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In Favor of the Public Interest: Social Media Should be Regulated

Jan 31, 2020

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In response to the question " Is there an ethical responsibility to regulate the Internet? ", the following essay was selected as a winner of Carnegie Council's 2019 international student essay contest.

Subscribe to the carnegie ethics newsletter for more on the ethics of emerging technology, essay by rita valkovskaya.

Social media presents a number of dangers that require urgent and immediate regulation, including online harassment; racist, bigoted and divisive content; terrorist and right-wing calls for radicalization; as well as unidentified use of social media for political advertising by foreign and domestic actors. To mitigate these societal ills, carefully crafted policy that balances civil liberties and the need for security must be implemented in line with the latest cybersecurity developments. According to Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (CDA), private online service providers are free from liability for content posted on their sites, with some exceptions for child pornography, human trafficking, and other federal offenses. Social media freedom has empowered state and non-state actors with the means and know how to co-opt the media landscape. For example, in 2016 Russia used Facebook to micro-targets ads at Americans in order to sway the presidential election. This environment has also allowed "lone-wolf" attackers to use social media to broadcast violence. In 2019, the New Zealand mosque mass shooter live-streamed the attacks. Self-regulation by social media companies has thus far failed to address the growing threat to safety and democracy through suspect online content. The lack of control and regulation will continue to leave media content in a frightening vacuum, as foreign powers like Russia, and domestic and international extremists become ever more skilled at using social media to advance their agendas. The introduction and evolution of AI technology that is now capable of creating "deep fake" video content, using bots to micro-target populations with ads, and participate in human-like conversations, presents imminent future dangers of exponentially multiplying the current threats. Historically, in line with widely accepted journalistic standards of impartiality and accuracy, print publication editors at major news organizations applied a strict standard of ethical journalism before publishing content. As a result, they had the editorial power to prevent harmful content from reaching major audiences. Until the 1980's the "Big Three" media channels dominated American television, providing similar oversight in television. The interpretation of news by beloved newscasters like Walter Cronkite and Peter Jennings had the trust of the American public. Today, the editorial monopoly previously held by major news networks and print publications is being contested by numerous Internet sources. Falling print subscription rates have resulted in the collapse of the print publishing industry, with many major newspapers closing their doors or significantly diminishing the scope of coverage. Individuals, foreign interests, and anyone with a social media account and the ability to "crack" the code of social media distribution is capable of reaching audiences as large as major news sources like The New York Times or NBC News. According to James Lewis of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), this new Internet and media structure creates "an absence of mediation" that is present in traditional media in the form of editors, or in a library in the form of a librarian. As a result, he argues, "fiction and fact blend easily." The biggest social media companies (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter) have both precipitated and exploited this growing media vacuum. According to a 2018 Pew Research study, roughly two-thirds of Americans get their news on social media, with Facebook accounting for 43 percent and YouTube for 21 percent of content. In his book Social Media and the Public Interest, Philip Napoli argues that coders and engineers are now on par with editors and journalists when it comes to crafting and disseminating media content. In the U.S., free speech has historically been adamantly protected, and potential infringement on it via social media regulation is anathema to anti-regulators. However, social media presents increasingly more dangers than traditional First Amendment expressions like spoken word. In the online sphere, "natural" forms of social regulation have become obsolete. Anonymity of Internet postings limits the ability of society to "penalize" the actor who chooses to use socially suspect language or ideas. For example, in real life, in-person harassment may cause physical retaliation, while repetition of controversial and fringe ideas can cause social ostracism, affecting the future expression of such anti-social behaviors. Online, anti-social personalities meet their equals and unite in their transgressions. Security is the foundation of a free society, and is foundational for the freedom to vote in a fair and free environment. Today many Americans feel a lack of adequate security when faced with revelations of foreign interference in domestic elections, or instances of terrorists and extremists using social media platforms to conduct operations to murder and maim. The sheer size of the social media market in news delivery, as well as the numerous instances of social media being used for harmful ends, are powerful reasons why the freedom of social media must be limited with carefully crafted, democratically discussed regulations. Without it, our society is giving the reigns of our security, the direction of our value system, and a healthy functioning of our election cycle, to uncontrollable and unpredictable forces, or worse yet, to malicious actors who act with ill intent against the public interest. I propose the following first steps to achieve effective social media regulation: 1. The government must create a clear set of standards for social media communication, and compel compliance The development of new laws and policy should be the outcome of engagement with the private sector, the security community, as well as international actors in order to design a system upon consensus and multi-disciplinary, balanced set of views. For example, 2018 legislation proposed in the U.S. Senate aimed to protect the right of the population not to be targeted and misled by social media micro-targeted content and political ads placed by foreign powers. The "Honest Ads Act" proposes compelling social media companies to disclose their advertising methods. The "Bot Disclosure Accountability Act" proposes the creation of limits on the use of automation behind ads on social media. Further legislation must be developed in order to assure transparency behind ads and memes and allow readers of social media to become educated consumers, making educated choices based on disclosures about who placed the ads and content, and who provided the funding for the content. 2. The government must actively engage in multilateral negotiations with international partners to establish a base standard of behavior in the social sphere, and define what constitutes a cyber-information attack or cyber attacks Russia has weaponized the information sphere to spread disinformation during the 2016 elections in the U.S., and has used these tactics during military action in Georgia and Ukraine, in order to confuse public opinion and win military conflicts. In order to prevent further attacks, the U.S. must define the "red lines" that foreign actors must not cross, or else risk some specified retaliation from the United States. 3. The United States should follow and evaluate the outcomes of social media regulation already executed in other countries, and base domestic regulation on best practices For example, Singapore's recent legislation criminalized fake news, as defined within the discretion of the government. Violators who don't comply with government requests are penalized with hefty fines. Germany now regulates social media content via the Network Enforcement Act, aka NetzDG, by mandating that social media providers comply with government guidelines on blocking hate speech, defamation, and other illegal content. Fines go up to $56 million per violation. 4. The government should continue to provide research funding for private firms, the government, and academic institutions to advance the use of machine learning and AI in the spheres of social media "clean-up" Using automated regulation is a cumbersome and nascent exercise. Current use of AI to delete offensive content has the potential of making mistakes, and is too labor intensive to moderate every single social media message posted online. As a result, significant funding into this field is crucial in order to balance targeted content removal with constitutional free speech protections. A successful example of automated content regulation is Google's Redirect Method, which uses an AI algorithm to guide the users to content opposing extremism if they seek out offensive content like terrorists messaging.

