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Teaching Resources & Guides > How to Teach Science Tips > Writing a Science Report  

Writing a Science Report

With science fair season coming up as well as many end of the year projects, students are often required to write a research paper or a report on their project. Use this guide to help you in the process from finding a topic to revising and editing your final paper.

Brainstorming Topics

Sometimes one of the largest barriers to writing a research paper is trying to figure out what to write about. Many times the topic is supplied by the teacher, or the curriculum tells what the student should research and write about. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes the student is given a very broad concept to write a research paper on, for example, water. Within the category of water, there are many topics and subtopics that would be appropriate. Topics about water can include anything from the three states of water, different water sources, minerals found in water, how water is used by living organisms, the water cycle, or how to find water in the desert. The point is that “water” is a very large topic and would be too broad to be adequately covered in a typical 3-5 page research paper.

When given a broad category to write about, it is important to narrow it down to a topic that is much more manageable. Sometimes research needs to be done in order to find the best topic to write about. (Look for searching tips in “Finding and Gathering Information.”) Listed below are some tips and guidelines for picking a suitable research topic:

• Pick a topic within the category that you find interesting. It makes it that much easier to research and write about a topic if it interests you.
• You may find while researching a topic that the details of the topic are very boring to you. If this is the case, and you have the option to do this, change your topic.
• Pick a topic that you are already familiar with and research further into that area to build on your current knowledge.
• When researching topics to do your paper on, look at how much information you are finding. If you are finding very little information on your topic or you are finding an overwhelming amount, you may need to rethink your topic.
• If permissible, always leave yourself open to changing your topic. While researching for topics, you may come across one that you find really interesting and can use just as well as the previous topics you were searching for.
• Most importantly, does your research topic fit the guidelines set forth by your teacher or curriculum?

Finding and Gathering Information

There are numerous resources out there to help you find information on the topic selected for your research paper. One of the first places to begin research is at your local library. Use the Dewey Decimal System or ask the librarian to help you find books related to your topic. There are also a variety of reference materials, such as encyclopedias, available at the library.

A relatively new reference resource has become available with the power of technology – the Internet. While the Internet allows the user to access a wealth of information that is often more up-to-date than printed materials such as books and encyclopedias, there are certainly drawbacks to using it. It can be hard to tell whether or not a site contains factual information or just someone’s opinion. A site can also be dangerous or inappropriate for students to use.

You may find that certain science concepts and science terminology are not easy to find in regular dictionaries and encyclopedias. A science dictionary or science encyclopedia can help you find more in-depth and relevant information for your science report. If your topic is very technical or specific, reference materials such as medical dictionaries and chemistry encyclopedias may also be good resources to use.

If you are writing a report for your science fair project, not only will you be finding information from published sources, you will also be generating your own data, results, and conclusions. Keep a journal that tracks and records your experiments and results. When writing your report, you can either write out your findings from your experiments or display them using graphs or charts .

*As you are gathering information, keep a working bibliography of where you found your sources. Look under “Citing Sources” for more information. This will save you a lot of time in the long run!

Organizing Information

Most people find it hard to just take all the information they have gathered from their research and write it out in paper form. It is hard to get a starting point and go from the beginning to the end. You probably have several ideas you know you want to put in your paper, but you may be having trouble deciding where these ideas should go. Organizing your information in a way where new thoughts can be added to a subtopic at any time is a great way to organize the information you have about your topic. Here are two of the more popular ways to organize information so it can be used in a research paper:

• Graphic organizers such as a web or mind map . Mind maps are basically stating the main topic of your paper, then branching off into as many subtopics as possible about the main topic. Enchanted Learning has a list of several different types of mind maps as well as information on how to use them and what topics fit best for each type of mind map and graphic organizer.
• Sub-Subtopic: Low temperatures and adequate amounts of snow are needed to form glaciers.
• Sub-Subtopic: Glaciers move large amounts of earth and debris.
• Sub-Subtopic: Two basic types of glaciers: valley and continental.
• Subtopic: Icebergs – large masses of ice floating on liquid water

Different Formats For Your Paper

Depending on your topic and your writing preference, the layout of your paper can greatly enhance how well the information on your topic is displayed.

1. Process . This method is used to explain how something is done or how it works by listing the steps of the process. For most science fair projects and science experiments, this is the best format. Reports for science fairs need the entire project written out from start to finish. Your report should include a title page, statement of purpose, hypothesis, materials and procedures, results and conclusions, discussion, and credits and bibliography. If applicable, graphs, tables, or charts should be included with the results portion of your report.

2. Cause and effect . This is another common science experiment research paper format. The basic premise is that because event X happened, event Y happened.

3. Specific to general . This method works best when trying to draw conclusions about how little topics and details are connected to support one main topic or idea.

4. Climatic order . Similar to the “specific to general” category, here details are listed in order from least important to most important.

5. General to specific . Works in a similar fashion as the method for organizing your information. The main topic or subtopic is stated first, followed by supporting details that give more information about the topic.

6. Compare and contrast . This method works best when you wish to show the similarities and/or differences between two or more topics. A block pattern is used when you first write about one topic and all its details and then write about the second topic and all its details. An alternating pattern can be used to describe a detail about the first topic and then compare that to the related detail of the second topic. The block pattern and alternating pattern can also be combined to make a format that better fits your research paper.

