understanding the functionalities of each OS guides users’ decisions about the OS to install on their computers. In view of this, the comparative analysis of different OS is needed to provide details on the similarities and difference in recent types of OS vis-à-vis their strengths and weaknesses. This paper focus on the comparative analysis of Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac, Android and iOS operating systems based on the OS features and their strengths and weaknesses. A qualitative analysis of six different operating systems and result showed that Windows 10 had 0 malware file present while Windows 7 machine was 0. Higher percentage of mobile malware target Androids than iOS. Windows 10, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS are more secured and reliable. Windows and Android are more popular, user-friendly, easy to use and allow more application program than Mac OS. Linux and Android are free while Windows is moderately costly and Mac OS is very costly. Except for Mac and iOS others allow compatibility. Windows 10 and Mac OS integrated firewall. Windows and Android tend to be the most widely used especially the newest versions. It is because they are affordable, secure, reliable, compatible and user friendly. This study helps to provide some guides to both end-users and developers guiding them in taking decisions about operating systems that are most suitable for them.

General Terms

Operating System

Operating System, Windows, Linux, Mac, UNIX, Android, iOS, Comparative Analysis

1. INTRODUCTION

Operating System (OS) is software that manages and controls the main computer hardware, the hardware peripherals and software resources, so also the users. It also offers the platform and support for application programs and acts as an interface between the computer user, programmers inclusive, and the computer hardware [ 1 ]. Applications software like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and other dedicated applications that businesses need, run on a given OS platform.

Operating systems provide standard services for processes implementation such as storage, deadlock, scheduling and other processes. It also provides a programming environment that enables a user to write and execute programs in a much convenient and efficient way. Every computer system including desktops, laptops, tablets, supercomputers, hand-

held and even video game consoles use some type of operating system. There are numerous types of operating systems in today’s ICT world. Mac Operating System designed and owned by Apple Inc., Windows by Microsoft Inc., Linux by Community, likewise Android by Google Inc. and others.

Varieties of Operating Systems have emerged over the years having different features and functionalities. Understanding the functionalities of each OS guides users’ decisions about the OS to install on their computers. In view of this the comparative analysis of different OS becomes inevitable. Thus the need arises for a comparative analysis that will give an overview of the similarities and difference in different types of OS with the view to presenting and mapping the features of the OS with various user services.

This paper presents a comparative study of six (i. Windows, Linux, Mac, UNIX, Android and iOS) operating systems based on the OS features and their strengths and weaknesses.

The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the review of related works while Section 3 presents the comparative analysis of Windows, UNIX, Linux, Mac, Android, and iOS. Section 4 presents merits and demerits of Windows, UNIX, Linux, Mac, Android, and iOS. Deductions are presented in Section 5 and Conclusion is presented in Section 6.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Several research works had been carried out on operating systems used on desktop computer systems and mobile devices. Summary of the existing works is presented in this section.

Lin and Ye in [ 2 ] investigated the smartphone OSs market in a uniform ecosystem framework. They compared major companies like Nokia, RIM, Apple and Microsoft. The result showed that the companies used smartphone OS as a business unit and as opportunity for new business. Similarly in [ 3 ], the authors compared various operating systems (OSes) for developing WSN applications such as TinyOS, Contiki, and LiteOS. Several issues were considered amongst which are: memory requirement, process management and scheduling, kernel model, reliability etc. Moreover, features such as Networking Support, Real-Time Guarantee, Language Support, Multi-Threading Support, File System, Platform Support, and Simulator for comparison of these OSes were discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of the operating systems were equally identified. The significance of this work is that, the OS developers will know what had been done on existing OSes, and the OS users will know the various features of

existing sensor network OSes, so as to enable them select the most suitable for their application.

Mudiraj in [ 4 ], did comparative study of booting paradigm of Windows, Linux and Mac operating system. This experimental study gave an idea about the Booting Process similarities and difference in these three operating systems. The result of experiment showed that every operating system considered have same common POST step processed during the booting process. Mac has its own mechanism such as BootROM, which has its own operating system boot loader called BootX or Boot. It is the only operating system that does not support any BIOS mechanism while booting it.

In [ 5 ], a review of various mobile technologies such as 1G, 2G and 3G with different mobile OS was carried out. The authors compared Symbian OS, Android OS, BlackBerry OS, iOS and Windows Phone based on Vendor, Programming Language and Application Store. The result showed that iOS has more features and require less code. They established that android and apple are growing faster in the market. Similarly comparison of two android and iOS was carried out in [ 6 ] with emphasis on security. The security features used for comparisons are encryption approach, memory randomization, data storage format, application sandboxing, and built-in antivirus. Results showed that iOS is more secured than android OS. Also, other security issues about users’ data are identified. Furthermore, Okediran et. al., did a comparative analysis of different technological platforms in [ 7 ]. The Smartphone OSs reviewed were Android-Google, iOS-Apple, Blackberry OS, Windows Phone-Microsoft, web OS and Symbian OS-Nokia. The result showed android as the most flexible and dynamic mobile operating system.

In 2014, a user model for OS design based on UX to aid product designers to find the connection between user perception and UX was presented in [ 8 ]. The empirical study was done to compare the dominant OSs in tablets: Windows 8, iOS 6, and Android 4 with the major aspects to establish satisfactory or unsatisfactory UX. The paper used users’ data, such as demographic factors, usage frequency, personal character, personal aesthetic, and voluntariness of use to predict the UX .The results showed that the iOS 6 holds a satisfactory in terms of architectural support and favorable brand image, Android 4 holds a satisfactory in terms of architectural support and functional performance and Windows 8 holds a satisfactory in terms of functional performance but the OS is unclear, hard to use, and learn, inadequate GUI support which make it unsatisfactory. Also [ 9 ] discussed the android architecture, its operating system and main features. The work compared Android with different OS like iOS (Apple), Blackberry OS (RIM), and Symbian (Nokia). From their analysis, they concluded that Android is better than all other operating systems. Conversely, Android is an open source OS, had some limitations such as malware attacks like virus, spyware, worms etc.

Computer system had been used to achieve several computer crimes which include hacking/cracking, computer viruses, network intrusion etc. Recently, digital forensic has been used to identify any malicious activity in operating system. The research reported in [ 10 ] explained the fundamentals of Windows7 registry and its structure and Ubuntu12 file system; a comparative analysis of the Windows7 registry and Ubuntu12 file systems of various activities based on auto run program, recently accessed documents, application settings, malware activity, login & shutdown activity, network accessed, and its relations to the digital forensic. The aim of this work was to compare Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12

operating systems in forensic investigation of user activities. Digital forensic technique was adopted. Windows 7 operating system keeps track of information in the registry, which helps to discover the kind of activity performed by the user and kind of infection and intruder when analyzed. Ubuntu uses text files in system configuration which help in investigation of action and malicious activity tracking.