In the U.S., where media access is varied and free and journalistic integrity continues to be a celebrated standard, there is a false feeling of security in regards to the quality, fairness, and truthfulness of information that people consume. Because the media is not used as a tool of government control as in a dictatorial state, it is easy to forget that the media can have powerful effects on their psyche, emotions, consumer choices, choices of jobs, and social behaviors. Continuing without regulation out of fear of undue government control over free speech results in embracing the steady flow of harmful content generated haphazardly by multiple parties on social media, as a continuing threat the public interest.

Rita Valkovskaya is a Master of Public Administration student at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs focusing on security, emerging technologies, and Russian and Eurasian affairs. She is a graduate of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. She currently works as a graduate researcher at the Syracuse University Institute for Security Policy and Law, where she conducts research into the Russian technology sector. Rita's future goals are to influence policy in order to serve and better the local and global community. With a former professional background in luxury manufacturing and entrepreneurship, Rita combines her passion for global affairs and security with a deep understanding of business, global supply chains, and the power of image creation in the media. In her free time, Rita loves to hike, kayak, explore the outdoors, and travel.

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IELTS Power of the Media Essay

by Trang Dang (Vietnam)

Media Essays

Whoever controls the media also controls opinions and attitudes of the people and there is little can be done to rectify this. To what extend do you agree or disagree? Since communication technology has developed rapidly, the influence of the media is undeniable. However, there have been questions about how powerful it really is. Many argue that it has the power to control others’ views and attitudes, and little can be done to remedy the problem. From my point of view, I partly disagree with this idea. On the one hand, it is reasonable that the media governs a number of people in society. Having control over the media means preferred information is selected while disliked information is censored and controllers’ opinions and attitudes could also be added to the news. As low educated people tend to believe most of what they saw, or heard, it is clear that the media has control over these people. On the other hand, there are many people whose opinions are not affected by the press (or the media). These people are able to omit distortions, and think independently. In my home country, a country where everyone is educated similarly and even forced to think similarly; there are still a range of distinctive views about a controversial issue, apart from the government’s idea. Therefore, it is wrong to say that the media controls people. There is a huge difference between these two groups of people: the education gap. According to this, may be the only way to reduce the power of the media is education. Higher educated people would not just believe with what they see or hear because they have the ability to think outside of the box. In conclusion, I am against because even if there are people being controlled by the media, there are still many who have their independent opinions. Therefore, the only solution to this problem is education, as it is the only difference between these groups. *** Please help me with this essay. Is there anything that can help improve this?

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Death of Newspapers and Magazines

by Rajan (Gandhinagar)

Some people say that the Internet will soon become the preferred method of delivery of the news and information, causing newspapers and magazines to gradually disappear. Do you agree or disagree? In this contemporary world the ethical competition between internet media and printed media is quite visible. Few prefer conventional method of reading while others like digital methods. However, I tend to open that the internet delivered reading will soon prevail amongst the readers. To begin, paper based media has its own merits. Although these books are heavy to carry and requires lot of care, readers can always make notes and highlights keywords which is not possible in digital media. Another thing is that in this methodology, a reader does not require electricity, internet or any other hardware just the printed media serves the purpose. Also according to a recent study in UK, people reading printed books over digital are more likely to possess better memory than internet readers. On the other hand, with the growth of smartphones, laptops and other internet supported devices the way of reading and studying has evolved among the readers. The digital media in internet is free of cost with wide range of information, new and articles. Nowadays even the educational institutions have started to move towards digital books and libraries as internet is dominant over the young generation. Besides digital media eliminates the need of paper, which indeed helps the nature. As per a recent survey, in organizations people now prefer digital methods of sharing information as it not only saves paper and nature but is also secured. To conclude, I would reiterate the fact that internet reading has significantly increased among readers and soon paper based reading will have its place in history.

