key characteristics of critical thinking processes

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9 characteristics of critical thinking (and how you can develop them)

It's no secret that critical thinking is essential for growth and success. Yet many people aren't quite sure what it means — it sounds like being a critic or cynical, traits that many people want to avoid.

However, thinking critically isn't about being negative. On the contrary, effective critical thinkers possess many positive traits. Attributes like curiosity, compassion, and communication are among the top commonalities that critical thinkers share, and the good news is that we can all learn to develop these capabilities.

This article will discuss some of the principal characteristics of critical thinking and how developing these qualities can help you improve your decision-making and problem-solving skills. With a bit of self-reflection and practice, you'll be well on your way to making better decisions, solving complex problems, and achieving success across all areas of your life.

What is critical thinking?

Scholarly works on critical thinking propose many ways of interpreting the concept ( at least 17 in one reference! ), making it challenging to pinpoint one exact definition. In general, critical thinking refers to rational, goal-directed thought through logical arguments and reasoning. We use critical thinking to objectively assess and evaluate information to form reasonable judgments.

Critical thinking has its roots in ancient Greece. The philosopher Socrates is credited with being one of the first to encourage his students to think critically about their beliefs and ideas. Socrates believed that by encouraging people to question their assumptions, they would be able to see the flaws in their reasoning and improve their thought processes.

Today, critical thinking skills are considered vital for success in academia and everyday life. One of the defining " 21st-century skills ," critical thinking is integral to problem-solving, decision making, and goal setting.

Why is it necessary to develop critical thinking skills?

Critical thinking skills help us learn new information, understand complex concepts, and make better decisions. The ability to be objective and reasonable is an asset that can enhance personal and professional relationships.

The U.S. Department of Labor reports critical thinking is among the top desired skills in the workplace. The ability to develop a properly thought-out solution in a reasonable amount of time is highly valued by employers. Companies want employees who can solve problems independently and work well in a team. A desirable employee can evaluate situations critically and creatively, collaborate with others, and make sound judgments.

Critical thinking is an essential component of academic study as well. Critical thinking skills are vital to learners because they allow students to build on their prior knowledge and construct new understandings. This will enable learners to expand their knowledge and experience across various subjects.

Despite its importance, though, critical thinking is not something that we develop naturally or casually. Even though critical thinking is considered an essential learning outcome in many universities, only 45% of college students in a well-known study reported that their skills had improved after two years of classes.

9 characteristics of critical thinking

Clearly, improving our ability to think critically will require some self-improvement work. As lifelong learners, we can use this opportunity for self-reflection to identify where we can improve our thinking processes.

Strong critical thinkers possess a common set of personality traits, habits, and dispositions. Being aware of these attributes and putting them into action can help us develop a strong foundation for critical thinking. These essential characteristics of critical thinking can be used as a toolkit for applying specific thinking processes to any given situation.

Curiosity is one of the most significant characteristics of critical thinking. Research has shown that a state of curiosity drives us to continually seek new information . This inquisitiveness supports critical thinking as we need to constantly expand our knowledge to make well-informed decisions.

Curiosity also facilitates critical thinking because it encourages us to question our thoughts and mental models, the filters we use to understand the world. This is essential to avoid critical thinking barriers like biases and misconceptions. Challenging our beliefs and getting curious about all sides of an issue will help us have an open mind during the critical thinking process.

Actionable Tip: Choose to be curious. When you ask “why,” you learn about things around you and clarify ambiguities. Google anything you are curious about, read new books, and play with a child. Kids have a natural curiosity that can be inspiring.

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2. Analytical

Investigation is a crucial component of critical thinking, so it's important to be analytical. Analytical thinking involves breaking down complex ideas into their simplest forms . The first step when tackling a problem or making a decision is to analyze information and consider it in smaller pieces. Then, we use critical thinking by gathering additional information before getting to a judgment or solution.

Being analytical is helpful for critical thinking because it allows us to look at data in detail. When examining an issue from various perspectives, we should pay close attention to these details to arrive at a decision based on facts. Taking these steps is crucial to making good decisions.

Actionable Tip: Become aware of your daily surroundings. Examine how things work — breaking things down into steps will encourage analysis. You can also play brain and puzzle games. These provide an enjoyable way to stimulate analytical thinking.

3. Introspective

Critical thinkers are typically introspective. Introspection is a process of examining our own thoughts and feelings. We do this as a form of metacognition, or thinking about thinking. Researchers believe that we can improve our problem-solving skills by using metacognition to analyze our reasoning processes .

Being introspective is essential to critical thinking because it helps us be self-aware. Self-awareness encourages us to acknowledge and face our own biases, prejudices, and selfish tendencies. If we know our assumptions, we can question them and suspend judgment until we have all the facts.

Actionable Tip: Start a journal. Keep track of your thoughts, feelings, and opinions throughout the day, especially when faced with difficult decisions. Look for patterns. You can avoid common thought fallacies by being aware of them.

4. Able to make inferences

Another characteristic of critical thinking is the ability to make inferences, which are logical conclusions based on reviewing the facts, events, and ideas available. Analyzing the available information and observing patterns and trends will help you find relationships and make informed decisions based on what is likely to happen.

The ability to distinguish assumptions from inferences is crucial to critical thinking. We decide something is true by inference because another thing is also true, but we decide something by assumption because of what we believe or think we know. While both assumptions and inferences can be valid or invalid, inferences are more rational because data support them.

Actionable Tip: Keep an eye on your choices and patterns during the day, noticing when you infer. Practice applying the Inference Equation — I observe + I already know = So now I am thinking — to help distinguish when you infer or assume.

5. Observant

Observation skills are also a key part of critical thinking. Observation is more than just looking — it involves arranging, combining, and classifying information through all five senses to build understanding. People with keen observation skills notice small details and catch slight changes in their surroundings.

Observation is one of the first skills we learn as children , and it is critical for problem-solving. Being observant allows us to collect more information about a situation and use that information to make better decisions and solve problems. Further, it facilitates seeing things from different perspectives and finding alternative solutions.

Actionable Tip: Limit your use of devices, and be mindful of your surroundings. Notice and name one thing for each of your five senses when you enter a new environment or even a familiar one. Being aware of what you see, hear, smell, taste, and touch allows you to fully experience the moment and it develops your ability to observe your surroundings.

6. Open-minded and compassionate

Open-minded and compassionate people are good critical thinkers. Being open-minded means considering new ideas and perspectives, even if they conflict with your own. This allows you to examine different sides of an issue without immediately dismissing them. Likewise, compassionate people can empathize with others, even if they disagree. When you understand another person's point of view, you can find common ground and understanding.

Critical thinking requires an open mind when analyzing opposing arguments and compassion when listening to the perspective of others. By exploring different viewpoints and seeking to understand others' perspectives, critical thinkers can gain a more well-rounded understanding of an issue. Using this deeper understanding, we can make better decisions and solve more complex problems.

Actionable Tip: Cultivate open-mindedness and compassion by regularly exposing yourself to new ideas and views. Read books on unfamiliar topics, listen to podcasts with diverse opinions, or talk with people from different backgrounds.

7. Able to determine relevance

The ability to assess relevance is an essential characteristic of critical thinking. Relevance is defined as being logically connected and significant to the subject. When a fact or statement is essential to a topic, it can be deemed relevant.

Relevance plays a vital role in many stages of the critical thinking process . It's especially crucial to identify the most pertinent facts before evaluating an argument. Despite being accurate and seemingly meaningful, a point may not matter much to your subject. Your criteria and standards are equally relevant, as you can't make a sound decision with irrelevant guidelines.

Actionable Tip: When you're in a conversation, pay attention to how each statement relates to what you're talking about. It's surprising how often we stray from the point with irrelevant information. Asking yourself, "How does that relate to the topic?" can help you spot unrelated issues.

Critical thinking requires willingness. Some scholars argue that the "willingness to inquire" is the most fundamental characteristic of critical thinking , which encompasses all the others. Being willing goes hand in hand with other traits, like being flexible and humble. Flexible thinkers are willing to adapt their thinking to new evidence or arguments. Those who are humble are willing to acknowledge their faults and recognize their limitations.

It's essential for critical thinking that we have an open mind and are willing to challenge the status quo. The willingness to question assumptions, consider multiple perspectives, and think outside the box allows critical thinkers to reach new and necessary conclusions.

Actionable Tip: Cultivate willingness by adopting a growth mindset. See challenges as learning opportunities. Celebrate others' accomplishments, and get curious about what led to their success.

9. Effective communicators

Being a good critical thinker requires effective communication. Effective critical thinkers know that communication is imperative when solving problems. They can articulate their goals and concerns clearly while recognizing others' perspectives. Critical thinking requires people to be able to listen to each other's opinions and share their experiences respectfully to find the best solutions.

A good communicator is also an attentive and active listener. Listening actively goes beyond simply hearing what someone says. Being engaged in the discussion involves:

• Listening to what they say
• Being present
• Asking questions that clarify their position

Actively listening is crucial for critical thinking because it helps us understand other people's perspectives.

Actionable Tip: The next time you speak with a friend, family member, or even a complete stranger, take the time to genuinely listen to what they're saying. It may surprise you how much you can learn about others — and about yourself — when you take the time to listen carefully.

The nine traits above represent just a few of the most common characteristics of critical thinking. By developing or strengthening these characteristics, you can enhance your capacity for critical thinking.

Get to the core of critical thinking

Critical thinking is essential for success in every aspect of life, from personal relationships to professional careers. By developing your critical thinking skills , you can challenge the status quo and gain a new perspective on the world around you. You can start improving your critical thinking skills today by determining which characteristics of critical thinking you need to work on and using the actionable tips to strengthen them. With practice, you can become a great critical thinker.

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Critical thinking is the one skillset you can't afford not to master

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What is critical thinking?

5 characteristics of critical thinking, what are critical thinking skills, and why are they important, 6 key critical thinking skills, critical thinking example in real-life, 13 ways to start thinking critically.

Whether you’re aiming to improve your performance at work or simply trying to live a more fulfilling life , you’ll need a variety of hard and soft skills to move the needle. Some skills come naturally to some people, while others need to develop them actively.

One of these skills is critical thinking. But critical thinking itself is made up of several types of skills that contribute to solving problems more effectively.

Let’s explore the different types of critical thinking skills and how you can start improving them to level up your career.

Critical thinking is the ability to analyze facts objectively and form a judgment. It is a form of emotional intelligence .

Someone with critical thinking skills can think clearly and rationally when the situation demands it. It allows them to perform problem-solving and decision-making more effectively. 

As a result, you can look further than what you see at face value. You’re able to analyze what you see from a situation and gain some insight that goes further than what’s obvious to anyone from the outside.

Critical thinking also requires being able to understand the logical connection between two or more ideas or concepts. For example, a team working on a company’s pricing strategy needs to think critically about several concepts. 

Both the marketing and sales teams must work together. They need to analyze how to maximize sales. But they need to do so while also meeting profit goals. It’s important to understand the logical connection between sales strategy and marketing logistics. It’s the only way to get a good outcome.

Critical thinking is different from creative thinking . Creative thinking is the ability to generate brand new, innovative ideas. On the other hand, critical thinking requires you to carefully and logically analyze what information is given to you. Both are important to maximize results in any given situation.

What defines critical thinking? How does it affect the decision-making process? Here are five characteristics that make up the ability to think critically.

1. Dispositions

Critical thinkers have specific traits that allow them to think the way they do. Some people are predisposed to these traits, while others need to develop them actively.

Some of these dispositions include:

• Open-mindedness
• Respecting evidence and reasoning
• Being able to consider different perspectives and points of view: in other words, having cognitive flexibility
• Not being stuck in one position
• Clarity and precision

2. Argument

Good critical thinkers need to make solid arguments. 

An argument is making a statement aided by supporting evidence. It’s important to use well thought-out arguments when you’re in a constructive conflict . When analyzing a situation critically, you’ll need to make several arguments in your own mind to come to a judgment. 

3. Reasoning

In addition to arguments, critical thinking also requires inferring conclusions. From the facts and arguments presented to you, you need to use reasoning skills to come to a logical conclusion. 

This conclusion will determine the best course of action to take.

4. Criteria

Critical thinking is sometimes a matter of discerning truth from fiction. Not all facts presented to you may have the same level of truth. Certain conditions need to be met for something to be considered believable, and a critical thinker needs to be able to understand that.