The work presented in [ 11 ] identified the key factors affecting the choice of OS (Android and iOS) customers, and the demographic effect on their choice. The analysis showed that age group and applications available in the app store are significant in influencing the choice of OS. This study revealed that among smartphone users, Android and iOS are highly preferred. Android is preferred by customers because of its high customized features, user interface and free availability apps while iOS is a special mobile operating system that works only on Apple devices and well known for its high security features. It is recommended that Android should enhance its security features and battery life span; and iOS should increase its free available apps and develop widget support. Also in [ 12 ], the authors compared the operating systems of mobile devices such as Android, iPhone OS, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Symbian with the following features concurrency, memory use network and security. The result showed that each operating system have strengths and weaknesses, therefore it is certainly impossible to say which operating system is the best. Apple placed unnatural restrictions on their iOS devices while the others have no difficulty in running various applications at the same time. Android is the only free open source operating system. In terms of restricted memory capacity, all operating systems have different technologies to deal with it more but BlackBerry and Android OS deals less with restrictions. All operating systems have restrictions in regard of automatically connecting to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth network but Windows Mobile and Android 2 did not have any restrictions. In term of security, BlackBerry and Android OS both run applications in sandboxed virtual machine but other operating systems had complications for signing applications. Android and iPhone OS are nowadays leading the business market.

In 2019, Enterprise Operating System (EOS) was presented in [ 13 ]. The goal was to develop a universal EOS (UEOS) model. The review of the Viable Systems Model (VSM), Le Moigne general system theory, the nine level model (NLM), and enterprise engineering (EE) concepts was done and from which the first elementary functional model of UEOS was developed. Three perspectives of active object such as functional, ontological, evolutionary were identified from Le Moigne ́s theory, memory facilitating the operational and the management/decision enterprises subsystems were identified from the NLM and relevant contributions from GOD theory, the Organizational Self Awareness (OSA) concept, and

rigorous tools as DEMO were identified from EE. Also,

contributions were gotten from complex theories, principally the concept of “bounded instability” and the strategies to maintain a system in “edge of chaos”. The research was in its initial phase, therefore there is need for valuable feedback from research communities to help evolving the first functional elementary UEOS model, into a complete and comprehensible one.

In recent years, there were increased in the development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications to control remote systems especially in industrial engineering by interlinking a large number of devices. The core idea of the IoT is to make available a network of physical objects having embedded

than Unix who its friends are

Integrated Firewall

Windows Firewall Chroot capability- based security, [s 5] seccomp, SELinux

Application Firewall

IPFilter iptables Firewall-IP for iOS

Security Threats

Huge Negligible Negligible Mild Negligible Negligible

Shell Terminal

CMD Bash shell powerful shell with many features

BASH Originally the Bourne Shell. Now it's compatible with many others including BASH, Korn & C.

Mosh Blink Shell

Kernel Type Hybrid Monolithic with modules

Monolithic with modules

Linux kernel XNU kernel of Darwin

Reliability Great Great Greatest Greater Could be unstable

More than Android

Compatibility Can coexist on local networks with Windows, BSD, Macs, and other Unix-like systems. More compatible.

Linux has few programs and games like Windows. But is more compatible and scalable than Unix

Only few programs will run on Mac

Unix does not have as many programs and games as Windows

Better than iOS

Compatibility is fair

4. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE

Operating systems: windows,, unix, linux, mac, android,, 4 windows operating system.

Windows Operating System was introduced into the market in the year 1985, and as a robust and comprehensive kind of software, has almost 90% market share over and above other operating system [ 15 ]. With its great and dominance presence in commercial buildings, industrial facilities, as well as its obvious presence as home computers. Although this assertion is believed not to be so again as a result of overwhelming peoples interest in open source operating systems.

The Microsoft Operating System as a family of Microsoft windows was created as a graphical layer over that of old MS dos with its root from MS DOS Command line and this it retains till date with DOS Box command prompt that is cmd. [ 16 ]. Original Windows NT core happens to be the first to take shape in OS/2 operating system upon which modern versions are dependent. 32 and 64-bit AMD and Intel systems accommodate Windows OS, DEC Alpha, PowerPC architectures Windows OS, and MIPS is also comfortable with recent versions, likewise low and mid-range servers. Database and web servers also allows Windows operating system to use them. In recent years, Microsoft has proofed significant with marketing and with its finance to establish that Windows interoperability is not in doubt and that it has all that it takes as a platform to run any enterprise application.

4.1 Merits of Windows OS

i. Technical/Maintenance support: Support is made available either online or offline because of its general acceptability by so many users.

ii. Compatibility: Windows accommodates almost every applications, game works and different types of drivers.

iii. Enormous quantity of functions: Getting use to Windows, one would realize that there are many functions one can do almost anything quite easily with when call up.

4.1 Demerits of Windows OS

i. Viruses: Need to purchase an antivirus programs that needs to be activated frequently, and this can be done on Auto or Manual mode, although free antivirus exist but with limitations.

ii. Slow: Windows operating system, particularly Vista and Windows 7 needs a lot of system resources like registers, cache, main memory, processor, disk space, and this makes the system runs slower.

iii. Price: The cost of purchasing Windows operating system is high and very few users can afford it and this necessitate cracking and makes pirated software version available.

4 UNIX Operating System

UNIX happens to be one of the very few oldest of all operating system in recent time of ICT world that is still generally and widely used and available till date, as none conspicuous operating system but its somehow secret in its operation and interface design, it is primarily designed for the use by very large enterprise computing systems. It happens to

be one of the common operating system that is run by servers and other computers that form the large bulk of the Internet.

One might never use UNIX on local PC, but indirect use is obvious in one form or another, every time one log on to the internet. Very few users runs UNIX on their personal systems, and a lot of different versions of UNIX operating system are available for UNIX PC, and one of such is “UNIXy” which so many users have installed on desktop machines. There are so any different types and features basic UNIX interface; Linux, with its different version turn out to be the most common and popular for personal computer platform.

Setting up a UNIX OS can be difficult and it requires some knowledge to operate, but it is stable and robust, and efficient with system resources. UNIX OS uses the "UNIX file system". However, most file systems used by UNIX OS are impartially similar, but different uniquely from of other operating systems file systems, such as DOS or Windows. The trademark UNIX® is been owned by the Open Group, Only PCs fully compliant with and certified to the Single UNIX Specification qualify as "UNIXR", others are referred to or known as "Unix system-like" or "Unix-like".

Between later and early part of 1970 and 1980 respectively, UNIXs way in academic circles led to large scale acceptance of UNIX by commercial businesses, the most prominent of which is Sun Microsystems. Additional to certified UNIX computer systems, today Operating system like that of UNIX such example likes BSD products and Linux are regularly come across. UNIX with is pros and cons and besides being a free system, are found as to run on most machine [ 17 ].

4.2 Merits of UNIX

UNIX provides more control by the user. Some OS like Windows and Mac are based on icon and mouse making them more user friendly, user can also activate what the operating system allows. On UNIX, user has no limitation as anything can be done in as much as the operating system offers it.

