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How to Cite and Reference a Conference Paper in the Harvard Style

• 2-minute read
• 8th March 2023

Conference papers are a common resource for academics . But how do you cite and reference one as a source using Harvard? Here’s our quick guide. We’ll focus on the Open University style , but Harvard conventions can vary between institutions, so make sure you check your own style guide too.

Citing a Conference Paper

An in-text citation includes the name and year in parentheses, like this:

If you use a direct quote, you’ll need to add page numbers as well:

If you’re citing two authors, include both surnames separated by and . If you’re citing three or more authors, list the first surname followed by “et al.” If you’re missing an author’s name, you can use the name of the organization that published the paper. And if you’re missing a date, you can use “n.d.”

Referencing a Conference Paper

When adding a conference paper to a Harvard reference list, follow this format:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper”, Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Place of publication, Publisher, page numbers.

If you found the conference paper online, format the entry this way:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper,” Title of Conference. Location, date of conference. Publisher [Online]. Available at URL (Accessed date).

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If you’re referencing an unpublished conference paper, you can omit the publisher information:

Author, A. (year of publication) “Title of Paper,” paper presented at Title of Conference . Location, date of conference.

Variations of Harvard Referencing

As we’ve said, the Harvard style has many variations. We’ve looked at the Open University version in this post, but make sure you check your institution’s style guide. And when in doubt, be sure to keep everything consistent.

Of course, you can always send your work our way! Our editors are Harvard referencing experts and will make sure you’ve formatted your references and citations correctly. They’ll also check your work for grammar, spelling, punctuation, and more! Try it out for free today.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the format for a harvard citation.

Harvard uses author–date citations, with the author’s name and the year of publication in parentheses: (Smith, 2012).

How do you add an online conference paper to a Harvard reference list?

Follow a typical Harvard reference format but omit the location, add [Online] after the publisher name, and include the URL as well as the date you accessed the site.

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Harvard Referencing Guide

• Conference papers, presentations, theses

Conference papers, presentations

• For conference papers published online, hyperlink the title . If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.

Published conference paper and presentation

Elements of the reference, author a (day month year) ‘title of paper: subtitle of paper’ [conference presentation],  name of conference , place of conference, accessed day month year., in-text citation, blunden (2007) or (blunden 2007), reference list, blunden j (9–12 may 2007) ‘ plain or just dull collateral damage from the plain english movement ’ [conference presentation],  3rd iped conference , tasmania, accessed 3 may 2019., unpublished conference paper, author a (day month year) ‘title of paper: subtitle of paper’ [unpublished conference presentation],  name of conference , place of conference., blunden j (9–12 may 2007) ‘plain or just dull collateral damage from the plain english movement’ [unpublished conference presentation],  3rd iped conference , hobart..

• If the thesis is online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date. If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.

Published thesis

Author a (year)  title of thesis: subtitle of thesis  [type of thesis], name of university, accessed day month year., (rahman 2013) or rahman (2013), rahman m (2013)  using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [master’s thesis], brac university, accessed 5 may 2017., unpublished thesis, author a (year)  title of thesis: subtitle of thesis  [unpublished type of thesis], name of university, accessed day month year., rahman m (2013)  using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [unpublished master’s thesis], brac university, accessed 5 may 2017..

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Harvard Referencing Guide: PowerPoint Presentations

• Introduction to the Guide
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• General Referencing Guide >>>
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• Vancouver Referencing Guide >>> This link opens in a new window
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• PowerPoint Presentation

Audiovisual Media - Powerpoint Presentation

PowerPoint Pr esentation

E xample -  Presentation available online and accessible by anyone

The full reference should generally include

• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in italics)
• [PowerPoint presentation] in square brackets
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)

In-text citation

Full reference for the Reference List

Example: PowerPoint presentation from a learning management system such as the VLE

• Author or tutor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in single quotation marks)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL of the VLE