Citing Sources

When writing a research paper, you must cite your sources! Otherwise you are plagiarizing (claiming someone else’s ideas as your own) which can cause severe penalties from failing your research paper assignment in primary and secondary grades to failing the entire course (most colleges and universities have this policy). To help you avoid plagiarism, follow these simple steps:

• Find out what format for citing your paper your teacher or curriculum wishes you to use. One of the most widely used and widely accepted citation formats by scholars and schools is the Modern Language Association (MLA) format. We recommended that you do an Internet search for the most recent format of the citation style you will be using in your paper.
• Keep a working bibliography when researching your topic. Have a document in your computer files or a page in your notebook where you write down every source that you found and may use in your paper. (You probably will not use every resource you find, but it is much easier to delete unused sources later rather than try to find them four weeks down the road.) To make this process even easier, write the source down in the citation format that will be used in your paper. No matter what citation format you use, you should always write down title, author, publisher, published date, page numbers used, and if applicable, the volume and issue number.
• When collecting ideas and information from your sources, write the author’s last name at the end of the idea. When revising and formatting your paper, keep the author’s last name attached to the end of the idea, no matter where you move that idea. This way, you won’t have to go back and try to remember where the ideas in your paper came from.
• There are two ways to use the information in your paper: paraphrasing and quotes. The majority of your paper will be paraphrasing the information you found. Paraphrasing is basically restating the idea being used in your own words.   As a general rule of thumb, no more than two of the original words should be used in sequence when paraphrasing information, and similes should be used for as many of the words as possible in the original passage without changing the meaning of the main point. Sometimes, you may find something stated so well by the original author that it would be best to use the author’s original words in your paper. When using the author’s original words, use quotation marks only around the words being directly quoted and work the quote into the body of your paper so that it makes sense grammatically. Search the Internet for more rules on paraphrasing and quoting information.

Revising and Editing Your Paper

Revising your paper basically means you are fixing grammatical errors or changing the meaning of what you wrote. After you have written the rough draft of your paper, read through it again to make sure the ideas in your paper flow and are cohesive. You may need to add in information, delete extra information, use a thesaurus to find a better word to better express a concept, reword a sentence, or just make sure your ideas are stated in a logical and progressive order.

After revising your paper, go back and edit it, correcting the capitalization, punctuation, and spelling errors – the mechanics of writing. If you are not 100% positive a word is spelled correctly, look it up in a dictionary. Ask a parent or teacher for help on the proper usage of commas, hyphens, capitalization, and numbers. You may also be able to find the answers to these questions by doing an Internet search on writing mechanics or by checking you local library for a book on writing mechanics.

It is also always a good idea to have someone else read your paper. Because this person did not write the paper and is not familiar with the topic, he or she is more likely to catch mistakes or ideas that do not quite make sense. This person can also give you insights or suggestions on how to reword or format your paper to make it flow better or convey your ideas better.

More Information:

• Quick Science Fair Guide
• Science Fair Project Ideas

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How to Write a Science Fair Project Report

Lab Reports and Research Essays

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• Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
• B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

Writing a science fair project report may seem like a challenging task, but it is not as difficult as it first appears. This is a format that you may use to write a science project report. If your project included animals, humans, hazardous materials, or regulated substances, you can attach an appendix that describes any special activities your project required. Also, some reports may benefit from additional sections, such as abstracts and bibliographies. You may find it helpful to fill out the science fair lab report template to prepare your report.

Important: Some science fairs have guidelines put forth by the science fair committee or an instructor. If your science fair has these guidelines, be sure to follow them.

• Title:  For a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, "Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration That Can Be Tasted in Water." Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers.
• Introduction and Purpose:  Sometimes this section is called "background." Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project. If you are going to state references in your report, this is where most of the citations are likely to be, with the actual references listed at the end of the entire report in the form of a bibliography or reference section.
• The Hypothesis or Question:  Explicitly state your hypothesis or question.
• Materials and Methods:  List the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it.
• Data and Results:  Data and results are not the same things. Some reports will require that they be in separate sections, so make sure you understand the difference between the concepts. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. Data can be presented in tables or charts, if appropriate. The results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. For example, a table listing the minimum concentration of salt that I can taste in water, with each line in the table being a separate test or trial, would be data. If I average the data or perform a statistical test of a null hypothesis , the information would be the results of the project.
• Conclusion:  The conclusion focuses on the hypothesis or question as it compares to the data and results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, only disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answers, you may wish to explain the ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude but also by your recognition of areas where you could not draw valid conclusions based on your data.

Appearances Matter

Neatness counts, spelling counts, grammar counts. Take the time to make the report look nice. Pay attention to margins, avoid fonts that are difficult to read or are too small or too large, use clean paper, and make print the report cleanly on as good a printer or copier as you can.

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How to Write a Discussion for a Science Fair Project

How to Make a Rough Draft on Science Projects

When writing a discussion in science, organize the section with the analysis of findings, current literature sources and limitations to your study.

Discussion in science is an essential technique to describe your current findings from an experiment. While performing science tests is a fun way to explore science, knowing the organization of a research paper or lab report is crucial. Typically, an introduction, materials and procedures, results, discussion, conclusion and references are the main parts of any science project presentation or paper. The discussion section of a research paper or project relies on your purpose of the study and analysis of your results.

The Discussion Section of a Research Paper

The discussion section of a research paper for a science fair project disseminates your findings in a clear and concise approach. So, you will need to describe the purpose of your study. Also, offer the readers the reasons you were drawn to investigate the topic and perform experiments. As part of your presentation in a science fair project, use the discussion section to inform the audience about your findings.

Many scientists refine the study findings and clear any misconceptions from previous research. Much like a lab report discussion section, the science writer evaluates and critiques the point of views from prior literature material. Regardless of the findings, the discussion in science offers an opportunity for judges and audiences to learn about your projects and future research.