What it means is that user can work freely without the fear of thinking that the system can be messed up even when the user does not know what he/she is doing. UNIX also can offer both freedom and danger because the operating system can be changed and make more compatible with what one want to do. If one knows what it takes to work perfectly well with UNIX, the operating system can be so powerful that it can be customized, and because it has been in used for a long time, most bugs have been cleared and this fact makes it very reliable.

4.2 Demerits of UNIX

Successfully usage of UNIX requires that an expert will be needed on site. Simple installation of new products and updates may be difficult if one is not a UNIX expert. Interacting with UNIX system using its command process is difficult, more difficult for a novice, this is why UNIX is most used by sophisticated users. UNIX operating system is a customizable OS, different dialects and languages of UNIX are available in versions.

For example, there was a time Berkley UNIX group were not comfortable with how UNIX classifies users, they had to change the operating system code. Therefore, an expert UNIX user at a domain might face a serious learning curve challenge at another domain or location.

4 Linux Operating System

The GNU’s answer to MAC and also Windows is Linux. Yes, what this means is that Linux is a FREE OS, one can perform

4.5 Merits of Android OS

I. open source platform supported by a wide-range of.

mobile device manufacturer and communities

ii. Easy access to many free and premium app from

communities of Apps developers that support Android OS

iii. Multitasking: Android Operating system has the

capability of running many applications and processes within the same available time

iv. Fast and easy notification of SMS, email or RSS

reader alert

v. Widget zed home screen allows easy access to

settings of phones without wasting time and with ease

vi. The continuous upgrades in appearance and features

might shortly leave other iOS far behind soon.

vii. Good for programmers who likes to jumble with

Linux Kernel for making alterations in OS.

4.5 Demerits of Android OS

I. unstable and disposed to crashes compared to other, ii. being open source, so many apps are created. very.

few of these applications might have bugs which can be abused by hackers or viral infections.

iii. To sign in as administrator for advanced settings,

one need to get acquainted with Linux commands.

iv. Frequent updates on the OS could make one

upgrade to the latest, and this is called rooting. Rooting should be done carefully, otherwise, one could end up in trouble.

v. Majority of Applications require internet

connections for operation which sometimes is a disadvantage.

vi. Poor battery backup management.

4 iphone operating system (ios).

iOS, which is a mobile OS, is designed and owned by Apple Inc. It was designed and developed for iPhone, but later extended support for iPad and Apple TV. iOS root comes from Mac OS X, hence it is UNIX based OS. Like other OS, iOS is frequently updated starting from iOS version 4 and the latest is iOS version 5.1 Core OS layer resides in the bottom of iPhone OS architecture[ 19 ].

Core services layer of iOS architecture encompasses an additional abstraction layer, cocoa touch layer and media. The Core OS layer contain the scheduler inclusively, Mach kernel, file system, hardware drivers and control the memory system, network and inter process communication and security framework to secure the system and program data. As confirmed that the core services layer of the OS has an abstraction setup. It also contain nonstop accessibility to the network availability, basic framework for objective-C programming, state of mobile device, access to location information and address book. As of March 2012, 550, iOS apps are available in Apple store (Anup, Raman et al 2015). iOS has many benefits and non-benefits as stated below.

4.6 Merits of iOS

I. stable and safe operating system for mobile phones, ii. probably the most loved interface for any mobile.

OS in the market. Good looking designed desktop and app icons which go hand to hand with the stunning looks of Apple devices.

iii. Minimal viruses and safe OS with the consideration

of very high standard when applications were developed and when updates were also made.

iv. High adherence to current web standard and

procedures.

v. High consideration for cloud storage technology.

Vi. easy access to free and premium apps from apple, 4.6 demerits of ios, i. ios only support apple hardware, and less.

operability

ii. Very costly

5. deductions.

a. Windows 10 had 0 malware file present while Windows 7 machine was 0.

b. Higher % of mobile malware target Androids than iOS.

c. Windows 10, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS are more secured and reliable.

d. Windows and Android are more popular, user- friendly, easy to use and allow more application program than Mac OS.

e. Linux and Android are free while Windows is moderately costly and Mac OS highly costly.

f. Except for Mac and iOS others allow compatibility. Windows 10 and Mac OS integrated firewall.

g. The comparative analysis and market share analysis between August 2018 and June 2020 showed that Android and Windows OS are very high compare to other OS. Android and Windows has 38% and 36% respectively (See Table 2)

Table 2. Operating System Market Share Worldwide (gs)[ 20 ]

Operating Systems August 2018 (%)

June 2020 (%)

Android 41 38.

Windows 35 36.

OS X (UNIX) 5 8.

6. CONCLUSION

Windows and Android tend to be the most widely used especially the newest versions. It is because they are affordable, secured, reliable, compatible and friendly. It could be concluded that every operating system, with a particular direction, was developed by considering targeted customers and their interest. Every Operating System, mobile OS inclusive, provides competitive and distinct features and services for their customers. However, all open sourced Operating Systems enjoys addition of new ideas, in applications and updates every day by various community developers, this also enhanced their security features and performance, while the enterprised OS lacks flexibility of design. This will not underscore the fact that every OS is good, but users’ choice depends on the services required of it.

7. ACKNOWLEEMENT

Thanks to everyone who contributed to the completion of this research work especially Prof B. Akinnuwesi.

8. REFERENCES

[1] A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, Operating System Concept, S. Ken, ed., pp. 1-3, USA: John Wiley & Son Inc., 2009.

[2] F. Lin, and W. Ye, “Operating system battle in the ecosystem of smartphone industry,” in 2009 international symposium on information engineering and electronic commerce, 2009, pp. 617-621.

[3] T. V. Chien, H. N. Chan, and T. N. Huu, “A comparative study on operating system for wireless sensor networks,” in 2011 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, 2011, pp. 73-78.

[4] A. R. Mudiraj, “Windows, Linux and Mac Operating system Booting Process: a Comparative Study,” International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 2278- 5841, 2013.

[5] T. Sharma, M. K. Beniwal, and A. Sharma, “Comparative study of different mobile operating systems,” International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1-5, 2013.

[6] M. S. Ahmad, N. E. Musa, R. Nadarajah, R. Hassan, and N. E. Othman, “Comparison between android and iOS Operating System in terms of security,” in 2013 8th International Conference on Information Technology in Asia (CITA), 2013, pp. 1-4.

[7] O. Okediran, O. Arulogun, R. Ganiyu, and C. Oyeleye, “Mobile operating systems and application development platforms: A survey,” International journal of advanced networking and applications, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2195- 2201, 2014.

[8] C.-F. Chien, K.-Y. Lin, and A. P.-I. Yu, “User- experience of tablet operating system: An experimental investigation of Windows 8, iOS 6, and Android 4,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 75-84, 2014.

[9] P. Kaur, and S. Sharma, “Google Android a mobile platform: A review,” in 2014 Recent Advances in Engineering and Computational Sciences (RAECS), 2014, pp. 1-5.

[10] D. Patil, and B. Meshram, “Forensic investigation of user activities on Windows7 and Ubuntu12 operating system,” International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 58-66, 2015.