5. Metacognition

Metacognition is the ability to think about your own thinking. Critical thinkers should be able to analyze their thoughts so that they can judge whether or not they’ve thought everything through. This helps them come up with better hypotheses.

The critical thinking skills definition is: soft skills that help you in the critical thinking process. Developing these skills can improve your ability to think critically.

Critical thinking skills are considered one of many durable skills in the workplace . Many of these are soft skills that are also useful in other situations.

According to research by America Succeeds, critical thinking is in the top five most requested durable skills in job postings. Those top five durable skills get requested 2.6x more often than the top five hard skills. This goes to show that soft skills like critical thinking skills are in demand in the workplace.

Critical thinking skills are important for several reasons. These include helping you work independently and solve problems . Not all positions require ongoing critical thinking. But, those skills definitely matter to anyone who wants to uplevel their career. And even the most easygoing positions require at least some level of critical thinking skills.

For example, working as an accountant can be straightforward in most cases. But it may require critical thinking skills. For instance, what if certain expenses aren’t easily distributed in simple categories? Without critical thinking skills, an accountant will struggle to work independently and solve problems on their own.

Critical thinking abilities also matter in everyday life. Having a foundation for critical thinking can help you analyze several possible solutions for problems that pop up in the home. It can also help you:

• Analyze different viewpoints
• Come up with the best solution for complex problems
• Become a better learner

The key critical thinking skills are identifying biases, inference, research, identification, curiosity, and judging relevance.

Let’s explore these six critical thinking skills you should learn and why they’re so important to the critical thinking process.

1. Identifying biases

This critical thinking skill is necessary for metacognition, which is the fifth characteristic of critical thinking. It involves knowing when others have a cognitive bias and when you have one yourself.

Biases can influence how someone understands the facts presented to them. But when you’re aware of those biases, you can question yourself on those biases and consider other points of view.

Identifying biases is especially important for people who make hiring decisions. That’s because biases against groups of minorities can lead to inequalities in the workplace when not identified. 

For example, imagine a hiring manager comparing two resumes. Their gut feeling could guide them to discount one of the resumes due to a bias against the opposite gender. But let’s say this hiring manager realizes they have this bias. They can then question themselves on whether or not this bias is influencing their judgment. 

2. Inference

Inference is the ability to draw conclusions based on the information you have. Without inference, it can be difficult to take action once you’ve analyzed the facts presented to you. Processing information is key to coming up with a reasoned judgment.

For example, let’s go back to the accountant struggling to assign the correct category to a business expense. They can analyze other similar situations and infer the most logical category based on that information.

3. Research

Before you analyze facts and infer a conclusion, you need to find out what those facts are. Researching skills allow you to discover facts and figures to make an argument.

Not all situations will have the required information available to you. Researching skills are necessary to dig into a situation and gather the information you need to think critically.

Some situations don’t require further research. For example, a first responder who arrives on the scene of an automobile accident won’t perform further research. They’ll have to analyze what they see in front of them and decide which injuries are the most urgent to care for. 

On the other hand, someone performing a market analysis will need to research competitors and gather information before coming up with an opinion. 

4. Identification

Identification is different from inference and research. It involves being able to identify a problem but also what’s influencing that problem.

In short, identification is necessary for someone to realize that they need to think critically about something. Without proper identification skills, it will be difficult for someone to know when it’s time to analyze a situation. 

For example, let’s say you’re entering numbers in a spreadsheet. The numbers aren’t coming out as they usually do. Without identification skills, you could easily keep going without realizing there’s an issue. But when you identify what’s going on, you can see that something is broken in the spreadsheet’s formula.

Only once you identify the fact that the formula is broken can you start analyzing what’s going on to solve the issue.

5. Curiosity

Don’t be afraid to question everything and explore what you’re curious about. That’s because intellectual curiosity is a valuable skill, especially when it comes to critical thinking.

One way to practice curiosity is to adopt a beginner’s mindset . When you come into every situation with the mindset of a beginner, you’re able to keep an open mind. You’ll be able to perceive things you may not have noticed when keeping your mind closed.

6. Judging relevance

Not all information is equally pertinent. In order to make a critical judgment, it’s important to be able to judge the relevance of the information you have.

Take, for instance, basic online researching skills. You have access to a plethora of information on virtually every topic imaginable. But performing online research requires you to constantly judge the relevance of what you see. 

Without judging relevance, you’d spend too much time on details that don’t matter as much for the final desired outcome. But when you’re able to discern what’s most pertinent, you can give that information more weight as you’re thinking critically.

So what would critical thinking skills look like in a real-life situation?

Let’s imagine you’re working in software quality assurance (QA) as a team lead. But every time your team needs to enter bug regression, everyone gets bottlenecked because you must manually populate the spreadsheet used for the regression. While you do this task, your team cannot be productive without you.

This process happens once a week and easily wastes half an hour for each team member.

First, you must identify what’s going on. The team gets bottlenecked because only you, as the team lead, can access the information required to fill in the regression spreadsheet.

Next, you can research information. You can inquire to higher-ups about the reason why only you have access to this information. You can also speak to other teams about what potential solutions they’ve come up with to solve this problem.

Once you’ve done your research, it’s time to analyze the information and judge relevance. Some teams have solutions that don’t apply to you, so that information isn’t relevant anymore. 

Figure out if there are any personal biases before you analyze your information. 

For example, it’s possible that you don’t get along with one of the other team leads. As a result, you could discount the information they’ve given you. But by identifying this bias, you can look past your personal opinion of this person and see how valuable their solution is.

Based on what you’ve analyzed, it’s time to brainstorm and come up with a solution. You realize that creating a simple, automated script will save your team’s time. And it will do so without consuming too many resources from the engineering department.

Next, present your solution to your manager. Explain how you came to this conclusion. 

Now, let’s say your spreadsheet automation solution is approved. It’s important to go back and analyze what happens after implementing the solution. But only do this once the spreadsheet has been in place for long enough to gather plenty of information. 

Here’s an example. You could realize that the solution did solve the bottleneck. But, the script also slows down the spreadsheet and makes it difficult to work with. This would require you to go back to the drawing board and start the process all over again.

Want to start improving your own critical thinking skill sets? Here’s how you can improve critical thinking skills using 13 techniques:

• Play games that require critical thinking skills
• Ask more questions, even basic ones
• Question your assumptions
• Develop your technical skills so that you can identify problems more easily
• Find ways to solve more problems (at work and at home)
• Become aware of your mental processes, like the availability heuristic
• Think for yourself: don’t adopt other people’s opinions without questioning them first
• Seek out diversity of thought
• Start developing foresight
• Try active listening
• Weigh the consequences of different actions before you act
• Seek a mentor who can help you develop these skills
• Get professional coaching

How to improve your critical thinking skills 

Critical thinking skills aren’t always easy to develop. But it’s much easier to start thinking critically when you have someone to work with. Try a custom BetterUp demo to see how a coach can help you develop your critical thinking skills today.

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Maggie Wooll, MBA

Maggie Wooll is a researcher, author, and speaker focused on the evolving future of work. Formerly the lead researcher at the Deloitte Center for the Edge, she holds a Bachelor of Science in Education from Princeton University and an MBA from the University of Virginia Darden School of Business. Maggie is passionate about creating better work and greater opportunities for all.

How to develop critical thinking skills

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Critical Thinking | Definition, Process, Principles, Capabilities, Characteristics, Methods and Examples

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is an objective analysis and evaluation of problems to form assumptions and judgments by means of clear and rational thinking.

Definition Critical thinking is a concept with many and sometimes contradictory definitions, which broadly refers to the capacities and attitudes that allow rigorous reasoning to achieve goals, or to analyze facts to formulate judgments.

Critical thinking is the process of questioning opinions, values and arguments, the vocabulary used, representations of reality (theory, etc.), by questioning intrinsic qualities (logical form, rhetoric, documentary richness, rejection of “facts”, etc.), sources ( “Reliability” or publisher authority, media, institutions, experts, organizations, etc.), or even extension (degree of universality), etc.

It refers to the capacity to question oneself with demand and rationality to the reality or possibility of the alleged facts and relationships, then to the interpretation9. In particular, do facts have decisive importance given to them? Or, once again, it should be remembered that the confluence of two facts does not allow us to conclude that there is a causal relationship.

Read also:  Love Language | Knowing Them Will Drastically Improve Your Relationships

Principles of critical thinking

Critical thinking includes elements that are very concrete (checking sources, referencing specialist opinions, etc.) as well as abstract elements (such as being able to avoid faulty reasoning).

Ennis distinguishes as a constitutive element of critical thinking, both twelve abilities (abilities) and fourteen attitudes (dispositions). Jacques Boisvert provided the following translation:

1. Ability to think critically

Concentrate on a problem. Argument analysis. Formulation and resolution of clarifying questions or disputes. Assess the credibility of the source. Observation and assessment of sighting reports. Deduction development and appreciation. Induction development and appreciation. Value assessment formulation and assessment. Defines terms and evaluates definitions. Introduction to presuppositions. Respect the steps in the decision-making process for an action. Interacting with others (for example, presenting positions with oral or written arguments).

2. Characteristics of critical thinking

The set of attitudes that are characteristic of critical thinking is called by some writers, such as Boisvert, the name “critical thinking”. Among these attitudes we can quote:

Attention to clearly state the problem or position. Tendency to search for reasons for this phenomenon. Tendency to keep trying to get good information. Use and acknowledge credible sources. Consider the overall situation. Maintain focus on the main topic. Attention to keep early attention. Examine the various perspectives on offer. Expression of open mind. Tendency to take a position (and change it) when the facts confirm it or there is sufficient reason to do so. Detailed search as far as the subject allows. Adopt an orderly approach when dealing with parts of a complex whole. Tendency to apply critical thinking skills. Taking into account other people’s feelings, their level of knowledge, and their level of intellectual maturity.

Following are the characteristics of a person’s attitude or personality that facilitate the process of developing the CRITICAL THINKING skill:

Want to know Systematic Wise Search for truth Analytical Open minded Faith in reasoning

Method: Who, what, where, when, how, why

Method of asking: when an information does not fulfill the question “who, what, where, when, how, why”, it is considered unsafe and unclear.

Who: the author of the information, the protagonist is staged in the information, by whom, for whom, against whom. What: the nature of information, characteristics. Where: nationality, origin, source of information. When: chronology of information, causal relationships, anachronisms can be detected. The method is: the way information is disseminated, the way it is used, with statements, arguments or polemics, all methods aimed at reaching the public, contradictions can be found. Why: motivation of information writers (altruism, humanism, manipulation, ideological propaganda, da’wah, profitable marketing or advertising, need for social recognition…).

How to think critically?

5 tips for developing your critical thinking:

1. Understand how you operate: All human judgment is subjective. 2. Hone your ability to question things. 3. Don’t limit yourself to just one choice. 4. Learn to reason (common sense) considerations of good or bad and the like. 5 Be open to others!

Examples of critical thinking

The last time management hired a consultant, it was based on the simple fact that, as a university writer and lecturer, he was undoubtedly competent. From the start, I questioned this shortcut and after several discussions with this de facto expert I saw that he was very lacking in field experience and only covered a portion of our area of ​​activity. Therefore, I share my comments with my management, stating that the added value provided by this consultant tends to be dangerous towards absolute zero. It is better to rely on concrete criteria for assessing the competence of a consultant.

Sources: IOP Science ,  Research Gate

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The seven key steps of critical thinking.

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As leaders, it is our job to get the very best out of our workforce. We focus on how best to motivate, inspire and create an environment in which employees are satisfied, engaged and productive. This leads us to deliver an excellent customer/client experience.

But all in all, the effort we put into growing our workforce, we often forget the one person who is in constant need of development: ourselves. In particular, we neglect the soft skills that are vital to becoming the best professional possible — one of them being critical thinking.

When you're able to critically think, it opens the door for employee engagement, as you become the go-to person for assistance with issues, challenges and problems. In turn, you teach your workforce how to critically think and problem solve.

Let’s take a look at the key steps in developing critical thinking skills.

What Is Critical Thinking?

One of my favorite definitions of critical thinking comes from Edward Glaser. He said , “The ability to think critically, as conceived in this volume, involves three things:

1. An attitude of being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects that come within the range of one’s experiences

2. Knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning

3. Some skill in applying those methods."

In short, the ability to think critically is the art of analyzing and evaluating data for a practical approach to understanding the data, then determining what to believe and how to act.