Example : Full reference for the Reference List

Audiovisual Material

Film / movie

TV programme

PowerPoint presentation

YouTube video

Harvard Referencing Guide: A - Z

• APA Referencing Guide >>>
• Bibliography
• Books / eBooks - 2 Authors
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• Books / eBooks - 3 Authors
• Books / eBooks - Individual Chapter
• Books / eBooks - Introduction
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• Cite Them Right - Style
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• Direct Quotations - Introduction
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• Webpage - Corporate Author
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Harvard Citation Style: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

• Books / E-Books

Company Information

Conference Proceedings

• Internet / Websites

Journal Articles

Lecture Notes

• Multi-Media Formats
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All Examples

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In This Guide...

Click on the links below for further information on referencing each material type

• Why is Referencing Important?
• Getting Started

Reference Formats

• References by Format
• Citing Info Someone Else has Cited

Books/eBooks

• 1, 2 or More Authors
• 1, 2 or More Editors
• Chapters in Books
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• Company Profiles

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• Web Documents
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Multimedia Formats

• Audio-Visual Material

Newspaper Articles

Patents & Standards

• Citing Patents: Examples
• Citing Patents: Standards
• Citing Theses: Examples
• A table of examples in all formats for quick reference

Citing Conference Proceedings

When citing Conference Proceedings papers the techniques used are very similar to those employed when citing journal articles

The name of the overall proceedings should appear in italics

Reference should be made to the corporate body hosting the conference and the location of the conference

Citing Conference Proceedings: Examples

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The Coventry University Guide to Referencing in Harvard Style: Spoken Sources

• Online & Electronic Sources
• Legal Documents
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• Referencing Software This link opens in a new window

How to reference spoken sources

• Conference presentations
• Audio sources (online & electronic)

General guidance  on referencing spoken sources

A spoken source is any source that was not originally written down. This may be a video, sound recording, conversation, interview, etc. Remember that with audio sources your reader may need to know the format, so indicate whether the source is a CD, DVD, VHS video, 35mm film, etc.

If you incorporate information from spoken sources into your text, you must provide both  an in-text citation and matching entry in your end List of References. These two components are referenced differently for different types of spoken sources. Click on the relevant tab above to see examples.

An interview already available in the public domain

Note:  Research conventions state that interviews that you conducted yourself are regarded as research data (which you may attach to your academic paper in the form of an Appendix) and therefore do not need to be referenced. 

In-text citation

• Surname of the interviewee(s).
• Year of the interview.

List of References entry

Example 1  ( interviews available in print).

• Name and initial(s) of the interviewee.
• Year the interview took place in brackets. 
• Title of the interview within single quotation marks. (This could be the title of the article or article section or the title of the broadcast).
• The words 'interview by' followed by the name of the interviewer in square brackets. 
• The word 'in'.
• Full reference as normal (see relevant example) for the source in which the interview has been published, broadcast or recorded.

If available:

• The page number(s) of the interview, preceded by a comma.

Example 2 (Interviews accessed electronically)

• Title of the interview within single quotation marks (this could be the title of the article or article section or the title of the broadcast).
• The word 'online' in square brackets.
• The words 'available from'.
• Full URL within chevrons, i.e. < >.
• Date of access in square brackets. (See date format in example above).

A conference presentation attended live

Note :  .

• This page provides advice on how to reference conference papers as spoken sources (i.e. those attended live).
• Also see how to reference  published conference papers
• Also see how to reference an entire  volume of conference proceedings
• Name of the presenter(s).  If appropriate,  use 'et al.' .
• Surname and initial(s) of the presenter.
• Year of the presentation in brackets.
• Title of the presentation between single inverted commas.
• Title of the conference in italics, followed by a full stop.
• The word 'held', followed by the date(s) of the conference. (See date format above).
• The word 'at', followed by the place where the conference took place.
• The format of your entry in the List of References may be one of three types: a live lecture (lecture notes), a lecture podcast (available online, e.g. through Moodle or YouTube), or  a recorded lecture (e.g. on DVD or CD).