[11] V. Rema, and M. KirthiVasan, “Determinants affecting the choice of Mobile Operating System among Smartphone Users: A Comparative study of Android vs. iOS in Bangalore,” Management Review-A Research & Academic Journal of Business Management, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 22-26, 2015.

[12] N. Ahmad, M. W. Boota, and A. H. Masoom, “Comparative analysis of operating system of different smart phones,” Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, vol. 8, no. 03, pp. 114-126, 2015.

[13] A. Fernandes, and J. Tribolet, “Enterprise Operating System: the enterprise (self) governing system,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 149-158, 2019.

[14] R. Kouki, A. Boe, T. Vantroys, and F. Bouani, “Autonomous Internet of Things predictive control application based on wireless networked multi-agent topology and embedded operating system,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, vol. 234, no. 5, pp. 577-595, 2020.

[15] H. Nair, and R. Sridaran, “An Innovative Model (HS) to Enhance the Security in Windows Operating System-A Case Study,” in 2019 6th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2019, pp. 1207-1211.

[16] M. M. Chim, M. V. Rathod, and M. P. Chawan, “Linux & Windows Operating Systems,” Journal of Engineering, Computers & Applied Sciences (JEC&AS), vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 15-20, 2013.

[17] J. Viega, and J. Voas, “The pros and cons of Unix and Windows security policies,” IT Professional, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 40-47, 2000.

[18] W.-C. Fan, C.-S. Wong, W.-K. Lee, and S.-O. Hwang, “Comparison of Interactivity Performance of Linux CFS and Windows 10 CPU Schedulers,” in 2020 International Conference on Green and Human Information Technology (ICGHIT), 2020, pp. 31-34.

[19] A. Naseer, W. B. Muhammad, and H. M. Abdul, “Comparative Analysis of Operating System of Different Smart Phones,” Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, vol. Vol no. No, pp. 114-126, March 2015, 2015.

[20] Https:gs.statcounter/os-market-share

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Reseach Article

A comparative study of operating systems: case of windows, unix, linux, mac, android and ios.

Akinlolu Adekotujo, Adedoyin Odumabo, Ademola Adedokun, Olukayode Aiyeniko . A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of Windows, UNIX, Linux, Mac, Android and iOS. International Journal of Computer Applications. 176, 39 ( Jul 2020), 17-24. DOI=10.5120/ijca2020920494

Varieties of operating systems (OS) have emerged over the years having different features and functionalities. Understanding the functionalities of each OS guides users’ decisions about the OS to install on their computers. In view of this, the comparative analysis of different OS is needed to provide details on the similarities and difference in recent types of OS vis-à-vis their strengths and weaknesses. This paper focus on the comparative analysis of Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac, Android and iOS operating systems based on the OS features and their strengths and weaknesses. A qualitative analysis of six different operating systems and result showed that Windows 10 had 0.04 malware file present while Windows 7 machine was 0.08. Higher percentage of mobile malware target Androids than iOS. Windows 10, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS are more secured and reliable. Windows and Android are more popular, user-friendly, easy to use and allow more application program than Mac OS. Linux and Android are free while Windows is moderately costly and Mac OS is very costly. Except for Mac and iOS others allow compatibility. Windows 10 and Mac OS integrated firewall. Windows and Android tend to be the most widely used especially the newest versions. It is because they are affordable, secure, reliable, compatible and user friendly. This study helps to provide some guides to both end-users and developers guiding them in taking decisions about operating systems that are most suitable for them.

A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, Operating System Concept, S. Ken, ed., pp. 1-3, USA: John Wiley & Son Inc., 2009.
F. Lin, and W. Ye, “Operating system battle in the ecosystem of smartphone industry,” in 2009 international symposium on information engineering and electronic commerce, 2009, pp. 617-621.
T. V. Chien, H. N. Chan, and T. N. Huu, “A comparative study on operating system for wireless sensor networks,” in 2011 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, 2011, pp. 73-78.
A. R. Mudiraj, “Windows, Linux and Mac Operating system Booting Process: a Comparative Study,” International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 2278-5841, 2013.
T. Sharma, M. K. Beniwal, and A. Sharma, “Comparative study of different mobile operating systems,” International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1-5, 2013.
M. S. Ahmad, N. E. Musa, R. Nadarajah, R. Hassan, and N. E. Othman, “Comparison between android and iOS Operating System in terms of security,” in 2013 8th International Conference on Information Technology in Asia (CITA), 2013, pp. 1-4.
O. Okediran, O. Arulogun, R. Ganiyu, and C. Oyeleye, “Mobile operating systems and application development platforms: A survey,” International journal of advanced networking and applications, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2195-2201, 2014.
C.-F. Chien, K.-Y. Lin, and A. P.-I. Yu, “User-experience of tablet operating system: An experimental investigation of Windows 8, iOS 6, and Android 4.2,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 75-84, 2014.
P. Kaur, and S. Sharma, “Google Android a mobile platform: A review,” in 2014 Recent Advances in Engineering and Computational Sciences (RAECS), 2014, pp. 1-5.
D. Patil, and B. Meshram, “Forensic investigation of user activities on Windows7 and Ubuntu12 operating system,” International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 58-66, 2015.
V. Rema, and M. KirthiVasan, “Determinants affecting the choice of Mobile Operating System among Smartphone Users: A Comparative study of Android vs. iOS in Bangalore,” Management Review-A Research & Academic Journal of Business Management, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 22-26, 2015.
N. Ahmad, M. W. Boota, and A. H. Masoom, “Comparative analysis of operating system of different smart phones,” Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, vol. 8, no. 03, pp. 114-126, 2015.
A. Fernandes, and J. Tribolet, “Enterprise Operating System: the enterprise (self) governing system,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 149-158, 2019.
R. Kouki, A. Boe, T. Vantroys, and F. Bouani, “Autonomous Internet of Things predictive control application based on wireless networked multi-agent topology and embedded operating system,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, vol. 234, no. 5, pp. 577-595, 2020.
H. Nair, and R. Sridaran, “An Innovative Model (HS) to Enhance the Security in Windows Operating System-A Case Study,” in 2019 6th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2019, pp. 1207-1211.
M. M. Chim, M. V. Rathod, and M. P. Chawan, “Linux & Windows Operating Systems,” Journal of Engineering, Computers & Applied Sciences (JEC&AS), vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 15-20, 2013.
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Index Terms

Computer Science Information Sciences

Operating System Windows Linux Mac UNIX Android iOS Comparative Analysis

Case Studies of Popular Operating Systems

Introduction.

Operating systems (OS) are the backbone of any computer or computing device as they manage computer hardware and software resources to provide a user-friendly environment. There are numerous operating systems available today, but some have gained immense popularity due to their performance, features, and user base. In this article, we will delve into case studies of two widely used operating systems: UNIX and Windows.

UNIX, developed in the late 1960s, is a powerful and versatile operating system known for its stability, security, and scalability. It has greatly influenced the development of operating systems, shaping modern computing as we know it. Here are a few key case studies highlighting the significance of UNIX.