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Death of the Radio Essay

With the development of media online, there is no future for the radio. To what extend do you agree? Media online has become increasingly popular these days. While some people believe that radio might disappear soon, however, In my opinion, I totally disagree with the given statement Although media online is developing rapidly around the world, people living in rural areas may still struggle to access internet coverage. In other words, Media online can only be used if internet signal could reach. For example, a recent survey conducted by JIO stated that there will no Broadband accessibility in rural areas especially during bad weather. Otherwise, radio might remain its function to broadcast information to its audience because it does not depend on the internet coverage for broadcasting even though when bad weather or natural disaster occur. Hence, Net accessibility is totally depends on some factors nevertheless, it is not in the case of radiotelegraph. Admittedly, while Wifi is not free of charge like radio, poor people cannot afford the price of wifi payments.Furthermore, Radio is a prevalent piece of equipment installed in a car. Most people consider listening to FM will be the ideal idea when driving. Consequently, people can take full advantage of their time and obtaining the latest information, such as news, weather forecast, society, and so forth. For example, a recent survey conducted by FM stated that in the US, 90% of the population chosen FM while going long drives. Moreover, FM broadcasting is accessible to the audience with free of charge On the occasions where people cannot watch TV, read newspaper, to surf the net, they can resort to radiotelegraph. Therefore, even though there is a huge development in technology, the role of radio will never vanish. To sum up, although the Online technology is developing expansively and almost covers most areas in the world, there exist some issues regarding its signal coverage. By contrast, radio could cover almost all places around the world even in emergency period. Thus, it is evident that there will always be future for radio.

Death of Newspapers Essay

by Nia Georgieva (Bulgaria)

Newspapers Essay

In the future, nobody will buy printed newspapers or books because they will be able to read everything they want online without paying. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? After some years, people will not anymore face the need of buying books, printed newspapers or magazines, because the online network will be so developed that they could freely be able to read and gather all of the information needed online without paying a penny. I fully agree that in the near future the paper resource of information which is currently the main one, will be replaced by the easier and more convenient online method. Firstly, printed newspapers and books are no longer up-to-date, nowadays. Due to Corona virus, people have been obliged to stay particularly at their homes, which has led to times more people consuming information from online news, rather than from the traditional paper resources. What’s more is that everyone is aware that the information on the internet is more efficient, as well as better represented and organised. For example, you can find whatever you want on the net just with one click of your mouse and it doesn’t depend on which sphere of life your search concerns. Whilst if your newspaper is about horse riding , but you want to check the newest models of cars on the global market, it’s impossible to do so and then you have to buy another newspaper about cars, meaning few dollars more. Secondly, the present’s trend in recycling and acting in a more eco-friendly way will for sure reduce the producing of paper, including both books and newspapers, which, on the other hand, will increase their online version demand. For this reason every kind of paper-delivered information will be replaced by information delivered online through our computers and telephones. For instance, one step further of the eco-friendly people’s mind could be the usage of online students books saved in pdf format, instead of the commonly spread paper books. Not only this, but the fact that almost every school this year is working online, with students attending all of their classes through the network , gives us a clear need for more online information than the paper-delivered. In conclusion, I think that if we take the time machine and go into the far future, we shouldn’t be surprised if we see people using the internet as the only source of information, without any kind of need for buying newspapapers which cost money.

Radio or Television Essay

by jeordge (usa)

Some people think that radio is more enjoyable than television. What is your opinion? When people are free at home, they like to spend their time using technical products such as mobile, television and radio. There are some people who believe that free time with radio is more interesting than television, but in reality most of the people always prefer television in their leisure time. In my opinion, television is more enjoyable than radio in modern era. Due to the advanced technology, so many improvements have been made in the television .For example, there are some televisions are available in market which can be connected with mobile, and it gives access to people to watch their episodes and movies in big screen. There are so many games can be played on televisions that can keep the children occupied, and parents can do their household thing in their own time. Other than that access to the internet is also possible with the help of chrome cast, so it makes people job very easy to get information all around the world. On the second side, some people like to spend time on listening radio because this is a traditional way of gathering information, but in the advanced time there are so many limitations can be found in radio. Radio is very outdated source of entertainment, and there are limited channels available which can be based on the domestic news not internationally. Range problem is also found in radio in the remote areas which disturbs people entertainment. There is no access of internet on the radio, so people cannot find the information outside of their country too. In conclusion, some people prefer listening radio while they are free, but most of the people always go for television. In my opinion, it would be better for the radio organisations if they make radio more modernised according to the demand of current generation, but it is impossible to make people fully neglected from television.

Future of Newspapers Essay

In the future, nobody will buy printed newspapers or books because they will be able to read everything they want online without paying. To what extend do you agree or disagree with this statement? After some years, people will not anymore face the need of buying books, printed newspapers or magazines, because the online network will be so developed that they could freely be able to read and gather all of the information needed online without paying a penny. I fully agree that in the near future the paper resource of information which is currently the main one, will be replaced by the easier and more convenient online method. Firstly, printed newspapers and books are no longer up-to-date, nowadays. Due to Corona virus, people have been obliged to stay particularly at their homes, which has led to times more people consuming information from online news, rather than from the traditional paper resources. What’s more is that everyone is aware that the information on the internet is more efficient, as well as better represented and organised. For example, you can find whatever you want on the net just with one click of your mouse and it doesn’t depend on which sphere of life your search concerns. Whilst if your newspaper is about horse riding , but you want to check the newest models of cars on the global market, it’s impossible to do so and then you have to buy another newspaper about cars, meaning few dollars more. Secondly, the present’s trend in recycling and acting in a more eco-friendly way will for sure reduce the producing of paper, including both books and newspapers, which, on the other hand, will increase their online version demand. For this reason every kind of paper-delivered information will be replaced by information delivered online through our computers and telephones. For instance, one step further of the eco-friendly people’s mind could be the usage of online students books saved in pdf format, instead of the commonly spread paper books. Not only this, but the fact that almost every school this year is working online, with students attending all of their classes through the network , gives us a clear need for more online information than the paper-delivered. In conclusion, I think that if we take the time machine and go into the far future, we shouldn’t be surprised if we see people using the internet as the only source of information, without any kind of need for buying newspapapers which cost money.