Writing a Discussion Section

When writing a discussion section for a science project, consider the organization and format. In this way, your readers will know how to follow your research. Generally, the discussion section will have about six to seven paragraphs. In each item, describe the findings in the chronological or sequential order.

The first paragraph contains the summary of your purpose of the experiment and your objectives for the research. In the next paragraphs, inform the readers about an in-depth evaluation of the literature on the topic. Then, in the fourth paragraph, discuss any limitations to your research that prevented further study. Finally, consider summarizing your hypothesis, relevant investigations based on reliable evidence and offering insights for future studies in the last paragraphs.

Evaluation of Study Findings

As mentioned before, a discussion in science encompasses the critical evaluation of the findings of an experiment. Impressing judges at a science fair involves a few tips when writing your discussion section. When summarizing literature reviews, avoid mentioning all the references that support your research. Of course, you need the proper citation and the main ideas for your research.

Also, discuss the reasons for your limitations, if there were any to your study. For instance, many experiments have time constraints or sample size limits. Remember to offer your readers a critical overview of your findings from a comprehensive point of view in the discussion section of a research paper.

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• National Center for Biotechnology: How to write a discussion section?
• Be careful using first-person writing. While allowed, too many "I" sentences can become confusing or distracting.
• Do not introduce any new material in the discussion.

Barbara earned a B. S. in Biochemistry and Chemistry from the Univ. of Houston and the Univ. of Central Florida, respectively. Besides working as a chemist for the pharmaceutical and water industry, she pursued her degree in secondary science teaching. Barbara now writes and researches educational content for blogs and higher-ed sites.

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Science Fair Research Paper Example: A Comprehensive Guide:

Writing a well-structured science fair research paper example is not just a requirement; it’s a skill that can open doors to the exciting world of scientific exploration. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the essential steps and components needed to craft an exceptional research paper for your science fair project. Get ready to embark on a journey that will not only impress judges but also deepen your understanding of scientific inquiry.

Understanding the Basics:

Before we delve into the intricacies of creating a standout research paper, let’s clarify what exactly it is and why it matters.

A science fair paper is the written documentation of your scientific investigation, encompassing all aspects from your initial science fair background research to the final presentation of your findings. It serves as the vehicle through which you communicate your project’s purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions. Think of it as your project’s voice, speaking volumes about your dedication and the depth of your scientific inquiry.

The link between your research paper and your science fair project is profound. It ties together every aspect of your experiment, from the initial question you posed to the final analysis of your data. Your research paper is the culmination of weeks or even months of hard work, a testament to your scientific curiosity and perseverance.

Key Components of a Science Fair Research Paper:

Now that you understand its significance, let’s break down the key components that make up an exceptional science fair research paper :

• Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your research paper. Here, you introduce your topic, provide context, and state your research question or hypothesis. It’s your opportunity to grab the reader’s attention and make them eager to learn more.
• Methodology: The methodology section outlines the methods and procedures you used to conduct your experiment. It should be detailed enough that someone else could replicate your study. Precise documentation is key in this section.
• Results: In the results section, you present your findings. Use tables, graphs, and charts to organize your data and make it easily digestible. Remember to provide context for your results and discuss any patterns or trends you observe.
• Discussion: The discussion is where you interpret your results and draw conclusions. Explain the significance of your findings and how they relate to your research question or hypothesis. Address any unexpected outcomes and discuss their implications.
• Conclusion In the conclusion, you summarize your research and its importance. Reflect on what you’ve learned and suggest areas for future exploration. Leave your readers with a lasting impression of the value of your work.

Crafting Your Research Paper: Step-by-Step Guide:

Now that you have a grasp of the key components, let’s dive into the process of creating your science fair research paper.

Selecting a Research Question:

Your journey begins with a compelling research question. It’s the driving force behind your project and sets the stage for your entire paper. Choose a question that piques your interest and has scientific relevance.

Conduct Background Research:

Before diving into your experiment, thoroughly research your topic . Explore existing studies, articles, and books to build a strong foundation of knowledge. Your background research will inform your hypothesis and experimental design.

Formulating Hypotheses:

A well-crafted hypothesis is the heart of your research paper. It’s a testable statement that predicts the outcome of your experiment based on your background research. Make sure it’s clear and concise.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Execute your experiment methodically, recording data accurately and meticulously. Once you have your data, use appropriate tables, graphs, and charts to present it effectively. Clear visuals enhance understanding.

Citing Sources: The Right Way to Give Credit:

Before we continue, it’s crucial to understand the significance of proper citations and avoiding plagiarism. Citing your sources not only gives credit to the original researchers but also strengthens the credibility of your own work. In the world of science, citation is a way of acknowledging the contributions of those who came before you.

Sample Science Fair Research Paper:

To help you visualize what an example of a science fair research paper looks like, we’ve provided a sample paper. This illustrative example showcases the proper structure and content of a successful research paper. It offers insights into effective writing techniques and formatting, serving as a valuable reference point for your own project.

Efficient Organization Techniques for Research Papers:

Efficiency is key when organizing your research findings and data. Learn strategies for arranging your paper to ensure clarity and coherence. We’ll provide advice on creating tables, graphs, and diagrams that enhance your paper’s visual appeal.

Elevate Your Research Paper Writing Skills:

Taking your research paper to the next level requires honing your writing skills. We’ll share valuable tips and techniques to enhance the overall quality of your paper. Remember that meticulous proofreading and editing can make a world of difference.