Case Study 1: The Unix Time-Sharing System

The Unix Time-Sharing System, developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories, is considered one of the first successful implementations of a multi-user operating system. Its introduction revolutionized the way computers were used, enabling simultaneous access to a shared mainframe by multiple users. This development significantly contributed to the growth of computer systems in academic and research settings.

Case Study 2: The Linux Kernel

The Linux kernel, initially developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, is based on the UNIX operating system. It is an open-source project that has provided a fertile ground for collaboration and innovation. Linux offers a high degree of stability, security, and adaptability, making it the foundation for a wide range of systems, from embedded devices to supercomputers. Its success showcases the effectiveness of open-source development and the power of community-driven software.

Windows, developed by Microsoft, dominates the consumer operating system market with its user-friendly interface and broad software compatibility. It has evolved over time to cater to the needs of various devices and industries. Let's explore a couple of case studies that exhibit the impact of Windows on the computing landscape.

Case Study 1: Windows 95

Windows 95, released in 1995, marked a significant turning point in the evolution of Microsoft's operating systems. It introduced a more intuitive user interface with the introduction of the Start button and taskbar. Windows 95 also improved system stability, enhanced multimedia capabilities, and provided better support for the emerging internet. This version of Windows played a critical role in popularizing personal computers among general users.

Case Study 2: Windows 10

Windows 10, released in 2015, represents the latest iteration of the Windows operating system. Microsoft aimed to create a unified platform that works seamlessly across different devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Windows 10 introduced numerous features like Cortana (a digital assistant), the Microsoft Store, and the Edge web browser. Its consistent updates and focus on security have made it one of the most secure Windows versions to date.

UNIX and Windows are two well-known operating systems that have shaped the modern computing landscape. UNIX has influenced the development of multi-user systems and community-driven open-source projects like Linux. Windows, on the other hand, has focused on providing user-friendly interfaces and broad software compatibility.

These case studies showcase the impact and evolution of these popular operating systems and how they have addressed the needs of various industries and user bases over time. Both UNIX and Windows continue to play vital roles in the ever-changing world of technology, meeting the demands of modern computing environments.

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Types of Operating Systems

An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files, processes, and memory. Thus, the operating system acts as the manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager . Thus, the operating system becomes an interface between the user and the machine. It is one of the most required software that is present in the device.

Operating System is a type of software that works as an interface between the system program and the hardware. There are several types of Operating Systems many of which are mentioned below. Let’s have a look at them.

There are several types of Operating Systems which are mentioned below.

Batch Operating System

Multi-Programming System
Multi-Processing System
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Time-Sharing Operating System
Distributed Operating System

Network Operating System

Real-Time Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups.

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Advantages of Batch Operating System

Multiple users can share the batch systems.
The idle time for the batch system is very less.
It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

Batch systems are hard to debug.
It is sometimes costly.
The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult to accurately predict while they are in the queue.

Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used for better utilization of resources.

MultiProgramming

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system.

3. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of the System.

Multiprocessing Operating System

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

It increases the throughput of the system.
As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with another processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand.

4. Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs simultaneously.

There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below.

Preemptive Multi-Tasking
Cooperative Multi-Tasking

Multitasking Operating System

Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking Operating System.
It comes with proper memory management.

Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.

5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

Time-Sharing OS

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS

Each task gets an equal opportunity.
Fewer chances of duplication of software.
CPU idle time can be reduced.
Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.
Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work concurrently, thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn to use the computer. This increased productivity translates to more work getting done in less time.
Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive environment that allows users to communicate with the computer in real time, providing a better user experience than batch processing.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS

Reliability problem.
One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.
Data communication problem.
High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating systems due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that come with supporting multiple users.
Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously. This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security breaches increases. Time-sharing systems require careful management of user access, authentication, and authorization to ensure the security of data and software.

Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation

IBM VM/CMS : IBM VM/CMS is a time-sharing operating system that was first introduced in 1972. It is still in use today, providing a virtual machine environment that allows multiple users to run their own instances of operating systems and applications.
TSO (Time Sharing Option) : TSO is a time-sharing operating system that was first introduced in the 1960s by IBM for the IBM System/360 mainframe computer. It allowed multiple users to access the same computer simultaneously, running their own applications.
Windows Terminal Services : Windows Terminal Services is a time-sharing operating system that allows multiple users to access a Windows server remotely. Users can run their own applications and access shared resources, such as printers and network storage, in real-time.

6. Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems . These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.

Distributed OS

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent of each other.
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
Load on host computer reduces.
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network.
Delay in data processing reduces.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet.

Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.

Issues With Distributed Operating Systems

Networking causes delays in the transfer of data between nodes of a distributed system. Such delays may lead to an inconsistent view of data located in different nodes, and make it difficult to know the chronological order in which events occurred in the system.
Control functions like scheduling, resource allocation, and deadlock detection have to be performed in several nodes to achieve computation speedup and provide reliable operation when computers or networking components fail.
Messages exchanged by processes present in different nodes may travel over public networks and pass through computer systems that are not controlled by the distributed operating system. An intruder may exploit this feature to tamper with messages, or create fake messages to fool the authentication procedure and masquerade as a user of the system.

7. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems .

Advantages of Network Operating System

Highly stable centralized servers.
Security concerns are handled through servers.
New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system.
Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System

Servers are costly.
User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc.

8. Real-Time Operating System

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

Hard Real-Time Systems: Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags which are required to be readily available in case of an accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
Soft Real-Time Systems: These OSs are for applications where time-constraint is less strict.

For more, refer to the Difference Between Hard Real-Time OS and Soft Real-Time OS .

Advantages of RTOS

Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more output from all the resources.
Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting from one task to another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance on applications that are in the queue.
Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.

Disadvantages of RTOS

Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very less on a few applications to avoid errors.
Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they are expensive as well.
Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on.
Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupts signal to respond earliest to interrupts.
Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

Operating systems come in various types, each used for specific needs. Whether it’s managing large batches of jobs, enabling multiple users to work simultaneously, coordinating networked computers, or ensuring timely execution in critical systems. Understanding these types helps in choosing the right operating system for the right job, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness.

Frequently Asked Questions on Types of Operating Systems – FAQs

What is a batch operating system.

A batch operating system processes batches of jobs without user interaction. It collects similar jobs, executes them without manual intervention, and is common in mainframe environments for tasks like payroll processing.

What is a time-sharing operating system?

A time-sharing OS allows multiple users to use a computer system simultaneously by dividing CPU time among multiple tasks or users. It provides efficient sharing of resources and is typical in interactive computing environments.

What are embedded operating systems?

Embedded OSs are designed for specific hardware and tasks in embedded systems like appliances, vehicles, and industrial machines. They are optimized for reliability, real-time processing, and often have limited user interfaces.