In your writing, indicate that you are referring to a lecture, then add:

• Name of the lecturer(s) (as author).
• Year the lecture was delivered.

Example 1  (A live lecture, e.g. from your notes)

• Surname and initial(s) of the lecturer.
• Title of the lecture in italics (you may need to make up an appropriate title).
• The word ‘lecture’ in square brackets.
• Title of module, seminar or special occasion, followed by a comma.
• Exact date of the lecture with a full stop. (See date format in the example above).
• Place, followed by a colon.
• Institution where the lecture was delivered.

Example 2 (A lecture podcast, i.e. a lecture available online)

• Format in square brackets, e.g. 'lecture podcast'.
• Exact date of the lecture with a full stop. (See date format in example above).
• URL or the virtual learning platform.

Example 3 (A lecture available as a recording)

• Tear of the presentation in brackets.
• Format in square brackets, e.g. 'lecture CD'.
• Exact date of the lecture with a full stop. 

The minutes of a meeting

• Organisation, department or group that organised the meeting.
• Year of the meeting.

If the passage originates in a paginated document:

•  Page number(s) preceded by a colon.
• Name of the organisation, department or group that organised the meeting.
• Year of the meeting in brackets.
• Type of document, i.e. 'Meeting Minutes', in italics.
• Institution.

An electronic audio source

Take a look at the Online & Electronic Sources section for examples of the following formats:

• CDs, DVDs and streamed content
• Broadcasts/podcasts
• Recorded programmes

Download the Guide

• The Coventry University Guide to Referencing in Harvard Style

Overview of key elements :

• In-text citations
• List of References
• Relationship between elements

Techniques to  integrate sources

• Paraphrasing
• Summarising

How to reference  secondary sources   (sources within sources)

key elements           ||            how to use sources           ||            cannot find source         ||         FAQs         ||           further support          ||       background          ||       contact us

@2017 Centre for Academic Writing (CAW) and Coventry University .

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Harvard UON Referencing Style:  Conferences, Theses, etc.

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Lectures and Other Course Materials

Conference papers .

• For conference papers published freely online, hyperlink the title.
• If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.
• Unpublished conference papers accessed in print don't include a URL or an accessed date.

In-text citation: format and example

... ( Author Surname   Year of Publication ) ...

... ( Leong et al. 2019 ) ...  or  Leong et al. (2019) ...

... (Blunden 2007) ...   or     Blunden (2007) ...

Reference list entry: format and example

Author A (Day Month Year) ‘Title of paper: subtitle of paper hyperlinked’ [conference presentation],   Name of Conference , Place of Conference, accessed Day Month Year.

Blunden J (9–12 May 2007) ‘Plain or just dull? Collateral damage from the Plain English movement’ [unpublished conference presentation],  3rd IPEd Conference , Tasmania.

Leong T, Lawrence C & Wadley G (2019) ' Designing for diversity in Aboriginal Australia: insights from a national technology project ', [conference presentation],  31st Australian Conference on human-computer-interaction , Perth, accessed 22 February 2022. 

Theses and dissertations  

• If the thesis is online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date.
• The exact format of references to theses is dependent upon whether the thesis is published or unpublished

... ( Author Surname   Year)   ...    or     Author Surname  ( Year) ...

... ( Baker 2018 ) ...  or    Baker (2018) ...

... (Rahman 2013)...  or    Rahman (2013) ...

Author A (Year)   Title of thesis: subtitle of thesis   [type of thesis], Name of University, accessed Day Month Year.

Baker P (2018) A genealogy of Australian educational revolutions [PhD thesis], University of Newcastle, accessed 22 February 2022. 

Rahman M (2013)  Using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [master’s thesis], BRAC University, accessed 5 May 2017.