A Deeper Dive into Research Paper Structure:

For a more in-depth understanding, let’s explore each section of a science fair research paper:

• Introduction: Your introduction should be engaging and informative, setting the stage for your research. Include your research question, hypothesis, and a brief overview of your methodology.
• Methodology: Detail the methods you employed to conduct your experiment. Be specific and concise. Provide enough information for others to replicate your study.
• Results: In this section, present your findings using clear and well-labeled tables, graphs, and charts. Describe any patterns or trends you observe and provide context for your data.
• Discussion: Interpret your results and discuss their significance. Address your research question or hypothesis. Acknowledge any limitations and suggest areas for future research.

Achieve Excellence in Research Paper Writing:

In conclusion, your science fair research paper is a testament to your scientific curiosity and dedication. It’s your chance to share your discoveries with the world. As you embark on your writing journey, remember that feedback and revision are your allies. Seek guidance from teachers and mentors, and don’t hesitate to refine your work. With diligence and passion, you can achieve excellence in research paper writing and make a lasting impact in the world of science.

Whether you’re presenting your project at a science fair or simply delving deeper into a topic you’re passionate about, the skills you develop through this process, including crafting a compelling and informative introduction like an example of a scientific paper introduction, will serve you well in the exciting realm of scientific exploration. Embrace the opportunity to contribute to our collective knowledge and let your scientific journey begin.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, your science fair research paper example, a comprehensive guide on how to write a science fair research paper , is a testament to your scientific curiosity and dedication. It’s your chance to share your discoveries with the world. As you embark on your writing journey, remember that feedback and revision are your allies. Seek guidance from teachers and mentors, and don’t hesitate to refine your work. With diligence and passion, you can achieve excellence in research paper writing and make a lasting impact in the world of science.

Whether you’re presenting your project at a science fair or simply delving deeper into a topic you’re passionate about, the skills you develop through this process will serve you well in the exciting realm of scientific exploration. Embrace the opportunity to contribute to our collective knowledge and let your scientific journey begin.

Q1: What is a science fair research paper?

A science fair research paper is the written documentation of a scientific investigation conducted as part of a science fair project. It includes key sections such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

Q2: How do you write a science fair research paper?

Writing a science fair research paper is a structured process that involves several key steps. First, you should select a specific and testable research question related to your scientific interests. Then, conduct thorough background research to build a strong foundation of knowledge on your topic. Formulate a clear and concise hypothesis that predicts the outcome of your experiment. Plan and conduct your experiments carefully, recording data accurately throughout the process.

Organize your research paper with the following sections: Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. In the Introduction, provide context for your research, introduce your research question, and state your hypothesis. The Methodology section should detail the methods and procedures you used for experimentation, providing enough information for replication. Present your results using tables, graphs, and charts in the Results section, and explain any patterns or trends. In the Discussion section, interpret your findings, discuss their significance, and address your research question or hypothesis. Finally, in the Conclusion, summarize your research, emphasize its importance, and suggest areas for future study. Throughout the process, make sure to properly cite all sources to avoid plagiarism, and don’t forget to proofread and edit your paper for clarity and coherence.

Q3: What are some examples of science fair projects?

Science fair projects can cover a wide range of topics and grade levels. Here are a few diverse examples:

• Effect of Different Liquids on Plant Growth:  Investigating how various liquids (water, soda, juice) impact the growth of the same type of plant.
• Solar-Powered Oven: Building a solar oven to explore harnessing solar energy for cooking.
• Magnet Strength and Distance: Measuring the strength of different magnets and their influence on the distance they can attract objects.
• Baking Soda and Vinegar Volcano: Creating a classic erupting volcano to study chemical reactions.
• Paper Airplane Design: Experimenting with different paper airplane designs to determine which one flies the farthest.

These projects can be adapted and customized to match specific interests and grade levels.

Q4: What is an example of a science fair question?

A science fair question should be specific, testable, and related to a scientific concept. Here’s an example: “Does the temperature of water affect the time it takes for salt to dissolve?” This question is specific because it focuses on the temperature of water and its effect on the dissolution of salt. It’s also testable because you can conduct experiments to measure the time it takes for salt to dissolve at different water temperatures. Such questions form the basis for scientific investigations and experiments.

Q5: How many pages should a science fair research paper be?

The length of a science fair research paper can vary depending on guidelines provided by your school or organization. However, a typical science fair research paper example is often between 5 to 15 pages long. It should contain all the necessary sections, including the Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion, as well as properly formatted citations and visuals (tables, graphs, charts) where necessary. Always follow the specific guidelines provided for your science fair project, including any instructions on the required length and format. This attention to detail ensures that your paper , with its inclusion of relevant background information science project examples, aligns perfectly with the expectations of your scientific community.

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VFM 8th Grade Science Fair Project: Step 4: Background Research

• Step 1: Find a Project Idea
• Step 2: Formulate a Research Question & do a Project Proposal
• Step 3: State the Purpose
• Step 4: Background Research
• Free Web Search
• Step 5: Bibliography
• Step 6: Identify the Variables in your Experiment
• Step 7: Form a Hypothesis
• Step 8: Materials
• Step 9: Design & Write the Procedure
• Step 10: Perform the Experiment
• Step 11: Record your Data and Results
• Step 12: Analyze your Data & Results
• Step 13: Make a Conclusion
• Step 14: Write the Abstract
• Step 15: Acknowledgments
• Step 16: Title Page and Table of Contents
• Step 17: Proofread!
• Step 18: Write a Final Copy of your Lab Report
• Step 19: Create your Display Board
• Step 20: The VFMS Science Fair
• Oral Presentation
• Lab Journal/Notebook
• Schedule and Due Dates

In-Text Citation

• [APA] How do I write an APA parenthetical (in-text) reference? Give Credit to your website or author in the body of your research.