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Ownership and control of the media

After studying this section, you should be able to understand:

• trends and patterns in ownership and control of a range of mass media
• the theoretical perspectives on the relationship between ownership and control of the media

Trends in ownership and control

KEY POINT - Recent trends in media ownership and control suggest that the number of companies controlling global mass media has significantly shrunk in recent years. Bagdikian (2004) notes that in 1983, 50 corporations controlled the vast majority of all news media in the USA, but by 2004 media ownership was concentrated in seven corporations.

Curran (2003) notes that ownership of British newspapers has always been concentrated in the hands of a few powerful ‘press barons’, e.g. in 1937 four men owned nearly one in every two national and local daily newspapers sold in Britain. Today, seven powerful individuals dominate the ownership of British national daily and Sunday newspapers.

The content of commercial terrestrial television is mainly controlled by one company, ITV plc, whilst access to satellite, cable and digital television in Britain is generally controlled by two companies – News Corp, (owned by Rupert Murdoch) which owns BSkyB, and Virgin Media (owned by Richard Branson).

Global conglomeration

KEY POINT - The major difference in media ownership and control compared with forty years ago is the movement of media corporations into the global marketplace. The major media companies are now global conglomerations – transnational corporations (TNCs) with a presence in many countries.

Horizontal and vertical integration Ownership and control of the mass media is a complex business as the following examples illustrate. Some media companies are characterised by horizontal integration or cross media ownership – this refers to the fact that global media corporations often cross media boundaries and invest in a wide range of media products. NewsCorp, for example, owns newspapers, magazines, book publishers, terrestrial and satellite television channels and film studios in several countries.

Some media companies have focused on increasing economic control over all aspects of the production process in order to maximise profits, e.g. film corporations not only make movies, but distribute them to their own cinema chains. This is referred to as vertical integration .

Diversification, synergy and technological convergence Some media corporations are not content to focus on media products, but have diversified into other fields. The best example of this is Virgin which began as a music label and record shop chain, but has expanded into a wide range of products and services including cola, vodka, banking, insurance, transport, digital television, cinema and wedding dresses.

Media companies often use their very diverse interests to package or synergise their products in several different ways, e.g. a film is often accompanied by a soundtrack album, computer game, ring tone or toy action figures. A company may use its global interests to market one of its own films through its television channels, magazines and newspapers in dozens of countries at the same time.

Technological convergence is a recent trend which involves putting several technologies into one media product. Companies that normally work in quite separate media technology fields are joining up or converging in order to give customers access to a greater range of media services across technologies such as interactive television, lap-tops, MP3 players and mobile phones.

Theories of media ownership and control

KEY POINT - Doyle (2002) suggests that examination of ownership and control patterns is important for two reasons.

• All points of view need to be heard if society is to be truly democratic.
• Abuses of power and influence by elites need to be monitored by a free media.

Doyle argues that too much concentration of media ownership is dangerous and unhealthy because the media have the power to make or break political careers and have a considerable influence over public opinion.

The pluralist theory of media ownership Pluralists argue that media owners are generally responsible in the way that they manage information because media content is mainly shaped by consumer demand in the marketplace. They therefore only give the buying public what they want. Moreover, editors, journalists and broadcasters have a strong sense of professional ethics which act as a system of checks and controls on potential owner abuse of the media.

Pluralists suggest that the mass media are an essential part of the democratic process because the electorate today glean most of their knowledge of the political process from newspapers and television. Pluralists argue that owners, editors and journalists are trustworthy managers and protectors of this process.

Furthermore, pluralists argue that media audiences are the real power holders because they can exercise the right to buy or not to buy. If they did not like the choices that media owners are making available to them, or if they suspected that the media product was biased, such audiences would respond by not buying the product. The media, therefore, supply what the audience wants rather than what the owner decides. If some viewpoints have a greater range of media representing them, this is not necessarily biased. It merely reflects what the audience wants or views as important.

Pluralists also argue that concentration of ownership is a product of economic rationality rather than political or sinister motives. It is driven by the need to keep costs low and to maximise profits. Globalisation too results from the need to find new audiences rather than from cultural imperialism.

Pluralists argue that it is practically impossible for owners to interfere with the content of newspapers and television programmes because their businesses are economically far too complex for them to regularly interfere in the day-to-day running or the content.

Public service broadcasting Pluralists point out that a significant share of the media market in Britain is taken up by public service broadcasters (PSB) , i.e. media outlets controlled by the state such as the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The BBC has a legal obligation to inform, to educate and to ensure that all programming is pluralistic and diverse, i.e. that all sections of society are catered for. Pluralists argue that PSB is impartial and objective, and balances out any potential bias in the private sector.