Structure of Operating System

Operating System Services An operating system is software that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It is a program with the help of which we are able to run various applications. It is the one program that is running all the time. Every computer must have an operating system to smoothly execute ot 6 min read
Introduction of System Call A system call is a programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the kernel of the operating system it is executed on. A system call is a way for programs to interact with the operating system. A computer program makes a system call when it requests the operating system's kern 11 min read
System Programs in Operating System System Programming can be defined as the act of building Systems Software using System Programming Languages. According to Computer Hierarchy, Hardware comes first then is Operating System, System Programs, and finally Application Programs. Program Development and Execution can be done conveniently 3 min read
Operating Systems Structures The operating system can be implemented with the help of various structures. The structure of the OS depends mainly on how the various standard components of the operating system are interconnected and merge into the kernel. This article discusses a variety of operating system implementation structu 8 min read
History of Operating System An operating system is a type of software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. It is responsible for handling various critical functions of the computer and utilizing resources very efficiently so the operating system is also known as a resource manager. The operating system 10 min read
Booting and Dual Booting of Operating System When a computer or any other computing device is in a powerless state, its operating system remains stored in secondary storage like a hard disk or SSD. But, when the computer is started, the operating system must be present in the main memory or RAM of the system. What is Booting?When a computer sy 7 min read

Types of OS

Batch Processing Operating System In the beginning, computers were very large types of machinery that ran from a console table. In all-purpose, card readers or tape drivers were used for input, and punch cards, tape drives, and line printers were used for output. Operators had no direct interface with the system, and job implementat 6 min read
Multiprogramming in Operating System As the name suggests, Multiprogramming means more than one program can be active at the same time. Before the operating system concept, only one program was to be loaded at a time and run. These systems were not efficient as the CPU was not used efficiently. For example, in a single-tasking system, 5 min read
Time Sharing Operating System Multiprogrammed, batched systems provide an environment where various system resources were used effectively, but it did not provide for user interaction with computer systems. Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU performs many tasks by switches that are so frequent that 5 min read
What is a Network Operating System? The basic definition of an operating system is that the operating system is the interface between the computer hardware and the user. In daily life, we use the operating system on our devices which provides a good GUI, and many more features. Similarly, a network operating system(NOS) is software th 2 min read
Real Time Operating System (RTOS) Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are used in environments where a large number of events, mostly external to the computer system, must be accepted and processed in a short time or within certain deadlines. such applications are industrial control, telephone switching equipment, flight control, and 6 min read

Process Management

Introduction of Process Management A process is a program in execution. For example, when we write a program in C or C++ and compile it, the compiler creates binary code. The original code and binary code are both programs. When we actually run the binary code, it becomes a process. A process is an 'active' entity instead of a progra 10 min read
Process Table and Process Control Block (PCB) While creating a process, the operating system performs several operations. To identify the processes, it assigns a process identification number (PID) to each process. As the operating system supports multi-programming, it needs to keep track of all the processes. For this task, the process control 6 min read
Operations on Processes Process operations refer to the actions or activities performed on processes in an operating system. These operations include creating, terminating, suspending, resuming, and communicating between processes. Operations on processes are crucial for managing and controlling the execution of programs i 6 min read
Process Schedulers in Operating System In computing, a process is the instance of a computer program that is being executed by one or many threads. Scheduling is important in many different computer environments. One of the most important areas of scheduling is which programs will work on the CPU. This task is handled by the Operating Sy 7 min read
Inter Process Communication (IPC) Processes can coordinate and interact with one another using a method called inter-process communication (IPC) . Through facilitating process collaboration, it significantly contributes to improving the effectiveness, modularity, and ease of software systems. Types of Process Independent processCo-o 15 min read
Context Switching in Operating System An operating system is a program loaded into a system or computer. and manage all the other program which is running on that OS Program, it manages the all other application programs. or in other words, we can say that the OS is an interface between the user and computer hardware. So in this article 6 min read
Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling In operating systems, scheduling is the method by which processes are given access to system resources, primarily the CPU. Efficient scheduling is essential for optimal system performance and user satisfaction. There are two primary types of CPU scheduling: preemptive and non-preemptive. Understandi 7 min read

CPU Scheduling in OS

CPU Scheduling in Operating Systems CPU scheduling is a process used by the operating system to decide which task or program gets to use the CPU at a particular time. Since many programs can run at the same time, the OS needs to manage the CPU's time so that every program gets a proper chance to run. The purpose of CPU Scheduling is t 15+ min read
CPU Scheduling Criteria CPU scheduling is essential for the system's performance and ensures that processes are executed correctly and on time. Different CPU scheduling algorithms have other properties and the choice of a particular algorithm depends on various factors. Many criteria have been suggested for comparing CPU s 6 min read
Multiple-Processor Scheduling in Operating System In multiple-processor scheduling multiple CPUs are available and hence Load Sharing becomes possible. However multiple processor scheduling is more complex as compared to single processor scheduling. In multiple processor scheduling, there are cases when the processors are identical i.e. HOMOGENEOUS 8 min read
Thread Scheduling There is a component in Java that basically decides which thread should execute or get a resource in the operating system. Scheduling of threads involves two boundary scheduling. Scheduling of user-level threads (ULT) to kernel-level threads (KLT) via lightweight process (LWP) by the application dev 7 min read

Threads in OS

Thread in Operating System A thread is a single sequence stream within a process. Threads are also called lightweight processes as they possess some of the properties of processes. Each thread belongs to exactly one process. In an operating system that supports multithreading, the process can consist of many threads. But thre 6 min read
Threads and its types in Operating System A thread is a single sequence stream within a process. Threads have the same properties as the process so they are called lightweight processes. Threads are executed one after another, but it gives the illusion that they are executing in parallel. Each thread has different states. In this article, w 9 min read
Multithreading in Operating System A thread is a path that is followed during a program’s execution. The majority of programs written nowadays run as a single thread. For example, a program is not capable of reading keystrokes while making drawings. These tasks cannot be executed by the program at the same time. This problem can be s 7 min read

Process Synchronization

Introduction of Process Synchronization Process Synchronization is the coordination of execution of multiple processes in a multi-process system to ensure that they access shared resources in a controlled and predictable manner. It aims to resolve the problem of race conditions and other synchronization issues in a concurrent system. The 10 min read
Race Condition Vulnerability Race condition occurs when multiple threads read and write the same variable i.e. they have access to some shared data and they try to change it at the same time. In such a scenario threads are “racing” each other to access/change the data. This is a major security vulnerability. What is Race Condit 10 min read
Critical Section in Synchronization In computer science, a critical section refers to a segment of code that is executed by multiple concurrent threads or processes, and which accesses shared resources. These resources may include shared memory, files, or other system resources that can only be accessed by one thread or process at a t 9 min read
Mutual Exclusion in Synchronization During concurrent execution of processes, processes need to enter the critical section (or the section of the program shared across processes) at times for execution. It might happen that because of the execution of multiple processes at once, the values stored in the critical section become inconsi 6 min read