Background Research

Background research should help you to educate the reader of your project about important aspects of your topic.  

Using multiple resources, students should learn about past results of other experiments that are similar to theirs. Students should know how and why previous experimenters arrived at their conclusions. The background research should help the students give the “because…” in the “if… then… because…” section of their hypothesis.

20 - 30 facts from 3 sources  is a reasonable expectation for this section. In the final paper, this background research will be put into paragraph form.

Use the  Background Research Planning Worksheet  to help you formulate questions that you need to answer for your topic.  Each student should become an expert on anything that is closely related to their area of research. 

• Background Research Worksheet Complete this worksheet prior to beginning your background research for your project.
• Fact Collection Worksheet Collect 20-30 facts from a minimum of 3 sources: one source must be from Gale Science in Context
• Sample of Background Research Paragraphs Here is a sample of what your background research paragraphs might look like. Sample found on the web here: http://www.oncoursesystems.com/images/user/2162/302482/img074.jpg

Why You Should Use Databases

Databases are sometimes called the "deep web" or "invisible web" because their information is usually only accessible through paid subscriptions using passwords and isn't usually found (indexed) by search engines such as Google.

Database records are organized using a variety of indexes such as author and subject but are keyword searchable as well. 

Databases are either subject specific such as World History in Context or content specific such as the newspaper and magazine database through EBSCO. 

Databases contain information that has been checked for the  ABC's   of  authority  &   accuracy, bias, and content  &  currency . You can trust the information you find in databases, not like on the web or through Google searches. Sometimes it's accurate, but many times it isn't. 

Library Databases: Start your Search Here

What is Research?

Research is: 

• Driven by a question that guides the process.
• Seeking information with a clear goal.
• A process, which works best when done step- by-step. The steps may need to be repeated.
• Collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to resolve the problem.
• Going beyond facts and old ideas.
• Taking a new look at the information and taking a stand.

Research is not:

• Copying and pasting information you find through a Google search.
• Combining a paragraph from one article with a couple of paragraphs from websites. That's plagiarism.
• Rearranging facts
• Rewording each phrase and citing each source. That's just a summary of facts with someone else's name on them and still can be classified as plagiarism.

Words for the wise student: 

• Remember, begin with a "wide net" and then narrow your search results.
• If you only look for specific information to answer a specific question, you may miss many opportunities to broaden your understanding .
• Allow for surprises- you may find your views on your topic will change and take you in an entirely new direction.
• Remember that research is searching again and again.
• In the process of doing research, you will be looking at information that others have looked at before, trying to see something that they have not seen.
• << Previous: Step 3: State the Purpose
• Next: Free Web Search >>
• Last Updated: Jan 27, 2016 2:09 PM
• URL: https://tesd.libguides.com/VFMScienceFairProject

Science Fair Written Report

Reports should be neatly bound in an attractive folder and should include:

1. Title Page

The title page bears the title of your project in the center of the page several inches from the top of the page. Your name, school, and grade would be placed in the lower right-hand corner of the page.

2. Table of Contents

List the sections of your paper and the page numbers where they begin.

3. Abstract

The abstract is a shortened version of your entire paper. Others can read your abstract if they do not have time to read your paper. It should include information about yourself at the top: name, school, grade, age, and category of your project. Below this information write three short paragraphs: the Purpose, the Procedure, and the Results.

4. Statement of Purpose

Give a two- or three-sentence statement explaining what you expected to discover by investigating the chosen topic. It should also give the reason why you chose to learn more about the subject.

5. The Hypothesis

Students who select an experiment to perform should include a hypothesis in the written report. A hypothesis is an educated guess about what you think will occur as a result from conducting the selected experiment.

6. Background Research

Include work and research conducted by others in the past that relates to your topic and facts that help introduce the readers to the topic.

7. Materials

List all the materials and supplies you used in the project. Quantities and amounts of each should also be indicated, especially if you conduct an experiment.

8. Procedure

List and describe steps you undertook to complete the project, numbering them sequentially.

9. Observations and Results

Tell what you learned from the project. What new information was provided as a result of pursuing the topic? What do you know now that you didn't know before? Include raw, smooth and analyzed data, in all forms including charts, graphs, tables, photographs and diagrams you've created or collected during the course of the project. Be sure that all results, in whatever format, are neat and legible. Accurately and clearly label and title all material.

10. Variables and Controls (for experiments only)

Fully describe each variable and control. Explain its role in the experiment and show how it was managed and/or monitored.

11. Conclusions

This is a brief statement explaining why a project turned out the way it did. Why did the events you observed occur? If an experiment was chosen, begin your conclusion by restating your hypothesis. Next, compare the results to your original hypothesis. The result data may concretely establish your theory to be true or false. However, it is also possible that the results were inconclusive, which means that although there may be a trend in your data, it is not strong enough to prove or disprove your hypothesis.

12. Bibliography

13. acknowledgements.

In one or more sentences, say "thank you" to those who have helped you with your project. You should include those who gave you guidance, materials, and the use of facilities or equipment.

How to Write a 4th Grade Science Fair Report

Ashley seehorn.

