research paper on domestic wastewater treatment

Domestic Wastewater - Treatment and Re-use

• November 1998
• In book: Environment Design Guide (pp.1-8)
• Chapter: DES 24
• Publisher: The Royal Australian Institute of Architects

• The University of Newcastle, Australia

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Sustainable technologies for on-site domestic wastewater treatment: a review with technical approach

• Published: 01 July 2021
• Volume 24 , pages 3039–3090, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• Meena Kumari Sharma   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-6264 1 ,
• Vinay Kumar Tyagi 2 ,
• Nitin Kumar Singh 3 ,
• Surya Pratap Singh 1 &
• Absar Ahmad Kazmi 2  

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The rapid population growth has rendered the centralized sewerage systems a non-realistic option in sparsely populated areas, particularly in developing countries. In this context, on-site domestic wastewater treatment system (ODWTS) has proved to be a viable and prefered alternative for the management of domestic wastewater in such areas. Among various treatment systems available, the conventional septic tank is the oldest and the most widely utilized on-site treatment system. However, its sustainability is still questionable due to its inability to meet the strict discharge requirements. Such limitations have already given enough impetus to explore subsequent post-treatment or polishing technologies to achieve the desired effluent disposal or reuse standards. In order to improve the quality of the treated domestic wastewater, various ecologically safer and economically viable technological options have been implemented successfully. The present study summarizes various on-site domestic wastewater treatment technologies which have been successfully implemented under actual field conditions with special reference to the system’s performance (individual and comparative) as well as techno-economic analysis. Further, various sustainability indicators of ODWTS, such as environmental, social, and economic viability for the selection of on-site treatment technologies, are also reviewed in this study.

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Abbreviations.

Anaerobic sludge digester

Aerobic packaged treatment system

Biochemical oxygen demand

Conventional activated sludge

Constant flow rate

Colony-forming unit

Chemical oxygen demand

Conventional septic tank

Compound media filter bed

Constructed wetland s

• Domestic wastewater

Faecal coliform

Horizontal-flow biofilm reactor

Horizontal-flow constructed wetlands

Hydraulic retention time

Innovative septic tank

Lightweight aggregate

Millennium development goals

Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids

Moving bed biofilm reactor

Membrane bioreactor

On-site domestic wastewater treatment system

Operations and maintenance

Plug-flow stream

Pharmaceuticals and personal care product

Pilot-scale engineered ecosystem

Submerged aerated filter

Sequencing batch reactor

Specific methanogenic activity

Septic tank

Total coliform

Evapotranspiration tank

Textile filter unit

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

Total phosphate

Total suspended solids

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

United Nations

United Nations Children’s Fund

US national sanitation foundation testing laboratory

Upflow septic tank/baffled reactor

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Vertical-flow constructed wetland s

World Health Organization

Wastewater treatment plant

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Drinking Water supply and Sanitation, Government of India, New Delhi, India, for financial support.

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Meena Kumari Sharma & Surya Pratap Singh

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Vinay Kumar Tyagi & Absar Ahmad Kazmi

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Sharma, M.K., Tyagi, V.K., Singh, N.K. et al. Sustainable technologies for on-site domestic wastewater treatment: a review with technical approach. Environ Dev Sustain 24 , 3039–3090 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01599-3

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Received : 19 August 2020

Accepted : 16 June 2021

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Issue Date : March 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01599-3

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