Critical Section Problem Solution

Peterson's Algorithm in Process Synchronization Prerequisite - Synchronization, Critical Section The producer-consumer problem (or bounded buffer problem) describes two processes, the producer and the consumer, which share a common, fixed-size buffer used as a queue. Producers produce an item and put it into the buffer. If the buffer is already 15+ min read
Semaphores in Process Synchronization Semaphores are a tool used in computer science to help manage how different processes (or programs) share resources, like memory or data, without causing conflicts. A semaphore is a special kind of synchronization data that can be used only through specific synchronization primitives. Semaphores are 15+ min read
Semaphores and its types A semaphore is a tool used in computer science to manage how multiple programs or processes access shared resources, like memory or files, without causing conflicts. Semaphores are compound data types with two fields one is a Non-negative integer S.V(Semaphore Value) and the second is a set of proce 6 min read
Producer Consumer Problem using Semaphores | Set 1 The Producer-Consumer problem is a classic synchronization issue in operating systems. It involves two types of processes: producers, which generate data, and consumers, which process that data. Both share a common buffer. The challenge is to ensure that the producer doesn't add data to a full buffe 4 min read
Readers-Writers Problem | Set 1 (Introduction and Readers Preference Solution) The readers-writer problem in operating systems is about managing access to shared data. It allows multiple readers to read data at the same time without issues but ensures that only one writer can write at a time, and no one can read while writing is happening. This helps prevent data corruption an 8 min read
Dining Philosopher Problem Using Semaphores The Dining Philosopher Problem states that K philosophers are seated around a circular table with one chopstick between each pair of philosophers. There is one chopstick between each philosopher. A philosopher may eat if he can pick up the two chopsticks adjacent to him. One chopstick may be picked 11 min read
Hardware Synchronization Algorithms : Unlock and Lock, Test and Set, Swap Process Synchronization problems occur when two processes running concurrently share the same data or same variable. The value of that variable may not be updated correctly before its being used by a second process. Such a condition is known as Race Around Condition. There are a software as well as 5 min read

Deadlocks & Deadlock Handling Methods

Introduction of Deadlock in Operating System A deadlock is a situation where a set of processes is blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process. In this article, we will discuss deadlock, its necessary conditions, etc. in detail. What is Deadlock?Deadlock is a situation in c 11 min read
Conditions for Deadlock in Operating System A deadlock is a situation where a set of processes is blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process. In this article, we will discuss what deadlock is and the necessary conditions required for deadlock. What is Deadlock?Deadlock is 8 min read
Banker's Algorithm in Operating System The Banker’s Algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm that tests for safety by simulating the allocation for the predetermined maximum possible amounts of all resources, then makes an “s-state” check to test for possible activities, before deciding whether allocation shoul 15+ min read
Wait For Graph Deadlock Detection in Distributed System Deadlocks are a fundamental problem in distributed systems. A process may request resources in any order and a process can request resources while holding others. A Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked as each process in a Distributed system is holding some resources and that 5 min read
Handling Deadlocks Deadlock is a situation where a process or a set of processes is blocked, waiting for some other resource that is held by some other waiting process. It is an undesirable state of the system. In other words, Deadlock is a critical situation in computing where a process, or a group of processes, beco 9 min read
Deadlock Prevention And Avoidance When two or more processes try to access the critical section at the same time and they fail to access simultaneously or stuck while accessing the critical section then this condition is known as Deadlock. Deadlock prevention and avoidance are strategies used in computer systems to ensure that diffe 6 min read
Deadlock Detection And Recovery Deadlock Detection and Recovery is the mechanism of detecting and resolving deadlocks in an operating system. In operating systems, deadlock recovery is important to keep everything running smoothly. A deadlock occurs when two or more processes are blocked, waiting for each other to release the reso 6 min read
Deadlock Ignorance in Operating System In this article we will study in brief about what is Deadlock followed by Deadlock Ignorance in Operating System. What is Deadlock? If each process in the set of processes is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause it is actually referred as called Deadlock. In other word 5 min read
Recovery from Deadlock in Operating System In today's world of computer systems and multitasking environments, deadlock is an undesirable situation that can bring operations to a halt. When multiple processes compete for exclusive access to resources and end up in a circular waiting pattern, a deadlock occurs. To maintain the smooth function 8 min read

Memory Management

Memory Management in Operating System The term memory can be defined as a collection of data in a specific format. It is used to store instructions and process data. The memory comprises a large array or group of words or bytes, each with its own location. The primary purpose of a computer system is to execute programs. These programs, 14 min read
Implementation of Contiguous Memory Management Techniques Memory Management Techniques are basic techniques that are used in managing the memory in the operating system. In this article, we will deal with the implementation of Continuous Memory Management Techniques. Memory Management Techniques are classified broadly into two categories: ContiguousNon-con 4 min read
Non-Contiguous Allocation in Operating System Non-contiguous allocation, also known as dynamic or linked allocation, is a memory allocation technique used in operating systems to allocate memory to processes that do not require a contiguous block of memory. In this technique, each process is allocated a series of non-contiguous blocks of memory 6 min read
Compaction in Operating System Compaction is a technique to collect all the free memory present in the form of fragments into one large chunk of free memory, which can be used to run other processes. It does that by moving all the processes towards one end of the memory and all the available free space towards the other end of th 3 min read
Best-Fit Allocation in Operating System INTRODUCTION: Best-Fit Allocation is a memory allocation technique used in operating systems to allocate memory to a process. In Best-Fit, the operating system searches through the list of free blocks of memory to find the block that is closest in size to the memory request from the process. Once a 4 min read
Worst-Fit Allocation in Operating Systems For both fixed and dynamic memory allocation schemes, the operating system must keep a list of each memory location noting which are free and which are busy. Then as new jobs come into the system, the free partitions must be allocated. These partitions may be allocated in 4 ways: 1. First-Fit Memory 2 min read
First-Fit Allocation in Operating Systems INTRODUCTION: First-Fit Allocation is a memory allocation technique used in operating systems to allocate memory to a process. In First-Fit, the operating system searches through the list of free blocks of memory, starting from the beginning of the list, until it finds a block that is large enough t 3 min read
Fixed (or static) Partitioning in Operating System Fixed partitioning, also known as static partitioning, is one of the earliest memory management techniques used in operating systems. In this method, the main memory is divided into a fixed number of partitions at system startup, and each partition is allocated to a process. These partitions remain 8 min read
Variable (or Dynamic) Partitioning in Operating System In operating systems, Memory Management is the function responsible for allocating and managing a computer’s main memory. The memory Management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free to ensure effective and efficient use of Primary Memory. Below are Memo 4 min read
Paging in Operating System Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for a contiguous allocation of physical memory. The process of retrieving processes in the form of pages from the secondary storage into the main memory is known as paging. The basic purpose of paging is to separate each procedure into pa 10 min read
Segmentation in Operating System A process is divided into Segments. The chunks that a program is divided into which are not necessarily all of the exact sizes are called segments. Segmentation gives the user's view of the process which paging does not provide. Here the user's view is mapped to physical memory. Types of Segmentatio 4 min read
Virtual Memory in Operating System Virtual Memory is a storage allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be addressed as though it were part of the main memory. The addresses a program may use to reference memory are distinguished from the addresses the memory system uses to identify physical storage sites and program-generated 15+ min read