• Course material may include lectures and course outlines, course notes, student assignments or discussion posts etc. 
• Course materials may not be peer reviewed research resources.  Be sure to check with your lecturer if they are suitable for use in your assignments.
• If the course material is freely available online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date.
• If the course material is only available online via Canvas (and not publicly accessible any other way) you may treat them as  personal communication  and include the reference in text only. As it can be difficult to know for sure with some material if this is the case, the Library suggests following the patterns outlined below. This also allows for full referencing of any documents used.

... ( Author Surname   Year of course ) ... or  Author Surname  ( Year of course )

   ... (Smith 2022) ...  or    Smith (2022) ...

Author Surname Initials   (Year)   Title of course material [type of material] ,  University, accessed Day Month Year.   URL

Smith J (2022) EDUC1010 Diversity and inclusion in education: Pedagogy and inclusion [lecture notes], University of Newcastle, accessed 22 February 2022.

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• A-Z of Harvard references
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• Journal article
• Magazine article
• Newspaper article
• Online video
• Radio and internet radio
• Television advertisement
• Television programme
• Ancient text
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• Book (printed, one author or editor)
• Book (printed, multiple authors or editors)
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• Chapter in a book (print)
• Collected works
• Dictionaries and Encyclopedia entries
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• Religious text
• Thesis or dissertation
• Translated work
• Census data
• Financial report
• Mathematical equation
• Scientific dataset
• Book illustration, Figure or Diagram
• Inscription on a building
• Installation
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• Personal communication
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To be made up of:

• Author of paper.
• Year of publication (in round brackets).
• Title of paper (in single quotation marks).
• Title of conference: subtitle (in italics).
• Location and date of conference.
• Place of publication: publisher.
• Page references for the paper.

If seen online, add:

• Available at: URL (or doi if available).
• (Accessed: date) (not required when DOI used).

In-text citation:

(Jones, 1999)

Reference list:

Jones, D. (1999). 'Developing big business',  Large firms policy and research conference . University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses.

Quick links

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Conference Proceedings and Papers

• Conference Proceedings
• Conference Papers
• Conference Posters

Conference proceedings

Conferences are an important means of scholarly communication, especially in computing where international conferences are valued higher as a source than any other discipline. It is more usual to cite  individual papers presented at conferences. Follow this guidance to reference the whole proceedings.

• Editorship, ed./eds.
• Title of Conference.
• Conference date(s).
• Place of Publication:
• Available at: URL
• [Accessed date].

Boultwood, A. and Hindle, S., eds. (2018) Culture, Costume and Dress: Proceedings of the 1st international conference. Birmingham City University, 10-12 May 2017. Birmingham: Gold Word Publishing. Available at: http://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/5701/1/Costume%20Conference%20Proceedings.pdf  [Accessed date 15 August 2018]

British Society of Criminology (2018) Transforming Criminology: Rethinking crime in a changing world . British Society of Criminology 2018 Annual Conference. Birmingham, UK, 3-6 July 2018. Birmingham: Birmingham City University.

Jankovic, L., ed. (2016) Zero Carbon Buildings Today and in the Future - Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference . Birmingham, UK, 8-9 September 2016. Birmingham: Birmingham City University.

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Conference papers

Papers presented at conferences are a particular feature of references in computing, telecommunications and networking articles. However, there is considerable variability in the format of conference papers that appear as references in academic articles. Use the Download Citation option if you are using IEEE Xplore and remove the URL.

• Paper title.
• In: Title of Conference.

Jillings, N., Wang, Y., Reiss, J. and Stables, R. (2016) JSAP: a plugin standard for the web audio API with intelligent functionality. In: Proceedings of the 141 st Audio Engineering Society Convention. Los Angeles, 29 September - 2 October 2016, ebrief 301.

Riaz, Z., Edwards, D. J. and Thorpe, T. (2012) Soft issues for construction site safety emerging technologies: some reflections upon the SightSafety system. In:  Proceedings of PICMET '12: Technology Management for Emerging Technologies.  Vancouver, 29 July – 2 August. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, pp. 289-307.

Most conference papers are now supplied with a DOI and this can be exported from the publisher web site.