The three characteristics of critical thinking include:

•  Being quick and decisive:  One of the most admirable leadership qualities the ability to be quick and decisive with decisions. There are times where an answer just needs to be given and given right now. But that doesn't mean you should make a decision just to make one. Sometimes, quick decisions can fall flat. I know some of mine have.

• Being resourceful and creative:  Over the years, members of my workforce have come to me with challenges and have needed some creativity and resourcefulness. As they spell out the situation, you listen to the issue, analyze their dilemma and guide them the best way possible. Thinking outside the box and sharing how to get there is a hallmark of a great leader.

• Being systematic and organized:  Martin Gabel is quoted as saying , “Don’t just do something, stand there.” Sometimes, taking a minute to be systematic and follow an organized approach makes all the difference. This is where critical thinking meets problem solving. Define the problem, come up with a list of solutions, then select the best answer, implement it, create an evaluation tool and fine-tune as needed.

Components Of Critical Thinking

Now that you know the what and why of becoming a critical thinker, let’s focus on the how best to develop this skill.

1. Identify the problem or situation, then define what influenced this to occur in the first place.

2. Investigate the opinions and arguments of the individuals involved in this process. Any time you have differences of opinions, it is vital that you research independently, so as not to be influenced by a specific bias.

3. Evaluate information factually. Recognizing predispositions of those involved is a challenging task at times. It is your responsibility to weigh the information from all sources and come to your own conclusions.

4. Establish significance. Figure out what information is most important for you to consider in the current situation. Sometimes, you just have to remove data points that have no relevance.

5. Be open-minded and consider all points of view. This is a good time to pull the team into finding the best solution. This point will allow you to develop the critical-thinking skills of those you lead.

6. Take time to reflect once you have gathered all the information. In order to be decisive and make decisions quickly, you need to take time to unwrap all the information and set a plan of attack. If you are taking time to think about the best solution, keep your workforce and leaders apprised of your process and timeline.

7. Communicate your findings and results. This is a crucial yet often overlooked component. Failing to do so can cause much confusion in the organization.

Developing your critical-thinking skills is fundamental to your leadership success. As you set off to develop these abilities, it will require a clear, sometimes difficult evaluation of your current level of critical thinking. From there you can determine the best way to polish and strengthen your current skill set and establish a plan for your future growth.

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How to think effectively: Six stages of critical thinking

Credit: Elder / Paul

• Researchers propose six levels of critical thinkers: Unreflective thinkers, Challenged thinkers, Beginning thinkers, Practicing thinkers, Advanced thinkers, and Master thinkers.
• The framework comes from educational psychologists Linda Elder and Richard Paul.
• Teaching critical thinking skills is a crucial challenge in our times.

The coronavirus has not only decimated our populations, its spread has also attacked the very nature of truth and stoked inherent tensions between many different groups of people, both at local and international levels. Spawning widespread conspiracy theories and obfuscation by governments, the virus has also been a vivid demonstration of the need for teaching critical thinking skills necessary to survive in the 21st century. The stage theory of critical thinking development, devised by psychologists Linda Elder and Richard Paul , can help us gauge the sophistication of our current mental approaches and provides a roadmap to the thinking of others.

The researchers identified six predictable levels of critical thinkers, from ones lower in depth and effort to the advanced mind-masters, who are always steps ahead.

As the scientists write , moving up on this pyramid of thinking “is dependent upon a necessary level of commitment on the part of an individual to develop as a critical thinker.” Using your mind more effectively is not automatic and “is unlikely to take place “subconsciously.” In other words – you have to put in the work and keep doing it, or you’ll lose the faculty.

Here’s how the stages of intellectual development break down:

Unreflective thinker

These are people who don’t reflect about thinking and the effect it has on their lives. As such, they form opinions and make decisions based on prejudices and misconceptions while their thinking doesn’t improve.

Unreflective thinkers lack crucial skills that would allow them to parse their thought processes. They also do not apply standards like accuracy, relevance, precision, and logic in a consistent fashion.

How many such people are out there? You probably can guess based on social media comments. As Elder and Paul write , “it is perfectly possible for students to graduate from high school, or even college, and still be largely unreflective thinkers.”

Challenged thinker

This next level up thinker has awareness of the importance of thinking on their existence and knows that deficiencies in thinking can bring about major issues. As the psychologists explain, to solve a problem, you must first admit you have one.

People at this intellectual stage begin to understand that “high quality thinking requires deliberate reflective thinking about thinking”, and can acknowledge that their own mental processes might have many flaws. They might not be able to identify all the flaws, however.

A challenged thinker may have a sense that solid thinking involves navigating assumptions, inferences, and points of view, but only on an initial level. They may also be able to spot some instances of their own self-deception. The true difficulty for thinkers of this category is in not “believing that their thinking is better than it actually is, making it more difficult to recognize the problems inherent in poor thinking,” explain the researchers.

Thinkers at this level can go beyond the nascent intellectual humility and actively look to take control of their thinking across areas of their lives. They know that their own thinking can have blind spots and other problems and take steps to address those, but in a limited capacity.

Beginning thinker

Beginning thinkers place more value in reason, becoming self-aware in their thoughts. They may also be able to start looking at the concepts and biases underlying their ideas. Additionally, such thinkers develop higher internal standards of clarity, accuracy and logic, realizing that their ego plays a key role in their decisions.

Another big aspect that differentiates this stronger thinker – some ability to take criticism of their mental approach, even though they still have work to do and might lack clear enough solutions to the issues they spot.

Practicing thinker

This more experienced kind of thinker not only appreciates their own deficiencies, but has skills to deal with them. A thinker of this level will practice better thinking habits and will analyze their mental processes with regularity.

While they might be able to express their mind’s strengths and weaknesses, as a negative, practicing thinkers might still not have a systematic way of gaining insight into their thoughts and can fall prey to egocentric and self-deceptive reasoning.

How do you get to this stage? An important trait to gain, say the psychologists, is “intellectual perseverance.” This quality can provide “the impetus for developing a realistic plan for systematic practice (with a view to taking greater command of one’s thinking).”

“We must teach in such a way that students come to understand the power in knowing that whenever humans reason, they have no choice but to use certain predictable structures of thought: that thinking is inevitably driven by the questions, that we seek answers to questions for some purpose, that to answer questions, we need information, that to use information we must interpret it (i.e., by making inferences), and that our inferences, in turn, are based on assumptions, and have implications, all of which involves ideas or concepts within some point of view,” explain Elder and Paul.

One doesn’t typically get to this stage until college and beyond, estimate the scientists. This higher-level thinker would have strong habits that would allow them to analyze their thinking with insight about different areas of life. They would be fair-minded and able to spot the prejudicial aspects in the points of view of others and their own understanding.

While they’d have a good handle on the role of their ego in the idea flow, such thinkers might still not be able to grasp all the influences that affect their mentality.

Advanced thinker

The advanced thinker is at ease with self-critique and does so systematically, looking to improve. Among key traits required for this level are “intellectual insight” to develop new thought habits, “ intellectual integrity” to “recognize areas of inconsistency and contradiction in one’s life,” intellectual empathy ” to put oneself in the place of others in order to genuinely understand them, and the “ intellectual courage” to confront ideas and beliefs they don’t necessarily believe in and have negative emotions towards.

Master thinker

This is the super-thinker, the one who is totally in control of how they process information and make decisions. Such people constantly seek to improve their thought skills, and through experience “regularly raise their thinking to the level of conscious realization.”

A master thinker achieves great insights into deep mental levels, strongly committed to being fair and gaining control over their own egocentrism.

Such a high-level thinker also exhibits superior practical knowledge and insight, always re-examining their assumptions for weaknesses, logic, and biases.

And, of course, a master thinker wouldn’t get upset with being intellectually confronted and spends a considerable amount of time analyzing their own responses.

“Why is this so important? Precisely because the human mind, left to its own, pursues that which is immediately easy, that which is comfortable, and that which serves its selfish interests. At the same time, it naturally resists that which is difficult to understand, that which involves complexity, that which requires entering the thinking and predicaments of others,” write the researchers.

So how do you become a master thinker? The psychologists think most students will never get there. But a lifetime of practicing the best intellectual traits can get you to that point when “people of good sense seek out master thinkers, for they recognize and value the ability of master thinkers to think through complex issues with judgment and insight.”

The significance of critical thinking in our daily lives, especially in these confusing times, so rife with quick and often-misleading information, cannot be overstated. The decisions we make today can truly be life and death.

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Critical thinking and problem-solving, jump to: , what is critical thinking, characteristics of critical thinking, why teach critical thinking.

• Teaching Strategies to Help Promote Critical Thinking Skills

References and Resources

When examining the vast literature on critical thinking, various definitions of critical thinking emerge. Here are some samples:

• "Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action" (Scriven, 1996).
• "Most formal definitions characterize critical thinking as the intentional application of rational, higher order thinking skills, such as analysis, synthesis, problem recognition and problem solving, inference, and evaluation" (Angelo, 1995, p. 6).
• "Critical thinking is thinking that assesses itself" (Center for Critical Thinking, 1996b).
• "Critical thinking is the ability to think about one's thinking in such a way as 1. To recognize its strengths and weaknesses and, as a result, 2. To recast the thinking in improved form" (Center for Critical Thinking, 1996c).

Perhaps the simplest definition is offered by Beyer (1995) : "Critical thinking... means making reasoned judgments" (p. 8). Basically, Beyer sees critical thinking as using criteria to judge the quality of something, from cooking to a conclusion of a research paper. In essence, critical thinking is a disciplined manner of thought that a person uses to assess the validity of something (statements, news stories, arguments, research, etc.).

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Wade (1995) identifies eight characteristics of critical thinking. Critical thinking involves asking questions, defining a problem, examining evidence, analyzing assumptions and biases, avoiding emotional reasoning, avoiding oversimplification, considering other interpretations, and tolerating ambiguity. Dealing with ambiguity is also seen by Strohm & Baukus (1995) as an essential part of critical thinking, "Ambiguity and doubt serve a critical-thinking function and are a necessary and even a productive part of the process" (p. 56).

Another characteristic of critical thinking identified by many sources is metacognition. Metacognition is thinking about one's own thinking. More specifically, "metacognition is being aware of one's thinking as one performs specific tasks and then using this awareness to control what one is doing" (Jones & Ratcliff, 1993, p. 10 ).

In the book, Critical Thinking, Beyer elaborately explains what he sees as essential aspects of critical thinking. These are:

• Dispositions: Critical thinkers are skeptical, open-minded, value fair-mindedness, respect evidence and reasoning, respect clarity and precision, look at different points of view, and will change positions when reason leads them to do so.
• Criteria: To think critically, must apply criteria. Need to have conditions that must be met for something to be judged as believable. Although the argument can be made that each subject area has different criteria, some standards apply to all subjects. "... an assertion must... be based on relevant, accurate facts; based on credible sources; precise; unbiased; free from logical fallacies; logically consistent; and strongly reasoned" (p. 12).
• Argument: Is a statement or proposition with supporting evidence. Critical thinking involves identifying, evaluating, and constructing arguments.
• Reasoning: The ability to infer a conclusion from one or multiple premises. To do so requires examining logical relationships among statements or data.
• Point of View: The way one views the world, which shapes one's construction of meaning. In a search for understanding, critical thinkers view phenomena from many different points of view.
• Procedures for Applying Criteria: Other types of thinking use a general procedure. Critical thinking makes use of many procedures. These procedures include asking questions, making judgments, and identifying assumptions.

Oliver & Utermohlen (1995) see students as too often being passive receptors of information. Through technology, the amount of information available today is massive. This information explosion is likely to continue in the future. Students need a guide to weed through the information and not just passively accept it. Students need to "develop and effectively apply critical thinking skills to their academic studies, to the complex problems that they will face, and to the critical choices they will be forced to make as a result of the information explosion and other rapid technological changes" (Oliver & Utermohlen, p. 1 ).

As mentioned in the section, Characteristics of Critical Thinking , critical thinking involves questioning. It is important to teach students how to ask good questions, to think critically, in order to continue the advancement of the very fields we are teaching. "Every field stays alive only to the extent that fresh questions are generated and taken seriously" (Center for Critical Thinking, 1996a ).

Beyer sees the teaching of critical thinking as important to the very state of our nation. He argues that to live successfully in a democracy, people must be able to think critically in order to make sound decisions about personal and civic affairs. If students learn to think critically, then they can use good thinking as the guide by which they live their lives.