Pluralists note that the power of media owners is also restricted by state , or government, controls , e.g. in some societies, owners are not allowed to own too much media or different types of media. Many countries also have crossownership rules preventing people from owning more than one type of media. Furthermore, newspapers, television and radio in Britain are subject to legal controls and rules imposed on them by The Press Council and the Office for Communications (Ofcom).

Media professionalism Pluralists stress that the professionalism of journalists and editors also constrains the power of owners. They argue that journalists are fierce in their pursuit of the truth and consequently they have too much integrity to be biased regularly in favour of one particular perspective. Investigative journalism also has a good reputation in uncovering abuses of power and corruption among the ruling elite.

The Marxist critique of media ownership and control Marxists argue that the economic system of Britain, i.e. capitalism, is characterised by great inequalities in wealth and income which have been brought about by the exploitation of the labour power of the working classes. Marxists believe that in order to legitimate and reproduce this system of inequality, the capitalist class uses its cultural power to dominate institutions like education and the mass media and transmit ruling class ideology. The function of these agencies is to socialise the working class into accepting the legitimacy of the capitalist system and capitalist ideas. Consequently, Marxists argue working class people experience false class-consciousness – they come to accept that capitalism is a just system that benefits all social groups equally. They fail to see the reality of their situation that they are being exploited by a system that only benefits a powerful minority.

The media and ideology Marxists believe that media owners (who are members of the capitalist elite) use their media outlets to transmit ruling class ideology. Miliband (1973) argued that the role of the media is to shape how we think about the world we live in and suggested that audiences are rarely informed about important issues such as inequalities in wealth or why poverty persists. The capitalist system is rarely criticised or challenged. Instead, Marxists suggest that owners shape media content so that only ‘approved’ and conformist views are heard.

Tunstall and Palmer (1991) suggest that governments are no longer interested in controlling the activities of media owners because they need their support to either gain power or hang onto it.

Evidence for the ideological nature of ownership and control Marxists are suggesting that media owners, wealth holders and the political elite are united in some sort of ideological conspiracy to brainwash the general population. However, it is almost impossible to scientifically gather empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis. Sociologists generally only have anecdotal evidence to confirm their suspicions that concentration of media ownership is damaging democracy.

However, Curran’s (2003) detailed systematic examination of the social history of the British press does suggest that the evidence for owner interference in and manipulation of British newspaper content is strong. Curran notes that in the period 1920–50 press barons openly boasted that they ran their newspapers for the express purpose of propaganda that reflected their political views. Curran points out that even when engaged in investigative reporting, the majority of newspapers in Britain have supported the Conservative Party.

Curran also notes that the period 1974–92 saw the emergence of Rupert Murdoch. However, Curran rejects the idea that Murdoch is part of a unified capitalist elite but acknowledges that Murdoch’s newspapers are conservative in content and strongly supportive of capitalist interests. He argues Murdoch’s motives are economic rather than ideological in that Murdoch believes that right wing economic policies are the key to vast profits.

Curran’s analysis of British newspapers suggests that both pluralist and Marxist theories may be mistaken in the way they look at media ownership. He argues the pluralist view that media owners do not intervene in media content is evidentially false. Curran argues that since 2000 there has been even greater intervention by owners such as Murdoch. However, Curran disagrees with Marxists about the motive for this. He notes that the actions of media owners are not collectivised, rather they pursue their economic goals in a ruthlessly individualised way in an attempt to obtain a bigger share of the market than their capitalist competitors.

The Glasgow University Media Group

KEY POINT - The Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG) suggests that media content does support the interests of those who run the capitalist system. However, this is an unintended by-product of the social backgrounds of journalists and broadcasters rather than a conscious capitalist conspiracy. The GUMG points out that most journalists working for national newspapers, television and radio tend to be overwhelmingly male, White, and middle class, e.g. 54% are privately educated.

The GUMG claims that these journalists and broadcasters tend to believe in middle-of-the-road (consensus) views and ideas because these are generally unthreatening. Journalists believe that these appeal to the majority of their viewers, listeners and readers. Ideas outside this consensus are viewed by journalists as ‘extremist’. People who hold these opinions are rarely invited to contribute their views in newspapers or on television, or if they are, they are ridiculed by journalists.

The GUMG argues that these journalists are not motivated by a desire to defend capitalist interests. Media companies are profit-making businesses. Those who commission and plan programmes, or decide newspaper or magazine content, usually play safe by excluding anything that might offend or upset readers or viewers. Losing several thousand readers, or viewers, because they were offended by ‘extreme’ views and potentially losing millions of pounds in revenue and profit is too much of a risk.

Barnett and Weymour argue that such decisions have had a negative cultural effect in the sense that education, information and news have been increasingly sidelined. They compared television schedules in 1978, 1988 and 1998 and argued that the evidence suggests that television in Britain has been significantly dumbed down , e.g. the number of one-off dramas and documentaries has halved, while soap operas and cheap reality shows have increased fivefold. There are also now more repeats and cheap American imports. Time allocated to news programming has fallen dramatically, and more time on serious news programmes is devoted to celebrity news and human interest stories. Barnett and Weymour note that even the BBC is succumbing to these commercial pressures. Furthermore, they conclude that despite having hundreds of television channels, we do not have more choice, just more of the same thing.