• In: Conference Title.
• Place of Publication (optional):
• Publisher (optional).

Javidroozi, V., Shah, H. and Feldman, G. (2019) Smart city development: a business process-centric conceptualisation. In: Proceedings of the 8 th International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems (ICORES) . Volume 1. Prague, 19-21 February 2019, pp. 346-353. https://doi.org/10.5220/0007382203460353 .

Williams-Bhatti, A., Carruthers, D. and Wilson, A. S. (2023) SEPSIS COLLAB: A virtual reality training simulation for sepsis treatment. In: Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) . Shanghai, China, 25-29 March 2023, pp. 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW58643.2023.00033 .

Conference posters

Poster presentations are a common form of presenting information at conferences. There can be hundreds of posters displayed, often organized by topic, with opportunities for presenters to discuss their work with interested participants provided by designated poster sessions in the conference schedule. These may be made available online after the event. Follow the same style for conference papers and proceedings but include poster as the medium.

• Title. [Poster]
• Presented at Conference Title.

Brooks, I. (2013) Paper chains and octopuses: an activities based information skills session. [Poster] Presented at LILAC (Librarians' Information Literacy Annual Conference) 2013. The University of Manchester Library, Manchester, 25-27 March. Available at:  https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/brooks-paper-chains-and-octopuses-poster-abstract [Accessed 10 February 2023].

Dadzie, E., Perra, O., Noble, H. and McKenna, J. (2021) Association between mindfulness and anxiety in postnatal mothers during the covid-19 pandemic. [Poster] Presented at Research and Scholarly Activity Showcase 2021. Queen’s University Belfast School of Nursing and Midwifery. Available at: https://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofNursingandMidwifery/FileStore/Filetoupload,1087363,en.pdf [Accessed 10 February 2023].

Harvard referencing style

• In-text citations and reference list

Conference papers

Conference proceedings.

• Video, film, television
• Figures and tables
• Standards and patents
• Generative artificial intelligence (AI)
• Computer software and mobile applications
• Legal sources
• Thesis or dissertation
• Personal communications

Chiang, S.B. & Chien, K. 2014, 'The optimization of color-mixed LED lighting', paper presented to the IEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting , Vancouver, BC, Canada, 5-9 October.

With a DOI (from a database)

Liu, L., Jing, D. & Ding, J. 2018, 'Adaptive extraction of fused feature for panoramic visual tracking', paper presented to the 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC), 27-29 June 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIVC.2018.8492737

Without a DOI (from a database)

Kadi, A., Kutay, C. & Canning, J. 2017, 'Flipped learning not flopped learning', paper presented to the 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2017) , Sydney, Australia, 10-13 December 2017, viewed 24 September 2019, https://search-informit-com

Online, not published

Heideker, S. 2019, 'Consumers’ future orientation and the effect of temporal framing on health risk perception', paper presented to the A sia-Pacific Advances in Consumer Research , Ahmedabad, India, viewed 24 September 2019, http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=1700301

Treat published conference proceedings as a book or electronic book.

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Harvard Style Guide: Lectures/ presentations

• Introduction
• Harvard Tutorial
• In-text citations
• Book with one author
• Book with two or three authors
• Book with four or more authors
• Book with a corporate author
• Book with editor
• Chapter in an edited book
• Translated book
• Translated ancient texts
• Print journal article, one author
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• Print journal article, four or more authors
• eJournal article
• Journal article ePublication (ahead of print)
• Secondary sources
• Generative AI
• Images or photographs
• Lectures/ presentations
• Film/ television
• YouTube Film or Talk
• Music/ audio
• Encyclopaedia and dictionaries
• Email communication
• Conferences
• Official publications
• Book reviews
• Case studies
• Group or individual assignments
• Legal Cases (Law Reports)
• No date of publication
• Personal communications
• Repository item
• Citing same author, multiple works, same year

Back to Academic Integrity guide

Lectures or presentations

Reference : Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title . Institution. Day Month.