Teaching Strategies to Help Promote Critical Thinking

The 1995, Volume 22, issue 1, of the journal, Teaching of Psychology , is devoted to the teaching critical thinking. Most of the strategies included in this section come from the various articles that compose this issue.

• CATS (Classroom Assessment Techniques): Angelo stresses the use of ongoing classroom assessment as a way to monitor and facilitate students' critical thinking. An example of a CAT is to ask students to write a "Minute Paper" responding to questions such as "What was the most important thing you learned in today's class? What question related to this session remains uppermost in your mind?" The teacher selects some of the papers and prepares responses for the next class meeting.
• Cooperative Learning Strategies: Cooper (1995) argues that putting students in group learning situations is the best way to foster critical thinking. "In properly structured cooperative learning environments, students perform more of the active, critical thinking with continuous support and feedback from other students and the teacher" (p. 8).
• Case Study /Discussion Method: McDade (1995) describes this method as the teacher presenting a case (or story) to the class without a conclusion. Using prepared questions, the teacher then leads students through a discussion, allowing students to construct a conclusion for the case.
• Using Questions: King (1995) identifies ways of using questions in the classroom:
• Reciprocal Peer Questioning: Following lecture, the teacher displays a list of question stems (such as, "What are the strengths and weaknesses of...). Students must write questions about the lecture material. In small groups, the students ask each other the questions. Then, the whole class discusses some of the questions from each small group.
• Reader's Questions: Require students to write questions on assigned reading and turn them in at the beginning of class. Select a few of the questions as the impetus for class discussion.
• Conference Style Learning: The teacher does not "teach" the class in the sense of lecturing. The teacher is a facilitator of a conference. Students must thoroughly read all required material before class. Assigned readings should be in the zone of proximal development. That is, readings should be able to be understood by students, but also challenging. The class consists of the students asking questions of each other and discussing these questions. The teacher does not remain passive, but rather, helps "direct and mold discussions by posing strategic questions and helping students build on each others' ideas" (Underwood & Wald, 1995, p. 18 ).
• Use Writing Assignments: Wade sees the use of writing as fundamental to developing critical thinking skills. "With written assignments, an instructor can encourage the development of dialectic reasoning by requiring students to argue both [or more] sides of an issue" (p. 24).
• Written dialogues: Give students written dialogues to analyze. In small groups, students must identify the different viewpoints of each participant in the dialogue. Must look for biases, presence or exclusion of important evidence, alternative interpretations, misstatement of facts, and errors in reasoning. Each group must decide which view is the most reasonable. After coming to a conclusion, each group acts out their dialogue and explains their analysis of it.
• Spontaneous Group Dialogue: One group of students are assigned roles to play in a discussion (such as leader, information giver, opinion seeker, and disagreer). Four observer groups are formed with the functions of determining what roles are being played by whom, identifying biases and errors in thinking, evaluating reasoning skills, and examining ethical implications of the content.
• Ambiguity: Strohm & Baukus advocate producing much ambiguity in the classroom. Don't give students clear cut material. Give them conflicting information that they must think their way through.
• Angelo, T. A. (1995). Beginning the dialogue: Thoughts on promoting critical thinking: Classroom assessment for critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 6-7.
• Beyer, B. K. (1995). Critical thinking. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
• Center for Critical Thinking (1996a). The role of questions in thinking, teaching, and learning. [On-line]. Available HTTP: http://www.criticalthinking.org/University/univlibrary/library.nclk
• Center for Critical Thinking (1996b). Structures for student self-assessment. [On-line]. Available HTTP: http://www.criticalthinking.org/University/univclass/trc.nclk
• Center for Critical Thinking (1996c). Three definitions of critical thinking [On-line]. Available HTTP: http://www.criticalthinking.org/University/univlibrary/library.nclk
• Cooper, J. L. (1995). Cooperative learning and critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 7-8.
• Jones, E. A. & Ratcliff, G. (1993). Critical thinking skills for college students. National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment, University Park, PA. (Eric Document Reproduction Services No. ED 358 772)
• King, A. (1995). Designing the instructional process to enhance critical thinking across the curriculum: Inquiring minds really do want to know: Using questioning to teach critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22 (1) , 13-17.
• McDade, S. A. (1995). Case study pedagogy to advance critical thinking. Teaching Psychology, 22(1), 9-10.
• Oliver, H. & Utermohlen, R. (1995). An innovative teaching strategy: Using critical thinking to give students a guide to the future.(Eric Document Reproduction Services No. 389 702)
• Robertson, J. F. & Rane-Szostak, D. (1996). Using dialogues to develop critical thinking skills: A practical approach. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 39(7), 552-556.
• Scriven, M. & Paul, R. (1996). Defining critical thinking: A draft statement for the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking. [On-line]. Available HTTP: http://www.criticalthinking.org/University/univlibrary/library.nclk
• Strohm, S. M., & Baukus, R. A. (1995). Strategies for fostering critical thinking skills. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 50 (1), 55-62.
• Underwood, M. K., & Wald, R. L. (1995). Conference-style learning: A method for fostering critical thinking with heart. Teaching Psychology, 22(1), 17-21.
• Wade, C. (1995). Using writing to develop and assess critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 24-28.

Other Reading

• Bean, J. C. (1996). Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, & active learning in the classroom. Jossey-Bass.
• Bernstein, D. A. (1995). A negotiation model for teaching critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 22-24.
• Carlson, E. R. (1995). Evaluating the credibility of sources. A missing link in the teaching of critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 39-41.
• Facione, P. A., Sanchez, C. A., Facione, N. C., & Gainen, J. (1995). The disposition toward critical thinking. The Journal of General Education, 44(1), 1-25.
• Halpern, D. F., & Nummedal, S. G. (1995). Closing thoughts about helping students improve how they think. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 82-83.
• Isbell, D. (1995). Teaching writing and research as inseparable: A faculty-librarian teaching team. Reference Services Review, 23(4), 51-62.
• Jones, J. M. & Safrit, R. D. (1994). Developing critical thinking skills in adult learners through innovative distance learning. Paper presented at the International Conference on the practice of adult education and social development. Jinan, China. (Eric Document Reproduction Services No. ED 373 159)
• Sanchez, M. A. (1995). Using critical-thinking principles as a guide to college-level instruction. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 72-74.
• Spicer, K. L. & Hanks, W. E. (1995). Multiple measures of critical thinking skills and predisposition in assessment of critical thinking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Antonio, TX. (Eric Document Reproduction Services No. ED 391 185)
• Terenzini, P. T., Springer, L., Pascarella, E. T., & Nora, A. (1995). Influences affecting the development of students' critical thinking skills. Research in Higher Education, 36(1), 23-39.

On the Internet

• Carr, K. S. (1990). How can we teach critical thinking. Eric Digest. [On-line]. Available HTTP: http://ericps.ed.uiuc.edu/eece/pubs/digests/1990/carr90.html
• The Center for Critical Thinking (1996). Home Page. Available HTTP: http://www.criticalthinking.org/University/
• Ennis, Bob (No date). Critical thinking. [On-line], April 4, 1997. Available HTTP: http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/ct.htm
• Montclair State University (1995). Curriculum resource center. Critical thinking resources: An annotated bibliography. [On-line]. Available HTTP: http://www.montclair.edu/Pages/CRC/Bibliographies/CriticalThinking.html
• No author, No date. Critical Thinking is ... [On-line], April 4, 1997. Available HTTP: http://library.usask.ca/ustudy/critical/
• Sheridan, Marcia (No date). Internet education topics hotlink page. [On-line], April 4, 1997. Available HTTP: http://sun1.iusb.edu/~msherida/topics/critical.html

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Unlocking the Mind: 18 Essential Characteristics of Critical Thinkers

Critical thinking has become an invaluable skill in a world overflowing with information. It’s not just about analyzing arguments or solving problems; it’s a way of approaching life more logically and thoughtfully. But what makes someone a critical thinker? What are the characteristics that set them apart?

In this article, we delve into the minds of critical thinkers and uncover the 18 essential characteristics that define them. From curiosity and open-mindedness to skepticism and intellectual humility, we explore the traits that shape their thought process and decision-making abilities. We’ll also discuss the importance of critical thinking in various aspects of life, from personal relationships to professional success.

Whether you’re a student preparing for exams, a business professional making important decisions, or simply someone looking to enhance your cognitive skills, this article will provide valuable insights and tips to unlock the power of critical thinking. So join us on this journey of exploration as we unravel the mysteries of the critical thinker’s mind and inspire you to cultivate these essential characteristics for a more meaningful and successful life.

1. Open-Mindedness: The Cornerstone of Critical Thought

Open-mindedness stands out as a defining characteristic in the realm of critical thinking. This willingness to entertain various perspectives, ideas, and opinions without rushing to judgment is not merely a trait but a foundational pillar. But what makes open-mindedness so crucial in the framework of critical thought? An individual with a truly open mind doesn’t hastily dismiss ideas, especially if they’re novel or unfamiliar. Instead, they perceive them as opportunities – gateways to deeper learning, understanding, and personal growth. Everyone possesses inherent biases; it’s part of the human condition. However, an open-minded individual actively works to rise above these biases. This conscious effort becomes indispensable in our diverse global landscape, where interactions span various backgrounds and cultures.

Moreover, open-mindedness speaks to a certain flexibility in one’s beliefs. While holding onto certain beliefs is a natural human inclination, the open-minded are ever ready to reevaluate and recalibrate their beliefs in light of fresh evidence or alternative viewpoints. This adaptability doesn’t suggest fickleness but indicates a profound dedication to the pursuit of truth, even if it necessitates altering one’s stance. Additionally, these individuals have a heightened appreciation for the diversity of thought, recognizing how varied viewpoints can infuse discussions with rich insights, facilitate holistic problem-solving, and even be the catalysts for innovation.

One of the common pitfalls in reasoning is confirmation bias, a trap of only seeking information that aligns with our existing beliefs. Open-minded thinkers, however, remain vigilant against this bias. They actively pursue diverse sources and perspectives to gain a rounded understanding. This open-minded stance is frequently paired with an inherent curiosity. They commonly say, “I don’t have all the answers,” or “Let’s delve deeper into this,” highlighting their willingness to probe further into subjects and discussions. They also acknowledge the fluid nature of knowledge. In our ever-shifting world, they recognize that absolute certainty is elusive. They are comfortable navigating the ambiguities, understanding that most knowledge is tentative and evolving.

In essence, open-mindedness goes beyond mere passive acceptance. It’s a dynamic journey, a continuous commitment to shedding preconceived notions and embracing the broad array of ideas and perspectives the world presents. For those walking the path of critical thinking, open-mindedness is the starting point, paving the way for unbiased assessment, profound comprehension, and enlightened decision-making.

2. Curiosity: A natural inclination to question, explore, and understand deeper insights about a subject.

Diving deeper into the characteristics of critical thinkers, Curiosity stands out prominently. Often described as an insatiable thirst for knowledge, it serves as the driving force propelling critical thinkers forward in their intellectual quests. The importance of curiosity in critical thinking cannot be overstated. It’s reflected in the behavior and mindset of those who never cease to question and explore. This trait’s essence is an innate desire to learn, not driven by external rewards but by a profound intrinsic motivation to understand the world better.

Unlike many who might accept information as it’s presented, those fueled by curiosity have a restless mind. They are the ones challenging the status quo, continually asking questions like “Why?”, “How?”, and “What if?”. Such probing often leads them to challenge established norms, providing them with deeper insights and a more profound understanding. This drive pushes them beyond mere surface-level knowledge. They strive to get to the root of issues, taking the time to research, analyze, and reflect upon complex topics.

Moreover, their curiosity isn’t confined to just academic or intellectual arenas. It spills over into their daily lives, leading them to seek diverse experiences. They are stepping out of their comfort zones, eager to immerse themselves in new cultures or try out unfamiliar activities. Each of these experiences, they believe, adds a new layer to their understanding of the world. The unknown, which might deter many, is a beckoning call for them. They approach uncertainty with excitement, seeing it not as a hindrance but as a golden opportunity for discovery.

Such individuals also stand out in their engagement with information. Rather than being passive consumers, they actively engage with content. They reflect on ideas, discuss them with peers, and even engage in healthy debates to refine their understanding further. This constant quest for knowledge, however, doesn’t make them overconfident. They remain cautious, aware of the pitfalls of assumptions. Aware that every learning journey has its dangers, they ensure they don’t fall prey to presuming they have complete knowledge about a subject. This humility and their insatiable desire for understanding make them value lifelong learning. They don’t see the end of formal education as the end of their learning journey. Instead, they embrace every opportunity to expand their horizons, irrespective of where they are in their life or career.