Agenda setting The result of this journalistic consensus, argues the GUMG, is that the media set the agenda and decide what issues are discussed by society and which ones are not. This is known as agenda setting. The GUMG argues that the media consequently present society with a fairly narrow agenda for discussion. Agenda setting therefore results in cultural hegemony . The basic principles of capitalism – private enterprise, profit, the free market and the rights of property ownership – dominate media content and are presented as ‘normal’ and ‘natural’. There is actually little choice for audiences in that there is no radical alternative to the mainstream newspapers and dissenting views on subjects like the monarchy are rarely presented.

IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic 01: Whoever controls the media also controls opinions and attitudes

Updated On Oct 18, 2021

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 Whoever controls the media also controls the opinions and attitudes of the people and there is little that can be done to rectify this.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

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Opinion essay

Introduction

• Paraphrase the topic of the essay.
• State the intent of the essay.
• Paragraph 1- It  is very hard to diminish our reliance on media resources and as every society needs some sources of information in order to acquire the knowldege they need and the updates of the globe or at least, in their respective spaces.
• From the scratch to the very zenith, media helps in awaring and updating people on various fronts that not only helps them in taking prudential decisions, but also mitigates and agguages the perils of traversing a wrong path owing to the lack of knowledge and reality.
• Paragraph 2- Every member of society needs to get information. Without that,  it would not be possible to involve in social, cultural and economic activities.
• with a right frame of mind, people can conquer the domain they are inclined towards with the help of the disseminated information through the media.

Conclude the essay by stating the inference made from the written essay

People often argue that media controls the opinions of the people and the general public and there is a lack of actions that are needed to resolve this. Well, I disagree with this belief as I feel that media is essential for the development of people and that it’s up to the viewers’ discretion as per what they perceive from the content.

It is very hard to diminish our reliance on media resources and as every society needs some sources of information in order to acquire the knowledge they need and the updates of the globe or at least, in their respective spaces. From scratch to the very zenith, media helps in enlightening and updating people on various fronts that not only helps them in taking prudential decisions but also mitigates and assuages the perils of traversing a wrong path owing to the lack of knowledge and reality.

Every member of society needs to get information. Without that,  it would not be possible to involve in social, cultural and economic activities. For example, in order to trade successfully, companies should be aware of the situation in the global market, or people should be provided with social, cultural and political information in order to know what is happening around them. From this aspect, it is clear that for people it is very hard and nearly impossible to ignore media sources as our society heavily depends on the information. Additionally, with the right frame of mind, people can conquer the domain they are inclined towards with the help of the disseminated information through the media.

Though some say, the liberalisation of media hampers the thought processes of people by shaping their belief systems through caricaturing the real information in their own ways, however, I feel that it is not right and in fact, help people in passing through the gates of misinformation.

Conclusively, It could be said that media plays a vital role in updating people all across the globe and that if looked at the presentation with judicious use of the intellect, it is the best source of information that one might ever have.

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People often say that the role of media, be it entertainment streams or the news channels, have been rife and pervasive in recent years thereby making people vulnerable to fall into the sham and get beguiled by not so genuine kinds of stuff out there, moreover the permissive and liberal media laws impede to curb this development. I happen to be agreeing with this notion. In the forthcoming paragraphs, I shall be discussing my viewpoints on this proposition.

A large number of people use media for s pieces of information, updating news, communicating, or even entertaining. Hence, they absorb what they are presented through the media and, consequently, the media influences the users into believing in them. For instance, if people watch the commercials about any product frequently, they eventually tend to be induced to buy that product. This is how most of the media work; they are persuasive and convincing. Consequently, people’s minds absolutely are affected by receiving these things repeatedly.

Teenagers, who are credulous and gullible, are usually the main target of the media. Moreover, most of them love and admire celebrities and singers around their age and ordain them as their role models. In addition, television programming companies generally have the right to present anything that they want to. As a result, movies on our television are sometimes abusive and cruel which is not apt for youngsters as don’t have enough justification to judge what is righteous in the media. Consequently, they might emulate these behaviours, making them more aggressive towards their families and friends. To make it worse, at times, the forbearing regulatory boards promulgate and air such practices.

Some might say that media plays a vital role in making people informed and to halt its freedom might cease someone to get to the terms with what is happening around, however, in recent times it is conspicuously seen that such media outlets have soared the plight of hooliganism, vandalism and even some deleterious trends.

In conclusion, it can thus be stated that the media and the PR houses are also able to alter and structure people’s notions and standpoints inevitably and though subsequent actions could be taken, the demon of ‘Press Freedom” comes in between the way of  recuperation of media shenanigans.

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Essays on Media Control

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Crafting a lot of Media Control papers is an inherent part of modern studying, be it in high-school, college, or university. If you can do that on your own, that's just awesome; yet, other learners might not be that skilled, as Media Control writing can be quite difficult. The collection of free sample Media Control papers offered below was compiled in order to help flunker learners rise up to the challenge.

On the one hand, Media Control essays we showcase here evidently demonstrate how a really terrific academic paper should be developed. On the other hand, upon your request and for a fair price, an expert essay helper with the relevant academic experience can put together a fine paper example on Media Control from scratch.

Essay On Mass Media

500 words essay on mass media.