Example : De Burca, M. (2014) ' Geriatric radiography services in Ireland' [Lecture], RDGY30300: Clinical Practice of Radiography . University College Dublin. 11 May.

In-Text-Citation :

• Author(s) Last name (Year)
• (Authors(s) Last name, Year)
• De Burca (2014) described the complicated system of radiographic services...
• There is a complicated system of geriatric radiographic services in Ireland (De Burca, 2014).

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

Lectures or presentations (Online/Recorded)

Reference : Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title . Institution/Venue. Day Month. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Example : Dunphy, S. (2021) ‘History of Irish women in law’ [Recorded lecture], HIS2300: Modern Ireland . University College Dublin. 7 January. Available at: https://brightspace.ucd.ie/his2300/ (Accessed: 7 March 2021).

• Dunphy (2021) outlines the impact of the absence of female law makers...
• The absence of Irish female law makers has led to a system with a blindness to key aspects of daily life (Dunphy, 2021).

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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

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Table of contents

Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

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A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal with no DOI

• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

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Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

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Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 18 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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SBL Harvard Referencing Style: Conference Proceedings and Papers

• Introduction to Referencing and Plagiarism
• Introduction to In-text Citations
• Reference Management Tools
• Journal Articles
• Dissertations and Theses
• Publications and Reports of Corporate Bodies and International Organisations
• Conference Proceedings and Papers
• Government Publications
• Statutes and Acts
• Court Cases
• Newspaper Articles
• Unisa Study Guides and Lecture Notes
• Company Reports
• Case studies
• Internet Sources
• Personal Communications
• Powerpoint Presentations
• Images or Diagrams
• Standards and Patents
• Software Programs
• Secondary Referencing

CONFERENCES

• Conference Proceedings
• Conference Papers
• Electronic Conference Paper

Author or editor’s surname, initials. Year. Title of conference: Subtitle (in italics), Location, day and month of conference. Place of publication: Publisher.

Soliman, K.S. (Ed.). 2019. Ethical culture development in family-owned businesses: Proceedings of the 34th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA) Conference , Madrid, 13-14 November. Madrid: International Business Information Management Association.  

Surname of author of the paper, initials. Year of publication. Title of paper. In Editor’s initials. surname (Ed.). Title of conference and subtitle (in italics) , location, day and month of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Pagination if available .

Wheeler, D. 2017. Getting to grips with the e-supply chain. In T. Andersson (Ed.). Getting started with electronic commerce: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Electronic Commerce , Geneva, 2 - 4 October. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery, 121-139.

Surname of author of the paper, initials. Year of publication. Title of paper. In Editor’s initials. surname (Ed.). Title of conference and subtitle, location and day and month of conference. Publisher, Pagination if available . Available at: URL [Accessed: day month year].

Pillay, A.S. & Pillay, C.A. 2018. The beneficiation of waste as part of the implementation of the circular economy in South Africa. In S.K. Ghosh (Ed.). Waste management as economic industry towards circular economy: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management, Vijayawada, 22-24 November . Singapore: Springer, 17-35. Available at: https://0-link-springer-com.oasis.unisa.ac.za/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-1620-7_3 [Accessed: 9 January 2021].

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• Referencing

Leeds Harvard referencing examples

Examples of how to reference and how to cite a wide range of information sources using the Leeds referencing styles. If you can't find the type of source you are using, find the closest match and use it as a template, making sure the key information is included (eg author, date, title, URL).