The purpose of a science fair project report is to explain the research behind the project, as well as the processes used to complete the project itself. The project report clarifies important points that may not be clear from an oral or visual presentation of the processes involved. Be sure to read over any guidelines provided by the science teacher before beginning. Start by writing the body of the paper; and then add the abstract, table of contents, and title page. It is easier to complete these elements after completing the rest of the report. (See Reference 1)

Explore this article

• Writing the Body of the Report
• Open a blank document in MS Word
• Press Enter ” five times
• Heading Hypothesis
• Thought was going to happen in the experiment
• Heading Background Information
• Heading Materials
• Heading Procedures
• Heading Results
• Heading Conclusions
• Heading Ideas
• End of the Report
• Heading Acknowledgments
• List the names
• Heading Bibliography
• Used in your research
• Title Page, Abstract, & Table of Contents
• Move the mouse cursor
• Type your project title
• Heading Abstract
• Click on Insert in the Word toolbar on Insert in the Word toolbar
• Heading Table

things needed

• Recorded data, pictures, and graphs from project experiment
• Microsoft Word

1 Writing the Body of the Report

2 open a blank document in ms word.

Open a blank document in MS Word. Set the desired font.

3 Press Enter ” five times

Press “Enter” five times. Click on “Insert” in the Word toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page. This will leave space for the title page, abstract, and table of contents.

4 Heading Hypothesis

Type the heading “Hypothesis” or “Research Question.” Press “Enter” twice.

5 Thought was going to happen in the experiment

Type the original hypothesis or what you thought was going to happen in the experiment.

6 Heading Background Information

Type the heading “Background Information.” Press “Enter” twice.

7 Type three

Type three to five paragraphs explaining the research related to your project.

8 Heading Materials

Type the heading “Materials.” Press “Enter” twice. List the materials used in your experiment.

9 Heading Procedures

Type the heading “Procedures.” Press “Enter” twice. List the procedures you followed to complete your experiment. Note the constants and variables involved in the experiment.

10 Heading Results

Type the heading “Results.” Press “Enter” twice. List all the results of your experiment. Include data, graphs, pictures, and observations.

11 Heading Conclusions

Type the heading “Conclusions.” Press “Enter” twice. Explain whether or not the experiment confirmed or refuted your hypothesis. Be specific about which elements of the data reflect the conclusions.

12 Heading Ideas

Type the heading “Ideas for Future Research.” Press “Enter” twice. Describe why your research was important, and how it impacts society. Explain how your research could be expanded in the future.

13 End of the Report

Click on “Insert” in the toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page.

15 Heading Acknowledgments

Type the heading “Acknowledgments.” Press “Enter” twice.

16 List the names

List the names of anyone who assisted you with your project: your parents, siblings, teacher, classmates, or others.

17 Heading Bibliography

Type the heading “Bibliography.” Press “Enter” twice.

18 Used in your research

List all the references used in your research. Be sure to follow the citation format if one is provided by the teacher, otherwise use the examples in the Resources section of this article.

19 Title Page, Abstract, & Table of Contents

20 move the mouse cursor.

Move the mouse cursor to the top of the first page of the report. Press “CTRL” and “E” to center the text. Press “Enter” several times to move to the middle of the page.

21 Type your project title

Type your project title, your name, grade, teacher’s name, and date. Press “Enter” twice between each item to leave a blank space. Click on “Insert” in the toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page.

22 Heading Abstract

Type the heading “Abstract.” Press “Enter” twice. Write a short summary of your project. The abstract should be no more than one or two paragraphs.

23 Click on Insert in the Word toolbar on Insert in the Word toolbar

Click on “Insert” in the Word toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page. Click “Page Number” and choose the position you desire for your page numbers.

24 Heading Table

Type the heading “Table of Contents” and create a Table of Contents for your project.

• Save your report periodically while typing to prevent data loss.
• See article Resources for examples on citation format.
• 1 Science Buddies: Writing a Research Paper for Your Science Fair Project
• 2 Science Buddies: Science Fair Project Final Report

About the Author

Ashley Seehorn has been writing professionally since 2009. Her work has been featured on a variety of websites including: eHow, Answerbag and Opposing Views Cultures. She has been a teacher for 20 years and has taught all ages from preschool through college. She is currently working as a Special Education Teacher.

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Okay, this is the hardest part of the whole project…picking your topic. But here are some ideas to get you started. Even if you don’t like any, they may inspire you to come up with one of your own. Remember, check all project ideas with your teacher and parents, and don’t do any project that would hurt or scare people or animals. Good luck!

• Does music affect on animal behavior?
• Does the color of food or drinks affect whether or not we like them?
• Where are the most germs in your school? ( CLICK for more info. )
• Does music have an affect on plant growth?
• Which kind of food do dogs (or any animal) prefer best?
• Which paper towel brand is the strongest?
• What is the best way to keep an ice cube from melting?
• What level of salt works best to hatch brine shrimp?
• Can the food we eat affect our heart rate?
• How effective are child-proof containers and locks.
• Can background noise levels affect how well we concentrate?
• Does acid rain affect the growth of aquatic plants?
• What is the best way to keep cut flowers fresh the longest?
• Does the color of light used on plants affect how well they grow?
• What plant fertilizer works best?
• Does the color of a room affect human behavior?
• Do athletic students have better lung capacity?
• What brand of battery lasts the longest?
• Does the type of potting soil used in planting affect how fast the plant grows?
• What type of food allow mold to grow the fastest?
• Does having worms in soil help plants grow faster?
• Can plants grow in pots if they are sideways or upside down?
• Does the color of hair affect how much static electricity it can carry? (test with balloons)
• How much weight can the surface tension of water hold?
• Can some people really read someone else’s thoughts?
• Which soda decays fallen out teeth the most?
• What light brightness makes plants grow the best?
• Does the color of birdseed affect how much birds will eat it?
• Do natural or chemical fertilizers work best?
• Can mice learn? (you can pick any animal)
• Can people tell artificial smells from real ones?
• What brands of bubble gum produce the biggest bubbles?
• Does age affect human reaction times?
• What is the effect of salt on the boiling temperature of water?
• Does shoe design really affect an athlete’s jumping height?
• What type of grass seed grows the fastest?
• Can animals see in the dark better than humans?