All kinds of different tools which come in use to help in distributing and circulating information and entertainment to the public come under the term of mass media. In other words, everything including radio, newspapers , cable, television and theatre are parts of mass media. These tools include exchanging opinions and public involvement. Through essay on mass media, we will go through it in detail.

Introduction to Mass Media

In today’s world, mass media embraces internet , cell phones, electronic mail, computers, pagers and satellites. All these new additions function as transmitting information from a single source to multiple receivers.

In other words, they are interactive and work on the person to person formula. Thus, it revolves around the masses i.e. the people. It is true that radio, television, press and cinema are in the spotlight when we talk about mass media.

Nonetheless, the role of pamphlets, books, magazines, posters, billboards, and more also have equal importance if not less. Moreover, the reach of these tools extends to a huge amount of masses living all over the country.

Television, cinema, radio and press are comparatively expensive forms of media which private financial institutions or the Government runs. These tools centre on the idea of mass production and mass distribution.

Therefore, newspapers, television and radio cater to the needs of the mass audience and accommodates their taste. As a result, it will not always be refined or sophisticated. In other words, it displays popular culture.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

The Function of Mass Media

The main function of mass media is to reach out to the masses and provide them with information. In addition to that, it also operates to analyze and observe our surroundings and provide information in the form of news accordingly.

As a result, the masses get constantly updated about not just their own surroundings but also around the world. This way mass media spreads and interprets information. For instance, weather forecasts equip people and farmers to plan ahead.

Similarly, fishermen get updates about the tidal activities from the news. In addition to this, mass media also strives to keep the fabric of our social heritage intact which showcasing our customs, myths and civilization.

Another major product of mass media is advertising. This way people learn about the goods and services in the market. It also spreads social awareness. For instance, anti-smoking campaign, women empowerment, green earth clean earth and more.

Most importantly, with the numerous mediums available in multiple languages, the masses get entertainment in their own language easily. Millions of people get to access a cheap source of relaxation and pass their time. In fact, it also helps to transport momentarily from our ordinary lives to a dream world. Thus, it remains the undisputed leader in reaching out to the masses.

Conclusion of Essay on Mass Media

All in all, while it is an effective tool, we must also keep a check on its consumption. In other words, it has the power to create and destroy. Nonetheless, it is a medium which can bring about a change in the masses. Thus, everyone must utilize and consume it properly.

FAQ on Essay on Mass Media

Question 1: Why is mass media important?

Answer 1: Mass media is essential as it informs, educates and entertains the public. Moreover, it also influences the way we look at the world. In other words, it helps in organizing public opinion.

Question 2: How does mass media affect our lives?

Answer 2: Mass media affects many aspects of human life, which range from the way we vote to our individual views and beliefs. Most importantly, it also helps in debunking false information.

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Whoever controls the media controls the mind. Discuss this statement and give your own opinion.

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• Sentence 2 - Example
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Many retired people today are choosing to live in other countries. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

The percentage of overweight children children in western society has increased by almost 20% in the last decade. discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend., car ownership has increased so rapidly over the past thirty years that many cities in the world are now "one big traffic jam" how true do you think this statement is what measures can governments take to discourage people form using their cars, in the past, people lived in one place for a long time , but now they can live in many different places what are the reasons is this positive or negative development , in the future, nobody will buy printed paper or books because they will becomplete able to read everything they want online without paying. to what extent do you ag ree or disagree.

Government Control of Media in Different Countries Essay

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Introduction

Direct and indirect government control, control over media in different countries.

Media help us keep updated on the latest news at the local, federal, and international levels. Through television, radio, newspapers, the internet, and other sources of information we get acquainted with what is going on in the world. However, it is frequently a case that the data we receive undergoes alterations on the way to the public. At a bigger or smaller extent, every country’s government has regulations concerning what part of news should be passed to the audience. According to Gehlblach and Sonin (2014), the scope of media independence is contingent on two major factors: the government’s organizing character and the range of the advertising market. In countries with minor social mobilization, media bias is smaller.

Governments can manage media content in two ways: explicitly and implicitly. Direct control is performed when the government openly designates an editorial policy (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). In this case, the media report the data designated by the government. Citizens receive only such limited data, and, as a result, they own only that information which the government decides to be given to them. Under these circumstances, the spread of messages depends only on people’s willingness to watch the news. Thus, the government considers citizens’ viewership as a means of advertising revenue (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014).

Indirect control enables the administration to manage the news implicitly. Even if a news outlet belongs to a private company, the government can impact its choice of news content by convincing the company to include biased content (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). For instance, advantages like subsidized newsprint, financial support for journalists, or tax benefits may be offered to the media outlet owners in exchange for supportive coverage (Gehlblach & Sonin, 2014). In such a case, the government indirectly impacts media and information which gets to the audience.

Depending on the country’s external affairs and internal policies, every government has a different approach to the management of the information broadcast for citizens. The more authoritative a country’s regime is, the more censorship is applied to the information passed to the citizens. The further overview suggests an insight into the governmental actions regarding media control in five different countries.