Curiosity isn’t just another trait on a list; it’s a dynamic, ever-present force shaping a critical thinker’s very approach and outlook. It keeps them engaged, pushes them to explore varied avenues, and ensures they approach the world with humility and receptiveness; fostering and cherishing their curiosity is crucial for anyone keen on sharpening their critical thinking abilities.

3. Analytical Ability: Can dissect complex ideas or problems to understand their components.

Within the vast landscape of critical thinking, analytical ability emerges as a paramount pillar. It’s far more than a mere grasp of concepts or problems. Rather, it signifies the capacity to delve beneath the surface, fragmenting intricate issues into their elemental parts, revealing a nuanced understanding. Analytical thinkers are distinguished by their systematic approach, systematically dissecting situations to discern underlying patterns. In our data-saturated world, their aptitude for sifting essential information from the cacophony stands invaluable.

This leads to clarity and enables a holistic comprehension, ensuring each fragment is evaluated within the context of the larger tapestry. Such an approach greatly amplifies their problem-solving prowess, directing them toward the root of issues rather than mere symptoms. When faced with choices, this intricate understanding capacitates them to make well-informed decisions, gauging potential challenges and rewards. Their analytical strength also shines in communication, enabling them to elucidate complex concepts with clarity and persuasion.

This mindset invariably fuels their insatiable curiosity, urging them to bridge knowledge gaps and expand their horizons continuously. Furthermore, their ability to promptly dissect and adapt to new challenges becomes invaluable in our dynamic world. Analytical ability isn’t just a skill but a unique prism that enhances a critical thinker’s view of the world. This prism reveals hidden layers and connections, allowing for profound insights, fostering innovation, and engendering a deeper, more engaged interaction with intricate worldly challenges.

4. Logical Reasoning: The Structured Pathway to Sound Decisions

In the intricate maze of problem-solving and decision-making, logical reasoning is the guiding light, illuminating the path toward clarity and coherence. Unlike impulsive or emotion-driven approaches, logical reasoning epitomizes a methodical, step-by-step progression that ensures every decision or solution is rooted in reason and evidence.

At its core, logical reasoning is a marriage of structured thought processes and evidence-based conclusions. A thinker employing this approach will meticulously evaluate each piece of information, considering its relevance and validity. This discernment allows them to discard irrelevant or misleading data, ensuring that only the most pertinent facts shape their conclusions.

Furthermore, the structured nature of logical reasoning mandates the identification of cause-and-effect relationships. This means that the thinker anticipates potential outcomes and consequences before arriving at a solution or decision, weighing the pros and cons methodically. Such foresight minimizes unforeseen setbacks and strengthens the viability of the chosen solution or decision.

Additionally, logical reasoning is self-correcting. By consistently questioning and validating each step in their thought process, individuals are less likely to be swayed by cognitive biases or fallacies. If an inconsistency or error is spotted, they can trace their steps, pinpoint the flaw, and recalibrate their approach.

In essence, logical reasoning is not just a tool but an anchor, grounding critical thinkers in a realm of rationality and coherence. In a world teeming with information and complexity, this methodical approach stands as a beacon, guiding thinkers away from the pitfalls of hasty judgments and towards well-founded, robust conclusions. For anyone striving to master the art of critical thinking, honing their logical reasoning skills is not merely advantageous—it’s indispensable.

5. Attention to Detail: Unearthing Nuances in the Tapestry of Complexity

Amidst the vast expanse of information and stimuli we encounter daily, the ability to discern subtle details can be a transformative power. Attention to detail is much more than just observational prowess; it’s an art of recognizing the intricate stitches that, while seemingly insignificant on their own, form the fabric of larger narratives and problems.

A person endowed with keen attention to detail doesn’t merely skim the surface. They delve deeper, sifting through layers of information, discerning patterns and irregularities that might escape the cursory glance of many. It’s akin to a jeweler who, amidst the glitter of a gem-studded necklace, identifies one slightly flawed diamond that could compromise the entire piece’s value.

This trait is invaluable across myriad contexts. In analytical pursuits, for instance, noticing a minor discrepancy in data can be the key to unearthing larger issues or breakthrough insights. It could be the difference between a masterpiece and mediocrity in creative fields, as details breathe life and authenticity into artworks or narratives.

Moreover, acute attention to detail often translates into higher accuracy and efficiency. One can prevent larger complications or misunderstandings by catching errors or anomalies early on. It’s a proactive approach, eliminating the need for extensive revisions or damage control later.

Yet, it’s also essential to understand that this attribute isn’t about nitpicking or getting bogged down by minutiae. Instead, it’s about balancing recognizing subtleties and grasping the broader perspective. It’s the dance between the macro and the micro, ensuring neither is overlooked.

In conclusion, attention to detail is a compass in a world of information and distractions. It steers individuals towards clarity, precision, and excellence, making them stand out in a crowd where many are content with just seeing the bigger picture. For those aspiring to elevate their thinking and work to unprecedented heights, cultivating this discerning eye for detail is not just beneficial—it’s pivotal.

6. Skepticism: The Guardian of Authentic Knowledge

In an era overflowing with information, where digital platforms and media constantly bombard us with narratives, facts, and viewpoints, skepticism emerges as a crucial shield against misinformation and shallow understanding. Far from being a sign of cynicism or distrust, skepticism is a rigorous intellectual stance, urging individuals to pause, probe, and ponder before accepting any information.

A true skeptic does not dismiss information outright. Instead, they approach it with a discerning mind, evaluating its source, scrutinizing its context, and cross-referencing it with other reliable data. Such a perspective stems from an understanding that even well-intentioned sources can err, and even widely accepted beliefs can sometimes be misguided or incomplete.

This attitude is particularly invaluable in today’s “post-truth” world, where emotional or sensational narratives often overshadow factual accuracy. Skepticism is a filter helping individuals differentiate between genuine knowledge and mere noise. It pushes them to go beyond the surface, to trace the origins of claims, and to weigh them against empirical evidence.

Moreover, skepticism nurtures a proactive mindset. Instead of passively absorbing information, skeptics actively engage with it, raising questions, spotting inconsistencies, and seeking clarifications. This ensures they gather authentic knowledge and deepens their understanding of the subject at hand.

But it’s also worth noting that skepticism, while invaluable, must be balanced with an openness to new ideas. It should not morph into stubborn disbelief or close-mindedness. Rather, it should serve as a tool for rigorous evaluation, ensuring that the knowledge one acquires is robust and reliable.

In essence, skepticism is not a barrier but a beacon in the pursuit of truth. It challenges us to elevate our standards of acceptance, demand evidence, and never settle for the superficial. For those committed to genuine understanding and informed decision-making, cultivating a healthy skepticism is not just an asset—it’s a necessity.

7. Clear Communication: The Bridge Between Thought and Understanding

Clear communication emerges as the choreographer in the intricate dance of ideas, arguments, and insights that define our interpersonal and intellectual interactions. It is the channel through which complex concepts flow, are understood, and eventually take shape in the minds of others. But what does it truly mean to communicate clearly, and why is it such an essential facet of a well-rounded thinker?

At its core, clear communication is about transcending mere information transfer. It’s about ensuring that the essence of an idea, with all its subtleties and nuances, is accurately and effectively conveyed. This requires linguistic proficiency and a deep empathy for the listener’s perspective. Clear communicators are acutely aware of their audience, tailoring their message to suit the listener’s background, level of understanding, and potential biases.

Several dimensions define this art:

• Simplicity: While it’s tempting to use jargon or complex language, especially when discussing intricate topics, clear communication often thrives in simplicity. It’s about breaking down complex ideas into digestible, relatable chunks.
• Structure: An organized flow of thoughts, with a clear beginning, middle, and end, aids comprehension. Clear communicators are adept at sequencing their points logically, guiding their audience through the narrative.
• Relevance: Effective communicators ensure their message remains potent and undiluted by staying on topic and avoiding tangential diversions.
• Feedback: Interactivity is a hallmark of clear communication. By encouraging questions, seeking clarifications, and being receptive to feedback, communicators can ensure their message lands as intended.
• Visual Aids: Whether it’s a simple diagram, a comprehensive infographic, or a vivid analogy, visual or descriptive tools can dramatically enhance understanding, bridging gaps that words alone might leave behind.
• Empathy: Understanding and anticipating the audience’s needs, doubts, or potential misconceptions allows a communicator to address them proactively, fostering a deeper connection and comprehension.

Clear communication stands out as a beacon of clarity in a world filled with noise, ambiguity, and information overload. It’s more than just a skill—it’s a responsibility, ensuring that ideas reach others and truly resonate. For anyone aspiring to influence, educate, or connect on a deeper level, mastering the art of clear communication is an investment that pays immeasurable dividends.

8. Problem-Solving: The Systematic Unraveling of Challenges

In the vast and intricate landscape of skills required to navigate our world, problem-solving firmly establishes itself as an indispensable cornerstone. This prowess extends beyond mere solution-seeking; it delves deep, aiming to understand, dissect, and craft enduring resolutions to challenges. But how does one truly master this art, and what role does it play in the broader spectrum of critical thinking?

Envision problem-solving as an orchestra of cognitive processes seamlessly converging toward a singular goal. It resembles a detective’s diligence in piecing together seemingly unrelated clues. The journey of a proficient problem solver begins with clearly identifying the problem, differentiating between mere symptoms and the core issue. This clarity paves the way for gathering pertinent data, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the challenge.

As this information is sifted through, patterns are discerned, leading to the crystallization of potential solutions. Rather than settling for a single answer, multiple pathways are assessed for pros and cons. Armed with these alternatives, they employ logical reasoning to zero in on the most practical solution, always mindful of its broader implications. Once decided, the focus shifts to the effective implementation of this solution. However, the process doesn’t end there; a genuine problem solver consistently evaluates the solution’s efficacy, making necessary adjustments.

In life’s grand puzzle filled with diverse challenges, a methodical approach to problem-solving transforms daunting hurdles into solvable mysteries. This skill provides solutions and nurtures confidence, resilience, and proactive thinking — traits vital in all endeavors. Those who aspire to leave a mark, professionally and personally, will find sharpening their problem-solving acumen to be a pursuit of unparalleled worth.

9. Objectivity: Navigating Truth Beyond Personal Filters

In the vast landscape of critical thinking, the significance of Objectivity is undeniable. Living in an era of information and many viewpoints, our need for a reliable compass—a tool that helps us distinguish truth from falsehood—has never been more pronounced. Objectivity emerges as that guiding compass. But what does it entail?

To truly grasp the essence of objectivity, one must see it as an art of discerning truth without being ensnared by personal emotions, biases, or preconceived notions. It’s about achieving a vantage point, a place from which things can be seen for what they are, devoid of personal coloring or distortion.

An individual rooted in objectivity doesn’t blindly embrace any piece of information. Instead, they prioritize evidence-based facts, sidelining unverified claims or mere anecdotes. This meticulous approach ensures that their decisions and beliefs are anchored firmly in truth. Emotional intelligence plays a part too. While emotions are integral to our humanity, they can sometimes muddy the waters of clear thinking. Objective thinkers possess the astuteness to acknowledge their feelings without letting them skew the interpretation of facts.

The world isn’t black and white; it’s a kaleidoscope of experiences and backgrounds. Each person’s life story comes with its unique set of biases. Recognizing and addressing these inherent biases is a hallmark of the objective thinker. They actively seek multiple perspectives, understanding that a multifaceted approach often leads to a richer, more comprehensive grasp of issues. This openness also extends to their informational sources. They strive to diversify, ensuring they don’t become ensnared in echo chambers that merely echo back their existing beliefs.

Perhaps one of the most notable traits of objective individuals is their unwavering commitment to the truth. They’re not rigidly attached to their beliefs. They’re more than willing to adapt when presented with compelling evidence that challenges their stance, highlighting their ceaseless quest for genuine understanding. In today’s era, where “opinionated facts” often blur the lines between evidence and mere opinion, objectivity is a bastion of reason and clarity.

Objectivity isn’t just a skill—it’s a guiding philosophy. It serves as a beacon, illuminating the path for critical thinkers amidst the storms of misinformation, bias, and emotional upheaval. By emphasizing clear, unbiased thinking, objectivity ensures that our journey through this intricate, interconnected world is rooted in truth and clarity. Those who truly wish to engage with the world’s complexities would do well to embrace and nurture their objective thinking, for it promises clarity and a deeper, more genuine connection with the world around them.