Didn’t see one you like? Don’t worry…look over them again and see if they give you an idea for your own project that will work for you. Remember, find something that interests you, and have fun with it.

To download and print this list of ideas CLICK HERE .

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Research Paper Guide

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Research Paper Examples - Free Sample Papers for Different Formats!

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How to Write a Research Methodology for a Research Paper

Crafting a comprehensive research paper can be daunting. Understanding diverse citation styles and various subject areas presents a challenge for many.

Without clear examples, students often feel lost and overwhelmed, unsure of how to start or which style fits their subject.

Explore our collection of expertly written research paper examples. We’ve covered various citation styles and a diverse range of subjects.

So, read on!

• 1. Research Paper Example for Different Formats
• 2. Examples for Different Research Paper Parts
• 3. Research Paper Examples for Different Fields
• 4. Research Paper Example Outline

Research Paper Example for Different Formats

Following a specific formatting style is essential while writing a research paper . Knowing the conventions and guidelines for each format can help you in creating a perfect paper. Here we have gathered examples of research paper for most commonly applied citation styles :

Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Review

APA Research Paper Example

APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used in social sciences, psychology, and education. This format is recognized for its clear and concise writing, emphasis on proper citations, and orderly presentation of ideas.

Here are some research paper examples in APA style:

Research Paper Example APA 7th Edition

Research Paper Example MLA

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is frequently employed in humanities disciplines, including literature, languages, and cultural studies. An MLA research paper might explore literature analysis, linguistic studies, or historical research within the humanities. 

Here is an example:

Found Voices: Carl Sagan

Research Paper Example Chicago

Chicago style is utilized in various fields like history, arts, and social sciences. Research papers in Chicago style could delve into historical events, artistic analyses, or social science inquiries. 

Here is a research paper formatted in Chicago style:

Chicago Research Paper Sample

Research Paper Example Harvard

Harvard style is widely used in business, management, and some social sciences. Research papers in Harvard style might address business strategies, case studies, or social policies.

View this sample Harvard style paper here:

Harvard Research Paper Sample

Examples for Different Research Paper Parts

A research paper has different parts. Each part is important for the overall success of the paper. Chapters in a research paper must be written correctly, using a certain format and structure.

The following are examples of how different sections of the research paper can be written.

Research Proposal

The research proposal acts as a detailed plan or roadmap for your study, outlining the focus of your research and its significance. It's essential as it not only guides your research but also persuades others about the value of your study.

Example of Research Proposal

An abstract serves as a concise overview of your entire research paper. It provides a quick insight into the main elements of your study. It summarizes your research's purpose, methods, findings, and conclusions in a brief format.

Research Paper Example Abstract

Literature Review 

A literature review summarizes the existing research on your study's topic, showcasing what has already been explored. This section adds credibility to your own research by analyzing and summarizing prior studies related to your topic.

Literature Review Research Paper Example

Methodology

The methodology section functions as a detailed explanation of how you conducted your research. This part covers the tools, techniques, and steps used to collect and analyze data for your study.

Methods Section of Research Paper Example

How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper

The research paper conclusion summarizes your findings, their significance and the impact of your research. This section outlines the key takeaways and the broader implications of your study's results.

Research Paper Conclusion Example

Research Paper Examples for Different Fields

Research papers can be about any subject that needs a detailed study. The following examples show research papers for different subjects.

History Research Paper Sample

Preparing a history research paper involves investigating and presenting information about past events. This may include exploring perspectives, analyzing sources, and constructing a narrative that explains the significance of historical events. Check out the history research paper topics blog to get inspired and motivated by these amazing ideas.

View this history research paper sample:

Many Faces of Generalissimo Fransisco Franco

Sociology Research Paper Sample

In sociology research, statistics and data are harnessed to explore societal issues within a particular region or group. These findings are thoroughly analyzed to gain an understanding of the structure and dynamics present within these communities. 

Here is a sample:

A Descriptive Statistical Analysis within the State of Virginia

 For more insights and inspiration, explore the sociology research topics blog to discover intriguing ideas and relevant issues.

Science Fair Research Paper Sample

A science research paper involves explaining a scientific experiment or project. It includes outlining the purpose, procedures, observations, and results of the experiment in a clear, logical manner.

Here are some examples:

Science Fair Paper Format

What Do I Need To Do For The Science Fair?

Psychology Research Paper Sample

Writing a psychology research paper involves studying human behavior and mental processes. This process includes conducting experiments, gathering data, and analyzing results to understand the human mind, emotions, and behavior. However, the key to a successful psychology paper is selecting the right topic. Make sure to pick an intriguing psychology research paper topic that captivates your interest and aligns with your research objectives.

Here is an example psychology paper:

The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance

Art History Research Paper Sample

Studying art history includes examining artworks, understanding their historical context, and learning about the artists. This helps analyze and interpret how art has evolved over various periods and regions.

Check out this sample paper analyzing European art and impacts:

European Art History: A Primer

Research Paper Example Outline

Before you plan on writing a well-researched paper, make a rough draft. An outline can be a great help when it comes to organizing vast amounts of research material for your paper.