Harvard Referencing - SETU Libraries Waterford Guide: Conference Papers

• SETU Waterford Libraries Harvard Referencing Basics
• Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations
• Elements in References
• Journal Articles
• Art: Paintings/drawings
• Building Regulations
• Company Annual Reports
• Company Profiles

Conference Papers

• Dictionaries
• Discussion boards (Course)
• European union (EU) legal sources
• Exhibition catalogues
• Lecture notes (including tutorial handouts, moodle etc.)
• Legislation - Statutory Instruments
• Newspaper Articles
• Personal Communications (conversations, letters, e-mails, other online services etc)
• Photographs taken from websites or social media.
• Photographs you have taken yourself
• PowerPoint presentations/seminars
• Reference Books (Encyclopaedias, bibliographies, dictionaries)
• RTE News Online Items
• X ( formerly Twitter)
• YouTube or TED Talk
• Book, article or web page that has referenced something else (secondary referencing)
• Citing several authorities to support the same point
• Finding the date of a web page
• Author's Initials
• Referencing work by the same author from different years
• Online Library Tutorials

Author. (Year of publication) ‘Title of paper’, Title of conference: subtitle . Location and date of conference. Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:.

Kleiman, P. (2011) ‘Student voices, student lives: a reality check on engagement’, Engaging minds: fifth annual conference of the NAIRTL . NUI Galway, 9 & 10 June. NAIRTL. Available at: http://www.nairtl.ie/documents/Engaging%20Minds%20Proceedings_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 19 June 2017).

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🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

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• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Conference paper: how to cite in Harvard style?

Create a spot-on reference in harvard, general rules.

Within the Harvard referencing system, a conference paper published in conference proceedings is treated as a chapter of an edited book, due to which the templates for bibliographic references are almost the same as for a book chapter .

In this case, the title of the conference proceedings is considered as the general book title; the difference from a book chapter is that the title of the proceedings also includes the date and place of the conference.

Reference template:

Author(s) , ( year ). Paper title . In: Editor(s) , ed(s). Conference title , conference date , Conference place . City of publication : Publisher . p(p).   page(s) .

For a conference abstract available online, use the following reference template:

Author(s) , ( year ). Paper title . In: Editor(s) , ed(s). Conference title , conference date , Conference place [online]. City of publication : Publisher . p(p).   page(s) . [Viewed date viewed ]. Available from: doi: DOI

If the publication does not have a DOI and is located at an ordinary URL address, modify the corresponding reference element as follows:

Available from: URL

• If no names of editors are given in the conference proceedings, the corresponding element is omitted from the reference.
• The city and country are given in the 'Conference place' element.
• The names of editors in the reference are indicated with the initials before the last name. For details, see the article on the principles of indicating authors' names according to the Harvard citation style .
• See this article for the differences between indicating a URL and a DOI.

Examples in a list of references

Bizzoni,   Y., Senaldi,   M.   S.   G. and Lenci,   A., (2017). Deep-learning the ropes: modeling idiomaticity with neural networks. In: R.   Basili, M.   Nissim and G.   Satta, eds. Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2017, 11–12 December 2017, Rome, Italy [online]. Torino: Accademia University Press. pp.   36–41. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.4000/books.aaccademia.2314

Türkmen,   R., (2016). B1 level undergraduate EFL students’ acceptance of Moodle technology. In: F.   Kılıçkaya, ed. The 5th International Conference on Language, Literature and Culture, 12 May 2016, Burdur, Turkey [online]. Burdur: Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. p.   11. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED569939.pdf

Reference a Conference

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Upgrade to save your work, check with plagiarism, and more, is your source credible don't forget to consider these factors:, purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author:Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Are there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher:Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organisation? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Accuracy : Reliability and truthfulness of the content

• Where does the information come from?
• Can the information presented be verified? Is it supported by evidence that is clearly cited?
• Does the language used seem free of emotion, and does the work seem impartial and objective?
• Are there any spelling or grammatical errors? If an online source, are all links working?
• If it was reproduced, who edited/reproduced it? Where was the information originally published?
• How original are the ideas presented in the work? Do they seem to be common knowledge?

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

• Does the information relate to your topic, or answer the question you have presented?
• Who is the intended audience of the work? Does that audience match with yours?
• Have you looked at other sources related to this one? Does it seem there are many others on the topic?
• Are you utilizing the entire source, or just a part of it?

Currency : Timeliness of the information

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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