10. Empathy: Bridging Minds and Hearts in Critical Thought

In discussions about critical thinking, one might not immediately think of empathy as a cornerstone. Yet, this emotion-driven quality finds its strength in the world of feelings and rigorous analytical thinking. Critical thinking, while primarily governed by logic and objectivity, finds profound enhancement when paired with the deep understanding inherent to empathy. So, why is empathy invaluable in critical reasoning? Empathy goes beyond mere sympathy.

It is the profound ability to wear the shoes of another, deeply understanding their perspectives, emotions, and lived experiences. This capability of genuine understanding offers many advantages to the discerning mind. For one, it permits a richer and more nuanced understanding of matters, tapping into the underlying intricacies that a single perspective might overlook. Empathy also paves the way for more effective communication.

Discussions transform into more constructive exchanges when we approach dialogue with an understanding heart. It also plays a vital role in curbing biases. By immersing ourselves in diverse perspectives, we are more equipped to challenge and rectify our inherent biases. This empathetic approach drives more inclusive decision-making, ensuring that choices are well-rounded, considering all stakeholders involved. Moreover, in situations of disagreement, empathy proves to be an unparalleled tool, assisting in pinpointing shared grounds and crafting mutually beneficial solutions.

Engaging empathetically also deepens our learning experience. It prods us to continually evaluate our beliefs and grow our understanding, opening us up to a wealth of insights. Furthermore, empathy reminds us of the human stories behind the numbers in a world increasingly leaning towards data and statistics. It ensures that our decision-making, while data-informed, remains human-centric. As we traverse the complexities of today’s interconnected world, the amalgamation of diverse cultures and ideas underscores the need for empathy.

It’s more than just a commendable trait; it’s a vital skill, acting as a bridge that fosters mutual understanding in an often polarized world. In the journey of critical thinking, embedding empathy ensures that the journey is intellectually rich and profoundly humane.

11. Flexibility in Critical Thinking: The Power to Pivot in an Ever-Changing Landscape

Adaptability is a beacon of effective decision-making in our modern, rapidly-evolving era of diverse information. Amidst the overflowing ocean of varied ideas, beliefs, and insights, flexibility emerges — not as an emblem of indecisiveness but as a testament to intellectual maturity. True flexibility in critical thinking transcends mere vacillation between opinions.

Instead, it represents a profound acknowledgment of the dynamic nature of knowledge and an individual’s capacity to recalibrate their perspectives when new, compelling evidence surfaces, even if it juxtaposes their entrenched beliefs.

This intellectual dance encompasses various dimensions: a perpetual commitment to learning, recognizing that enlightenment is an unending journey; an aversion to the constrictions of dogma, valuing the fluid essence of understanding; an insatiable curiosity that fuels exploration beyond the familiar; an appreciation for the mosaic of diverse opinions, understanding that this tapestry lends depth to comprehension; an emotional steadiness that responds to contrasting views with intrigue rather than defensiveness; and, most vitally, unwavering allegiance to truth, even if it demands a humbling shift in stance.

As we chart our course through the intricate maze of knowledge, flexibility becomes our compass — ensuring our navigation is nimble, receptive, and perennially aligned with the quest for profound truths. It embodies not the weakness of being effortlessly influenced but the strength to refine one’s understanding with the expanding vistas of enlightenment.

12. Patience: The Deliberate Pursuit of Depth in Thought

In our age of immediacy, patience emerges as a refreshing, even revolutionary, trait. It stands contrary to our digital landscape’s quick clicks and rapid scrolls, particularly within critical thinking. So, what makes patience so integral, especially when the world often demands immediate answers?

Patience isn’t mere waiting; it’s an intentional deep dive into the ocean of thought, providing the time and space for ideas to germinate and evolve. This considered approach offers discerning thinkers several advantages:

• Depth Over Speed: Rather than skimming the surface, patient thinkers plunge into the depths, uncovering intricacies that might be overlooked in haste.
• Minimizing Mistakes: Rushed judgments can be fraught with errors. By pondering over details, patient thinkers ensure accuracy and thoroughness.
• Comprehensive Insights: Giving thoughts time to simmer allows thinkers to view issues from multiple angles, leading to a rounded understanding.
• Balanced Emotions: Reactivity can cloud judgment. Patience acts as a stabilizing force, ensuring emotions don’t unduly sway decisions.
• Cultivating Curiosity: Patience encourages a journey led by curiosity, where every avenue of thought is explored, and nothing is taken at face value.
• Resilience in Problem-Solving: When faced with knotty challenges, it’s patience that grants thinkers the perseverance to unravel them.
• Clearer Conclusions: Giving ample time for reflection often results in sharper clarity, enabling thinkers to differentiate between the essential and the extraneous.

In a nutshell, patience is the unsung hero of critical thinking. While it may seem counterintuitive in our fast-paced world, patience often leads to the most profound and enduring insights. As thinkers navigate the vast seas of information, this virtue ensures they don’t merely paddle on the surface but dive deep, seeking pearls of wisdom that lie beneath.

13. Self-awareness: The Mirror of Mindful Thinking

Like a dance, critical thinking requires an acute awareness of every step and nuance. In this choreography of the mind, self-awareness stands out as a dancer would attune to their every movement. This isn’t just a venture into the vast expanse of external knowledge but a deep dive inward. This journey uncovers our personal biases and the underlying reasons for our beliefs. So, what makes self-awareness so crucial in our thinking processes?

When we speak of self-awareness, we refer to the introspective lens that illuminates our feelings, beliefs, and inherent biases. It acknowledges our mental processes, triggers, and innate tendencies. This depth of understanding oneself offers many benefits for those dedicated to critical thinking. For starters, it aids in identifying our intellectual blind spots. Even the most objective of us harbor biases, often unbeknownst to us. Recognizing these is the first step towards ensuring they don’t unduly skew our judgments. This self-recognition leads to enhanced objectivity. By being aware of our predispositions, we can tackle issues with a clearer, less biased mind. Furthermore, it helps regulate our emotions, ensuring that while we respect our feelings, we don’t let them cloud our analytical process.

But the journey doesn’t end there. Self-awareness fosters continuous personal and intellectual growth. It’s the driving force behind self-improvement, pushing us to refine our beliefs and actions constantly. When making decisions, an awareness of our biases can help us seek out diverse perspectives, leading to more informed and holistic choices. On a more interpersonal level, understanding ourselves sets the foundation for understanding and empathizing with others, promoting fruitful and empathetic discussions. Additionally, true authenticity in thought springs from self-awareness. It ensures our beliefs are genuine reflections of our understanding, not just molded by societal expectations or external pressures.

To sum it up, self-awareness is not just a tool but the compass for our intellectual journey. In the information age, where we’re bombarded with many opinions and perspectives, self-awareness keeps us anchored. It reminds us to challenge the vast world of external information and regularly question and understand the intricate world within us.

14. Resilience: A Pillar of Critical Thinking in the Face of Challenges

When we delve into the world of critical thinking, resilience emerges as a steadfast anchor, holding firm amidst the turbulent waves of intellectual challenges. It’s more than just a skill; it’s a driving force that empowers thinkers to transform setbacks into springboards for growth. But what role does resilience, a trait so deeply tied to enduring hardships, play in our journey of knowledge?

Resilience, at its core, champions the undeterred pursuit of knowledge. It isn’t just about the journey but an acknowledgment that this journey, filled with its twists, turns, and bumps, is replete with invaluable lessons. What sets a resilient thinker apart?

Such thinkers view failures as invaluable lessons, pivoting from potential dead-ends to deep introspection and learning. They remain staunchly committed to understanding, even when faced with perplexing complexities. Mistakes become growth opportunities, analyzed in depth to ensure they’re not repeated. Their strategy is fluid, always ready to adapt to overcome hurdles. They maintain a broad viewpoint, ensuring temporary challenges don’t detract from their objectives. Their ethos is grounded in a growth mindset, viewing challenges as avenues for intellectual expansion. Beyond this, their emotional resilience keeps them anchored, ensuring that emotional highs and lows don’t deter their quest.

In the intricate world of critical thinking, resilience acts as the binding thread, maintaining the fabric’s coherence and strength. It is a testament to a thinker’s ability to endure and flourish amidst adversity. As they navigate the dense terrains of information, theories, and hypotheses, resilience is their guiding light, reinforcing an ever-evolving quest for knowledge.

15. Humility: The Beacon of Critical Thought

In critical thinking, where myriad traits claim prominence, humility subtly commands respect. It thrives quietly in a society that often conflates boldness with brilliance, making humility’s power even more remarkable. Contrary to conventional thought, this virtue doesn’t indicate feebleness; it’s a testament to intellectual authenticity and a willingness to evolve.

At its core, humility embraces the vastness of knowledge, acknowledging our limited grasp and the infinite lessons awaiting discovery. It’s a gentle nudge, reminding thinkers that true wisdom lies in understanding the scope of what they don’t know. This humbleness in approach drives a continuous hunger for learning, prompting individuals to value varied perspectives, acknowledging that collective insights often eclipse solitary views. Such thinkers, grounded in humility, not only admit their lapses but use them as pivot points for growth.

Their authenticity in admitting errors earns them trust, facilitating enriching dialogues. Moreover, humble thinkers shield themselves against personal biases, ensuring balanced and fair decisions. Their modesty naturally attracts collaboration, fostering a spirit of shared discovery.

But perhaps most crucially, humility is the guardian of a thinker’s sincerity, emphasizing truth over ego, making the intellectual journey not a race to be right but a pursuit of genuine understanding. In an era overflowing with information, humility anchors thinkers, guiding them through the expansive oceans of knowledge, always reminding them that learning is an endless voyage and every individual a constant apprentice.

16. Holistic Thinking: The Art of Seeing Beyond the Pieces

Within the vast panorama of cognitive abilities, holistic thinking shines as a beacon, orchestrating diverse elements into a harmonized whole. This thinking style prompts us to step back and embrace the entire tableau in an era often lost in the details. Rather than merely focusing on isolated fragments, it insists on recognizing their place within the greater mosaic.

Holistic thinkers see landscapes beyond individual trees or streams; they fathom how each element contributes to the collective ecosystem. This breadth of vision equips them to discern intricate relationships, anticipate far-reaching consequences, and cultivate synergies. Such thinkers are not merely addressing the symptoms of issues but delving into their very core, crafting comprehensive solutions that consider the broader context.

Their approach is a testament to the belief that the entirety of a situation often offers insights that its parts cannot. As the modern world inundates us with fragmented information, holistic thinking stands as our guide, ensuring we navigate with a perspective that acknowledges the interwoven intricacies of our complex reality.

17. Active Listening: The Unsung Hero of Effective Communication

In today’s cacophonous world, brimming with distractions and the relentless tug for our attention, genuine communication becomes a treasure. Active listening emerges as potent and paradoxically under-recognized among the myriad communication tools.

This isn’t merely the passive receipt of words; it’s an immersion into deep engagement, empathy, and connection. At the heart of active listening is a profound recognition of words’ essence, context, and the emotions they channel. Such listening demands our full presence, sidelining any preconceptions or hurried responses.

We build trust and rapport when we actively listen, laying the foundations for more profound interactions. This form of attentive listening illuminates nuances and subtle cues, fostering an enriched understanding. It significantly reduces miscommunication, nurtures empathy, and promotes open dialogue.

Furthermore, with a more rounded grasp of various perspectives, active listeners can make better-informed decisions and absorb information deeply, enhancing learning. At its deepest level, active listening is both a skill and a gift—a profound acknowledgment that the speaker’s thoughts and feelings are valued and understood.

As it becomes increasingly challenging to focus on in our digitized age, the cultivation of active listening is a testament to the significance of true human connection. Through this art, we hear and truly connect, reminding ourselves and others of the irreplaceable power of being genuinely present.

18. Continuous Learning: Embracing the Infinite Potential of Knowledge

At the heart of human evolution lies an insatiable hunger for knowledge. This isn’t just about formal education or acquiring skills for professional pursuits; it’s about the unending journey of personal and intellectual growth. Continuous learning embodies this journey. It’s not a phase or a stage but a lifestyle choice championed by those who realize that the realms of knowledge are limitless.