Here is a research paper outline template:

Here is a downloadable sample of a standard research paper outline:

Research Paper Outline

Good Research Paper Examples for Students

Here are some more samples of research papers for students to learn from:

Fiscal Research Center - Action Plan

Qualitative Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example Introduction

How to Write a Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example for High School

Now that you have explored the research paper examples, you can start working on your research project. Hopefully, these examples will help you understand the writing process for a research paper.

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How to Write a Regeneron ISEF Abstract

What is the purpose of the abstract.

The abstract should be a brief, yet comprehensive synopsis of the research project. It should seek to highlight the research question(s), experimental procedures, data, and conclusions in a way that is concise and easy to understand. It will be reviewed by Special Award Organization and Grand Award Judges to determine whether the project stands out within its category or qualifies for special awards. The general public and other Regeneron ISEF visitors read the abstract for a quick overview of the research design and findings.

Rules for completion:

The abstract should be 250 words or less. Do not discuss specific aspects of the research in great detail, including experimental procedures and statistical methods. Any information that is unnecessary to include in a brief explanation should be saved for the written research paper or the project exhibit board.

If the project is a continuation from a previous year, the abstract should summarize the current year’s work only. If mention of supporting research from previous year(s) is necessary, it must be minimal.

If the abstract text includes special characters, such as mathematical symbols, which won’t be translated electronically, please spell out the symbol.

Do not include acknowledgements in the abstract. This includes any references to mentors, institutional facilities, and awards or patents received.

All abstracts must be submitted on the Regeneron ISEF online system. Many regional and state fairs also use the Regeneron ISEF Official Abstract Form, which can be found here . This form is not necessary for most local fairs.

What should the abstract include?

Best practices:

Remember- Revision is Key

• Make sure that the abstract includes all parts outlined in this guide
• Omit unnecessary details and discussions
• Use the past tense in descriptions
• Write in short, but complete sentences
• Avoid extra jargon and any slang
• Use concise wording throughout, especially when expressing concepts and processes with scientific language
• Check for correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation
• Ask for writing help from an English teacher or librarian. Writing an abstract is an exercise in using language effectively to convey scientific ideas and procedures.
• It never hurts to have an extra pair of eyes glance it over

Sample abstract

Please view the following example abstract, which is displayed two ways: In paragraph form, as will be presented at the Regeneron ISEF, and divided in parts to show how it would fit the general abstract template.

Snot Science: How far does a sneeze travel?

Bethany Brookshire, Ph.D.

Science News for Students, Society for Science & the Public, Washington, D.C.

Viruses, such as those that cause colds and influenza, spread via droplets of mucus that are produced when an infected person sneezes or coughs. Using thick and thin mucus and a model sneeze, we tested the hypothesis that thin mucus will travel farther than thick mucus.

Thin and thick mucus were represented by 1-milliliter volumes of colored water or a mixture of corn syrup and gelatin, respectively. Fluid was squirted from a plastic dropper with enough force to model a sneeze. Each sample was analyzed for maximum distance traveled and distribution of droplets. Data was analyzed using a two-tailed t test.

Compared to thick mucus (mean distance of 110.8 cm, SD 103.7 cm, n=26/group), thin mucus squirted a greater mean distance (302.4 cm, SD 45.06 cm, n=26/group, p<0.0001, Cohen’s d 2.395). Thick mucus traveled a maximum of 310 cm. Thin mucus traveled a maximum of 400 cm. Thick mucus also formed fewer visible droplets, and droplets concentrated closer to the origin of the “sneeze.”

This study showed that thin mucus travels farther than thin mucus in the plastic dropper sneeze model. Thin mucus traveled a maximum of 400 cm, suggesting a potential spread of virus-containing particles of up to 4 meters in our tests. Further experiments will clarify differences in viscosity between thick and thin mucus and potential differences in droplet size.

Purpose:  Viruses, such as those that cause colds and influenza, spread via droplets of mucus that are produced when an infected person sneezes or coughs. Using thick and thin mucus and a model sneeze, we tested the hypothesis that thin mucus will travel farther than thick mucus.

Procedure:  Thin and thick mucus were represented by 1-milliliter volumes of colored water or a mixture of corn syrup and gelatin, respectively. Fluid was squirted from a plastic dropper with enough force to model a sneeze. Each sample was analyzed for maximum distance traveled and distribution of droplets. Data was analyzed using a two-tailed t test.

Results:  Compared to thick mucus (mean distance of 110.8 cm, SD 103.7 cm, n=26/group), thin mucus squirted a greater mean distance (302.4 cm, SD 45.06 cm, n=26/group, p<0.0001, Cohen’s d 2.395). Thick mucus traveled a maximum of 310 cm. Thin mucus traveled a maximum of 400 cm. Thick mucus also formed fewer visible droplets, and droplets concentrated closer to the origin of the “sneeze.”

Conclusions:  This study showed that thin mucus travels farther than thin mucus in the plastic dropper sneeze model. Thin mucus traveled a maximum of 400 cm, suggesting a potential spread of virus-containing particles of up to 4 meters in our tests. Further experiments will clarify differences in viscosity between thick and thin mucus and potential differences in droplet size.

Works consulted

Cole, John. (2008). Mastering the Abstract Writing Process.

Caprette, David. (1995, August 25). How to Write a Research Paper. Retrieved from Rice

University, Experimental Biosciences Web site: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html#abstract

Carroll, Leah. HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT: Tips and Samples. Retrieved from University of

California Berkeley, Office of Undergraduate Research Web site:            http://hsp.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/HOW%20TO%20WRITE%20AN%20ABST…

The Writing Center at UNC-Chapel Hill. Writing Abstracts. Retrieved from:

http://writingcenter.unc.edu/esl/resources/writing-abstracts/