Hamilton and Kosar (2015) argue that information presented to the US citizens is not void of alterations made by the government and the country is becoming “less democratic” (Hamilton & Kosar, 2015). Although the government’s mission is to deliver straightforward and transparent messages to the people, it frequently disregards this requirement by using its power to change the citizens’ opinions and convince them to accept some policies in spite of their disadvantages. As Hamilton and Kosar note, citizens have a right to be aware of the government’s plans and policies. Via media, citizens should be informed about the most beneficial security and insurance options and the country’s international affairs. However, the US regulations concerning the media disable people from receiving unbiased pieces of news (Hamilton & Kosar, 2015). The government frequently uses its power to cross “the blurry line between informing the public and propagandizing” (Hamilton & Kosar, 2015). Such a situation becomes possible because there is no method to control government information. The internet aggravated the extent of the problem because it allowed people to discuss their opinions freely (Hamilton & Kosar, 2015). Government’s regulations against federal websites make people feel less trust in the news and policies.

Canada belongs to the countries whose democracy seems unquestionable. However, as it appears, it is so only for the outsiders. Renzetti (2013) remarks that censorship is rather strict in Canada, forbidding the government scientists from letting the citizens know about the true state of things. In her emphatic article, Renzetti (2013) says that the government scientists have got “duct tape over their mouths” – that is, they are not allowed to tell journalists all the truth without altering the facts. According to the report by UVic researchers, scientists have two options for dealing with the data. They should either keep silence altogether or tell only the filtrated information approved by the government. Freedom of speech is especially restricted when journalists are trying to investigate the issue of environmental change (Renzetti, 2013). Such behavior of the government results in preventing the media from getting relevant information from the scientists. As a result, citizens are deprived of an opportunity to participate in the discussion of major events happening in the country.

While the Canadian government’s censorship may come as a surprise, such countries as Russia and China have always been considered to be under strict media control. Gordts (2015) notes that Russia is about to lose the scarce remnants of its free media. As an example, Gordts provides a situation when Russia supported a bombing campaign in Syria. The way in which the news was presented in media, Gordts (2015) remarks, was nothing else than the propaganda of the country’s actions. The author calls such actions one of the numerous examples of how the country’s government uses the media “to sell domestic and international political decisions to the public” (Gordts, 2015). Such conduct of Russian authorities is not new. Since the beginning of the conflict in Crimea in 2014, the government has been trying to persuade citizens in the righteousness of its actions (Gordts, 2015). The experts remark that the country’s media presents all news issues from the president, Vladimir Putin (Gordts, 2015). Therefore, government control over media in Russia is extremely strict, which allows the citizens little scope of receiving objective information about the world and national affairs.

China is another country known for its control over information. The Chinese government’s policies against those who attempt to undermine its authority are rather strict if not to say cruel (Xu & Albert, 2017). China’s conflict with Google is one of the many examples of trying to suppress freedom of speech. Other examples include rigid media censorship, shading websites and publications, and imprisoning nonconformist activists and journalists (Xu & Albert, 2017). According to the experts, the regime is undergoing a test in the conditions of increasing demand for the internet. While the Chinese constitution guarantees people freedom of speech, the government’s media regulations enable the authorities to forbid some news items by asserting that they threaten the state or reveal its secrets (Xu & Albert, 2017). The definition of these “secrets” is so ambiguous that the government is empowered to forbid the publication of any information which it finds harmful for its reputation (Xu & Albert, 2017). Because of strict censorship regulations, China was ranked 176 out of 180 countries in the index of press freedom (Xu & Albert, 2017).

In Nigeria, the majority of media companies are owned by different levels of government officials and business owners. These representatives of the “ruling elite” are the major “newsmakers” in the country (Okwuchukwu, 2014, p. 36). Most of the news issues presented to the public via media are based on the opinions of the government. Thus, people are not able to obtain independent and unbiased information about current events (Okwuchukwu, 2014). The problem of media control in Nigeria is connected with the ruling elite’s personal interests. Moreover, the issue is complicated due to the country’s government being divided into military, colonial, and civilian into different periods (Okwuchukwu, 2014). Each of these three types of authority made its impact on media censorship. Journalists who tried to present the news in the true light were punished by imprisonment or murder (Okwuchukwu, 2014). Such strategies of the government make citizens feel afraid to express their opinions for fear of being penalized. People admit that there is a risk to lose a job if one expresses dissatisfaction with the government’s actions (Okwuchukwu, 2014). Also, Nigerians say that rather than presenting the news, government media’s purpose is to protect the political and economic interests of business owners.

While we are living in the time of free access to information, the news issues presented to us frequently are moderated and do not reflect the real state of things. Governments use their power to manipulate people through the media and punish those who disobey their policies. While some citizens are convinced by governmental actions, many people do not trust the media messages which are filtered by the authorities. To enhance the citizens’ support and commitment, governments should reconsider their position about media censorship.

Gehlbach, S., & Sonin, K. (2014). Government control of the media. Journal of Public Economics, 118 , 163-171.

Gordts, E. (2015). Putin’s press: How Russia’s president controls the news. The Huffington Post . Web.

Hamilton, J. M., & Kosar, K. (2015). How the American government is trying to control what you think. The Washington Post . Web.

Okwuchukwu, O. G. (2014). The influence of media ownership and control on media agenda setting in Nigeria . International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 1 (7), 36-45.

Renzetti, E. (2013). Censorship is alive and well in Canada – Just ask government scientists. The Globe and Mail . Web.

Xu, B., & Albert, E. (2017). Media censorship in China. Council on Foreign Regulations . Web.

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