The continuous learner emerges as an adaptive powerhouse in today’s rapidly evolving world, with its surging technological innovations and shifting paradigms. Such individuals aren’t merely reacting to change; they’re anticipating it, armed with fresh insights, diverse skills, and a mindset anchored in curiosity. This approach transcends professional excellence. It’s about personal fulfillment, where every new knowledge adds depth to one’s worldview, fuels creativity, and nurtures resilience. The continuous learner understands that every day offers lessons, every person they meet can be a teacher, and every challenge, while daunting, carries the seeds of growth.

Moreover, as they delve into diverse fields and platforms, they build networks, fostering professionally enriching and personally rewarding connections. The essence of continuous learning is understanding that our quest for knowledge is a journey without a final destination. In embracing this, individuals don’t just keep pace with the world; they often lead the way, charting paths into yet undiscovered territories of potential and understanding.

In Conclusion: The Symphony of the Mind

Each attribute explored in this series—humility, holistic thinking, active listening, or continuous learning—serves as a distinct note in the vast symphony of critical thinking and personal growth. Individually, they are powerful; collectively, they are transformative. In a constantly evolving world, where challenges morph, and opportunities arise in unexpected quarters, these traits empower us to navigate with clarity, empathy, and foresight.

But beyond the practical benefits, there lies a deeper truth. Our pursuit of knowledge, understanding, and growth is a testament to the indomitable human spirit. It affirms our innate curiosity, resilience, and insatiable desire to make a meaningful mark on the world.

As readers, whether you’re embarking on a personal quest for knowledge or seeking to inspire others in their journeys, remember this: The path to enlightenment isn’t a straight line but a mosaic of experiences, insights, and lessons. And every step taken with an open mind and eager heart adds a vibrant tile to this ever-expanding tapestry of understanding.

Thank you for joining us on this exploration. May you carry these insights with you, and may they illuminate your path wherever it may lead.

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• What Is Critical Thinking? | Definition & Examples

What Is Critical Thinking? | Definition & Examples

Published on May 30, 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on May 31, 2023.

Critical thinking is the ability to effectively analyze information and form a judgment .

To think critically, you must be aware of your own biases and assumptions when encountering information, and apply consistent standards when evaluating sources .

Critical thinking skills help you to:

• Identify credible sources
• Evaluate and respond to arguments
• Assess alternative viewpoints
• Test hypotheses against relevant criteria

Table of contents

Why is critical thinking important, critical thinking examples, how to think critically, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about critical thinking.

Critical thinking is important for making judgments about sources of information and forming your own arguments. It emphasizes a rational, objective, and self-aware approach that can help you to identify credible sources and strengthen your conclusions.

Critical thinking is important in all disciplines and throughout all stages of the research process . The types of evidence used in the sciences and in the humanities may differ, but critical thinking skills are relevant to both.

In academic writing , critical thinking can help you to determine whether a source:

• Is free from research bias
• Provides evidence to support its research findings
• Considers alternative viewpoints

Outside of academia, critical thinking goes hand in hand with information literacy to help you form opinions rationally and engage independently and critically with popular media.

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Critical thinking can help you to identify reliable sources of information that you can cite in your research paper . It can also guide your own research methods and inform your own arguments.

Outside of academia, critical thinking can help you to be aware of both your own and others’ biases and assumptions.

Academic examples

However, when you compare the findings of the study with other current research, you determine that the results seem improbable. You analyze the paper again, consulting the sources it cites.

You notice that the research was funded by the pharmaceutical company that created the treatment. Because of this, you view its results skeptically and determine that more independent research is necessary to confirm or refute them. Example: Poor critical thinking in an academic context You’re researching a paper on the impact wireless technology has had on developing countries that previously did not have large-scale communications infrastructure. You read an article that seems to confirm your hypothesis: the impact is mainly positive. Rather than evaluating the research methodology, you accept the findings uncritically.

Nonacademic examples

However, you decide to compare this review article with consumer reviews on a different site. You find that these reviews are not as positive. Some customers have had problems installing the alarm, and some have noted that it activates for no apparent reason.

You revisit the original review article. You notice that the words “sponsored content” appear in small print under the article title. Based on this, you conclude that the review is advertising and is therefore not an unbiased source. Example: Poor critical thinking in a nonacademic context You support a candidate in an upcoming election. You visit an online news site affiliated with their political party and read an article that criticizes their opponent. The article claims that the opponent is inexperienced in politics. You accept this without evidence, because it fits your preconceptions about the opponent.

There is no single way to think critically. How you engage with information will depend on the type of source you’re using and the information you need.

However, you can engage with sources in a systematic and critical way by asking certain questions when you encounter information. Like the CRAAP test , these questions focus on the currency , relevance , authority , accuracy , and purpose of a source of information.

When encountering information, ask:

• Who is the author? Are they an expert in their field?
• What do they say? Is their argument clear? Can you summarize it?
• When did they say this? Is the source current?
• Where is the information published? Is it an academic article? Is it peer-reviewed ?
• Why did the author publish it? What is their motivation?
• How do they make their argument? Is it backed up by evidence? Does it rely on opinion, speculation, or appeals to emotion ? Do they address alternative arguments?

Critical thinking also involves being aware of your own biases, not only those of others. When you make an argument or draw your own conclusions, you can ask similar questions about your own writing:

• Am I only considering evidence that supports my preconceptions?
• Is my argument expressed clearly and backed up with credible sources?
• Would I be convinced by this argument coming from someone else?

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• ChatGPT vs human editor
• ChatGPT citations
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
• What is ChatGPT?
• Chicago style
• Paraphrasing

 Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

Critical thinking skills include the ability to:

You can assess information and arguments critically by asking certain questions about the source. You can use the CRAAP test , focusing on the currency , relevance , authority , accuracy , and purpose of a source of information.

Ask questions such as:

• Who is the author? Are they an expert?
• How do they make their argument? Is it backed up by evidence?

A credible source should pass the CRAAP test  and follow these guidelines:

• The information should be up to date and current.
• The author and publication should be a trusted authority on the subject you are researching.
• The sources the author cited should be easy to find, clear, and unbiased.
• For a web source, the URL and layout should signify that it is trustworthy.

Information literacy refers to a broad range of skills, including the ability to find, evaluate, and use sources of information effectively.

Being information literate means that you:

• Know how to find credible sources
• Use relevant sources to inform your research
• Understand what constitutes plagiarism
• Know how to cite your sources correctly

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search, interpret, and recall information in a way that aligns with our pre-existing values, opinions, or beliefs. It refers to the ability to recollect information best when it amplifies what we already believe. Relatedly, we tend to forget information that contradicts our opinions.

Although selective recall is a component of confirmation bias, it should not be confused with recall bias.

On the other hand, recall bias refers to the differences in the ability between study participants to recall past events when self-reporting is used. This difference in accuracy or completeness of recollection is not related to beliefs or opinions. Rather, recall bias relates to other factors, such as the length of the recall period, age, and the characteristics of the disease under investigation.

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The Peak Performance Center

The pursuit of performance excellence, critical thinking.

Critical thinking refers to the process of actively analyzing, assessing, synthesizing, evaluating and reflecting on information gathered from observation, experience, or communication. It is thinking in a clear, logical, reasoned, and reflective manner to solve problems or make decisions. Basically, critical thinking is taking a hard look at something to understand what it really means.

Critical Thinkers

Critical thinkers do not simply accept all ideas, theories, and conclusions as facts. They have a mindset of questioning ideas and conclusions. They make reasoned judgments that are logical and well thought out by assessing the evidence that supports a specific theory or conclusion.

When presented with a new piece of new information, critical thinkers may ask questions such as;

“What information supports that?”

“How was this information obtained?”

“Who obtained the information?”

“How do we know the information is valid?”

“Why is it that way?”

“What makes it do that?”

“How do we know that?”

“Are there other possibilities?”

Combination of Analytical and Creative Thinking

Many people perceive critical thinking just as analytical thinking. However, critical thinking incorporates both analytical thinking and creative thinking. Critical thinking does involve breaking down information into parts and analyzing the parts in a logical, step-by-step manner. However, it also involves challenging consensus to formulate new creative ideas and generate innovative solutions. It is critical thinking that helps to evaluate and improve your creative ideas.

Elements of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves:

• Gathering relevant information
• Evaluating information
• Asking questions
• Assessing bias or unsubstantiated assumptions
• Making inferences from the information and filling in gaps
• Using abstract ideas to interpret information
• Formulating ideas
• Weighing opinions
• Reaching well-reasoned conclusions
• Considering alternative possibilities
• Testing conclusions
• Verifying if evidence/argument support the conclusions

Developing Critical Thinking Skills

Critical thinking is considered a higher order thinking skills, such as analysis, synthesis, deduction, inference, reason, and evaluation. In order to demonstrate critical thinking, you would need to develop skills in;

Interpreting : understanding the significance or meaning of information

Analyzing : breaking information down into its parts

Connecting : making connections between related items or pieces of information.

Integrating : connecting and combining information to better understand the relationship between the information.

Evaluating : judging the value, credibility, or strength of something

Reasoning : creating an argument through logical steps

Deducing : forming a logical opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available

Inferring : figuring something out through reasoning based on assumptions and ideas

Generating : producing new information, ideas, products, or ways of viewing things.

Blooms Taxonomy

Bloom’s Taxonomy Revised

Mind Mapping

Chunking Information

Brainstorming

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Brain Power

Characteristics of critical thinking (and how to think critically).

Studies show that critical thinking leads to increased creativity, enhanced work performance, and a lowering of negative life experiences. [1]

And these are just some of the benefits of critical thinking.

Aristotle said it well:

“It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.”

In this article, you will learn the characteristics of critical thinking so you can become a critical thinker.

Table of Contents

What exactly is critical thinking, recognizable signs of critical thinkers, 7 ways to master critical thinking, the bottom line, more tips for thinking smarter.

Critical thinking covers a wide variety of thought processes.

To help you understand what critical thinking is, take a look at the list below:

• Evaluating.
• Interpreting.
• Problem solving.
• Questioning.

These traits are common forms of critical thinking.

As an example, imagine that you were seeking a new job or career, and had just started to look at advertised vacancies. In order to choose the most suitable vacancies, you would spend time looking at where the jobs were based, what skills and experience were required, and how much the roles were paying.

All the above actions would be classed as critical thinking. You used analysis, evaluation and (most likely) questioning.

As a further example of critical thinking, consider the way that attorneys work. Firstly, they examine the evidence. Then, they use critical thinking in order to create a plan to win their case (or to settle out of court).

Now that you understand what critical thinking is about, I’m sure you’re curious to know how to recognize the signs of critical thinkers.

Let’s take a look…

One major giveaway of critical thinkers is the fact that they tend to be highly successful. This success can be academic, personal or professional. But you can be sure, that whenever you see people achieving big results – they’ll definitely be critical thinkers.

Here are some further signs of critical thinkers:

• They are creative, innovative individuals.
• They are fascinated by how things work.
• They get their news and views from a wide variety of sources.
• They are always asking questions.
• They have levelheaded conversations with people they disagree with.

Critical thinkers are successful in life because they are able to analyze issues from different perspectives. This allows them to come up with (and decide) on the best solutions.

If you’re failing to reach your goals in life – then you should definitely begin boosting your critical-thinking skills.

1. Learn How to Question Things

To become adept at critical thinking, you must learn to question things. This includes questioning statements from authority figures, general assumptions, and even your own beliefs. Try asking yourself these questions: “Do I believe everything I was taught at school?” “Are my beliefs really my own? “Does my government lie to me?”

2. Think for Yourself

Stop accepting everything you are told, and begin thinking for yourself. For example, a guitar teacher may have taught you how to play guitar in a certain way, but can you now improve on that way? By thinking for yourself, you’ll unleash your creativity and boost your self-confidence.

3. Evaluate Evidence

Evidence can be a great way to find answers to issues you may be experiencing. However, don’t just take evidence at face value. Instead, evaluate all evidence by asking: “Who gathered it, how was this done, and why?” These probing questions will enable you to quickly identify evidence that is sound – and evidence that you should steer clear of.

4. Become Aware of Your Personal Biases

If you’re honest with yourself, most times you probably think you’re right. While this may be the case, when making decisions, you must put aside any personal biases or beliefs. Critical thinking needs to look at different perspectives and points of view before reaching a conclusion. I know it’s hard to think outside of your personal biases, but for the sake of your success in life – you must try to do so.