Page Replacement Algorithms

Page Replacement Algorithms in Operating Systems In an operating system that uses paging for memory management, a page replacement algorithm is needed to decide which page needs to be replaced when a new page comes in. Page replacement becomes necessary when a page fault occurs and no free page frames are in memory. in this article, we will discus 8 min read
Program for Page Replacement Algorithms | Set 2 (FIFO) Prerequisite : Page Replacement Algorithms In operating systems that use paging for memory management, page replacement algorithm are needed to decide which page needed to be replaced when new page comes in. Whenever a new page is referred and not present in memory, page fault occurs and Operating S 10 min read
Belady's Anomaly in Page Replacement Algorithms In the Operating System, process data is loaded in fixed-sized chunks and each chunk is referred to as a page. The processor loads these pages in fixed-sized chunks of memory called frames. Typically the size of each page is always equal to the frame size. A page fault occurs when a page is not foun 10 min read
Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm Prerequisite: Page Replacement Algorithms In operating systems, whenever a new page is referred and not present in memory, page fault occurs and Operating System replaces one of the existing pages with newly needed page. Different page replacement algorithms suggest different ways to decide which pa 15+ min read
Program for Least Recently Used (LRU) Page Replacement algorithm Prerequisite: Page Replacement AlgorithmsIn operating systems that use paging for memory management, page replacement algorithm are needed to decide which page needed to be replaced when new page comes in. Whenever a new page is referred and not present in memory, page fault occurs and Operating Sys 14 min read
Techniques to handle Thrashing Prerequisite - Virtual Memory Thrashing is a condition or a situation when the system is spending a major portion of its time servicing the page faults, but the actual processing done is very negligible. Causes of thrashing: High degree of multiprogramming. Lack of frames. Page replacement policy. 6 min read

Storage Management

Storage Management Storage Management is defined as it refers to the management of the data storage equipment's that are used to store the user/computer generated data. Hence it is a tool or set of processes used by an administrator to keep your data and storage equipment’s safe. Storage management is a process for us 3 min read
File Systems in Operating System A computer file is defined as a medium used for saving and managing data in the computer system. The data stored in the computer system is completely in digital format, although there can be various types of files that help us to store the data. File systems are a crucial part of any operating syste 9 min read
File Allocation Methods The allocation methods define how the files are stored in the disk blocks. There are three main disk space or file allocation methods. Contiguous Allocation Linked Allocation Indexed Allocation The main idea behind these methods is to provide: Efficient disk space utilization. Fast access to the fil 5 min read
Free Space Management in Operating System Free space management is a critical aspect of operating systems as it involves managing the available storage space on the hard disk or other secondary storage devices. The operating system uses various techniques to manage free space and optimize the use of storage devices. Here are some of the com 7 min read
Disk Scheduling Algorithms Disk scheduling is a technique operating systems use to manage the order in which disk I/O (input/output) requests are processed. Disk scheduling is also known as I/O Scheduling. The main goals of disk scheduling are to optimize the performance of disk operations, reduce the time it takes to access 12 min read
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks) is a technique that makes use of a combination of multiple disks for storing the data instead of using a single disk for increased performance, data redundancy, or to protect data in the case of a drive failure. The term was defined by David Patterson, Ga 11 min read

OS Interview Questions

Last Minute Notes – Operating Systems See Last Minute Notes for all subjects all subjects here . Operating Systems: It is the interface between the user and the computer hardware. Types of Operating System (OS): Batch OS - A set of similar jobs are stored in the main memory for execution. A job gets assigned to the CPU, only when the ex 15+ min read
Operating System Interview Questions An operating system acts as a GUI between the user and the computer system. In other words, an OS acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, managing resources such as memory, processing power, and input/output operations. Here some examples of popular operating systems incl 15+ min read

OS Quiz and GATE PYQ's

OS Process Management [mtouchquiz 8] 1 min read
OS Memory Management [mtouchquiz 25] 1 min read
OS Input Output Systems [mtouchquiz 34] 1 min read
OS CPU Scheduling [mtouchquiz 136] 1 min read
Deadlock [mtouchquiz 137] 1 min read
50 Operating System MCQs with Answers [mtouchquiz 877] 1 min read
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(PDF) A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of ...
Jul 15, 2020 · Varieties of operating systems (OS) have emerged over the years having different features and functionalities. Understanding the functionalities of each OS guides users’ decisions about the OS ...
A Comparative Analysis of Operating System: case study of ...
Jul 28, 2021 · This study provides a comparative analysis of three well-known operating systems: Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. The most important factors to consider when studying them are memory and file ...
(PDF) A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of ...
Dec 14, 2021 · The study evaluates the access control, user 2 authentication, privilege separation, and event logging mechanisms of both operating systems. 3 Notable differences are found in how the two ...
(PDF) A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of ...
Jul 14, 2020 · (DOI: 10.5120/IJCA2020920494) Varieties of operating systems (OS) have emerged over the years having different features and functionalities. Understanding the functionalities of each OS guides users’ decisions about the OS to install on their computers. In view of this, the comparative analysis of different OS is needed to provide details on the similarities and difference in recent types of ...
Case Study on A Comparative Study of Operating Systems
In terms of restricted memory capacity, all operating systems have different technologies to deal with it more but BlackBerry and Android OS deals less with restrictions. All operating systems have restrictions in regard of automatically connecting to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth network but Windows Mobile and Android 2 did not have any restrictions.
[PDF] A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of ...
Jul 15, 2020 · A qualitative analysis of six different operating systems and result showed that Windows 10 had 0.04 malware file present while Windows 7 machine was 0.08, while higher percentage of mobile malware target Androids than iOS. Varieties of operating systems (OS) have emerged over the years having different features and functionalities. Understanding the functionalities of each OS guides users ...
A Comparative Study of Operating Systems: Case of Windows ...
8 hours ago · This paper focus on the comparative analysis of Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac, Android and iOS operating systems based on the OS features and their strengths and weaknesses. A qualitative analysis of six different operating systems and result showed that Windows 10 had 0.04 malware file present while Windows 7 machine was 0.08.
Different Operating Systems - GeeksforGeeks
Jun 12, 2024 · An operating system is an interface between the user and the hardware. It is a program that helps to utilize system hardware so it is also known as a resource manager. There are different types of operating systems based on different system architectures. , each with its own features and uses. Windo
Case Studies of Popular Operating Systems - Noob to master
There are numerous operating systems available today, but some have gained immense popularity due to their performance, features, and user base. In this article, we will delve into case studies of two widely used operating systems: UNIX and Windows. UNIX. UNIX, developed in the late 1960s, is a powerful and versatile operating system known for ...
Types of Operating Systems - GeeksforGeeks
Dec 9, 2024 · 6. Distributed Operating System . These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network.