5. Consider Motive

Like a great detective, you must become skilled at uncovering motive. For example, think of a time that a company offered you a free product to try. All you needed to do was give some basic personal details to them. Unfortunately, as well as receiving the free product, you rapidly became bombarded with promotional emails, letters and phone calls. In hindsight, you’ll have become aware of the company’s motive. They didn’t care about sending you a freebie – they just wanted to capture and sell on your personal information.

6. Break Big Issues into Small Pieces

Big picture thinking is all the rage nowadays, but it’s not always the best way to reach decisions. If you need to deal with a major problem such as losing your job, then you can become quickly overwhelmed by events. This stress and anxiety could lead to inaction on your part. Just what you don’t need at this vital time. Instead, break down the issue into smaller components. These might include: getting the best payout from your employer, ensuring that all your bills are covered, seeking new work opportunities. Big problems seem much less scary when you break them down into small pieces.

7. Keep It Simple

Are you familiar with a line of reasoning known as Occam’s razor? [2] In case you’re not, I’ll summarize it for you now. Occam’s razor can be described as the simplest answer is most often correct . Frequently, we look for complex answers – when the truth may be staring us right in the face. The following scenario will give you a good example of Occam’s razor in action…. A loud bang is heard inside an office that is close to a busy highway. Some staff think it may be a bomb, others suggest that it’s just a truck backfiring. I’ll let you decide which one of these is the most likely cause of the noise.

Use critical thinking every time that you need to make an important decision. People will notice the difference in your actions. And before long, you’ll be achieving more success than you ever thought was possible.

• 11 Ways to Think Outside the Box
• How To Learn Critical Thinking And Improve Brain Power
• How to Think Clearly and Become Smarter

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Critical thinking definition

Critical thinking, as described by Oxford Languages, is the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgement.

Active and skillful approach, evaluation, assessment, synthesis, and/or evaluation of information obtained from, or made by, observation, knowledge, reflection, acumen or conversation, as a guide to belief and action, requires the critical thinking process, which is why it's often used in education and academics.

Some even may view it as a backbone of modern thought.

However, it's a skill, and skills must be trained and encouraged to be used at its full potential.

People turn up to various approaches in improving their critical thinking, like:

• Developing technical and problem-solving skills
• Engaging in more active listening
• Actively questioning their assumptions and beliefs
• Seeking out more diversity of thought
• Opening up their curiosity in an intellectual way etc.

Is critical thinking useful in writing?

Critical thinking can help in planning your paper and making it more concise, but it's not obvious at first. We carefully pinpointed some the questions you should ask yourself when boosting critical thinking in writing:

• What information should be included?
• Which information resources should the author look to?
• What degree of technical knowledge should the report assume its audience has?
• What is the most effective way to show information?
• How should the report be organized?
• How should it be designed?
• What tone and level of language difficulty should the document have?

Usage of critical thinking comes down not only to the outline of your paper, it also begs the question: How can we use critical thinking solving problems in our writing's topic?

Let's say, you have a Powerpoint on how critical thinking can reduce poverty in the United States. You'll primarily have to define critical thinking for the viewers, as well as use a lot of critical thinking questions and synonyms to get them to be familiar with your methods and start the thinking process behind it.

Are there any services that can help me use more critical thinking?

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16 Characteristics of Critical Thinkers Intuition is trustworthy after you have probed deeper to gain information and insight.

By Deep Patel Edited by Dan Bova Oct 19, 2018

Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.

Albert Einstein, Henry Ford, Marie Curie, Sigmund Freud…these are just a few of the critical thinkers who have shaped our modern lives. Critical thinkers think clearly and rationally, and make logical connections between ideas -- they are crucial to exploring and understanding the world we live in.

Critical thinking is more than just the accumulation of facts and knowledge; it's a way of approaching whatever is presently occupying your mind so that you come to the best possible conclusion. Critical thinkers are focused on constantly upgrading their knowledge, and they engage in independent self-learning. They make some of the best leaders , because they can reach new planes of self-improvement and self-actualization.

If you're hoping to reach your full potential and make your mark on the world, cultivate the following 16 characteristics of critical thinkers.

1. Observation

Observation is one of the earliest critical thinking skills we learn as children -- it's our ability to perceive and understand the world around us. Careful observation includes our ability to document details, and to collect data through our senses. Our observations will eventually lead to insight and a deeper understanding of the world.

Related: 4 Eating Habit Changes That Can Boost Your Critical Thinking

2. Curiosity

Curiosity is a core trait of many successful leaders. Being inherently inquisitive and interested in the world and people around you is a hallmark of leaders who are critical thinkers. Instead of taking everything at face value, a curious person will wonder why something is the way it is.

As we get older, it's easier to put aside what may seem like childish curiosity. Curiosity forces you to keep an open mind and propels you to gain deeper knowledge -- all of which are also fundamental to being a lifelong learner.

3. Objectivity

Good critical thinkers are able to stay as objective as possible when looking at information or a situation. They focus on facts, and on the scientific evaluation of the information at hand. Objective thinkers seek to keep their emotions (and those of others) from affecting their judgment.

However, it's impossible for people to remain completely objective, because we're all shaped by our points of view, our life experiences and our perspectives. Being aware of our biases is the first step to being objective and looking at an issue dispassionately. Once you're able to remove yourself from the situation, you can more thoroughly analyze it.

Related: Use This Simple Math Problem to Kick Critical Thinking Into High Gear

4. Introspection

This is the art of being aware of your thinking -- or, to put it another way, thinking about how you think about things. Critical thinkers need introspection so they're aware of their own degree of alertness and attentiveness, as well as their biases. This is your ability to examine your inner-most thoughts, feelings and sensations. Introspection is closely related to self-reflection, which gives you insight into your emotional and mental state.

5. Analytical thinking

The best analytical thinkers are also critical thinkers, and vice versa. The ability to analyze information is key when looking at any almost anything, whether it is a contract, report, business model or even a relationship.

Analyzing information means to break information down to its component parts and evaluate how well those parts function together and separately. Analysis relies on observation; on gathering and evaluating evidence so you can come to a meaningful conclusion. Analytical thinking begins with objectivity.

6. Identifying biases

Critical thinkers challenge themselves to identify the evidence that forms their beliefs and assess whether or not those sources are credible. Doing this helps you understand your own biases and question your preconceived notions.

This is an important step in becoming aware of how biases intrude on your thinking and recognizing when information may be skewed. When looking at information, ask yourself who the information benefits. Does the source of this information have an agenda? Does the source overlook or leave out information that doesn't support its claims or beliefs?

Related: Most Grads Say College Taught Them Few Critical Thinking Skills

7. Determining relevance

One of the most difficult parts of thinking critically is figuring out what information is the most relevant, meaningful and important for your consideration. In many scenarios, you'll be presented with information that may seem valuable, but it may turn out to be only a minor data point to consider.

Consider if a source of information is logically relevant to the issue being discussed. Is it truly useful and unbiased, or it is it merely distracting from a more pertinent point?

8. Inference

Information doesn't always come with a summary that spells out exactly what it means. Critical thinkers need to assess the information and draw conclusions based on raw data. Inference is the ability to extrapolate meaning from data and discover potential outcomes when assessing a scenario.

It is also important to understand the difference between inference and assumptions . For example, if you see data that someone weighs 260 pounds, you might assume they are overweight or unhealthy. However, other data points like height and body composition may alter that conclusion.

Related: 6 Obstacles to Creative Thinking and How to Overcome Them

9. Compassion and empathy.

Having compassion and empathy may seem like a negative for critical thinkers. After all, being sentimental and emotional can skew our perception of a situation. But the point of having compassion is to have concern for others and to value the welfare of other people.

Without compassion, we would view all information and situations from the viewpoint of cold, heartless scientific facts and data. It would be easy to allow our cynicism to become toxic, and to be suspicious of everything we look at. But to be a good critical thinker, we must always take into account the human element. Not everything we do is about detached data and information -- it's also about people.

10. Humility

Humility is the willingness to acknowledge one's shortcomings and see one's positive attributes in an accurate way. When you have humility, you are aware of your flaws, but also your strengths, and this is an important element in critical thinking and being willing to stretch and open your mind.

When you have intellectual humility , you're open to other people's viewpoints, you recognize when you're wrong and you're willing to challenge your own beliefs when necessary.

11. Willing to challenge the status quo.

Critical thinking means questioning long-established business practices and refusing to adhere to traditional methods simply because that's the way it's always been done. Critical thinkers are looking for smart, thoughtful answers and methods that take into account all the current and relevant information and practices available. Their willingness to challenge the status quo may seem controversial, but it's an essential part of the creative and innovative mind of a critical thinker.

12. Open-mindedness

Being able to step back from a situation and not become embroiled helps critical thinkers see the broader view. Critical thinkers avoid launching into a frenzied argument or taking sides -- they want to hear all perspectives. Critical thinkers don't jump to conclusions. They approach a question or situation with an open mind and embrace other opinions and views.

13. Aware of common thinking errors.

Critical thinkers don't allow their logic and reasoning to become clouded by illusions and misconceptions. They are aware of common logical fallacies , which are errors in reasoning that often creep into arguments and debates. Some common errors in thinking include:

Circular reasoning, in which the premise of an argument or a conclusion is used as support for the argument itself.

Cognitive shortcut bias, in which you stubbornly stick to a favored view or argument when other more effective possibilities or explanations exist.

Confusing correlation with causation. In other words, asserting that when two things happen together, one causes the other. Without direct evidence, this assumption isn't justified.

14. Creative thinking

Effective critical thinkers are also largely creative thinkers . Creative thinkers reject standardized formats for problem solving -- they think outside the box. They have a wide range of interests and adopt multiple perspectives on a problem. They're also open to experimenting with different methods and considering different viewpoints.

The biggest difference between critical thinkers and creative thinkers is that creativity is associated with generating ideas, while critical thinking is associated with analyzing and appraising those ideas. Creativity is important to bringing in novel ideas; critical thinking can bring those ideas into clearer focus.

15. Effective communicators

In many cases, problems with communication are based on an inability to think critically about a situation or see it from different perspectives. Effective communication starts with a clear thought process.

Critical thinking is the tool we use to coherently build our thoughts and express them. Critical thinking relies on following another person's thought process and line of reasoning. An effective critical thinker must be able to relay his or her ideas in a compelling way and then absorb the responses of others.

16. Active listeners

Critical thinkers don't just want to get their point across to others; they are also careful to engage in active listening and really hear others' points of view. Instead of being a passive listener during a conversation or discussion, they actively try to participate.

They ask questions to help them distinguish facts from assumptions. They gather information and seek to gain insight by asking open-ended questions that probe deeper into the issue.

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Defining Critical Thinking

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3 Fundamental aspects of critical thinking

Despite the differences emanating from these schools of thought, there is agreement on some fundamental facets of critical thinking, most of which recognise the various behaviours and/or dispositions that a critical thinker must possess.

• analysing arguments, claims or evidence
• judging or evaluating based on evidence
• making inferences using inductive or deductive reasoning
• making decisions and/or solving problems through reasoning.

Dispositions:

• open-mindedness
• searcher of truth
• inquisition
• fair and balanced view of one’s work and that of others.

Activity 3 Qualities and attributes associated with a ‘critical thinker’

Pause briefly here to reflect further on this.

What qualities or attributes come to mind when you consider someone to be a ‘critical thinker’?

Note down your thoughts; you may find it helpful to list these.

Here are a few thoughts. This is not meant to be the ‘definitive’ answer, but we want you to consider and reflect on some of these points. A critical thinker would typically avoid jumping to conclusions. They would seek to deepen their own understanding, analyse experience gained from different angles, look at the reasons for and consequences of their own actions, seek clarity and evidence to support their assumptions and beliefs, make use of theory, research and professional knowledge and the insights gained to make informed judgements, decisions and plans for the future.

Someone who is engaged in ‘critical thinking’ could be considered to be:

• self-aware (and emotionally aware)
• open to others’ ideas (does not automatically assume that own knowledge and experience is typical of others’)
• imaginative and showing curiosity
• enquiring (asks pertinent questions)
• empathetic (able to understand another’s point of view)
• able to accept praise and constructive criticism
• able to think ‘laterally’
• able to troubleshoot and solve problems (seeks new solutions)
• able to challenge their own assumptions, beliefs and opinions
• able to see things from different perspectives
• able to distinguish between facts and opinions
• able to evaluate statements and arguments.

How many of these matched your own thoughts? Were there other qualities that you noted?

Another aspect of critical thinking we haven’t mentioned yet is, of course, one’s knowledge of the subject matter. A well-informed researcher or practitioner is always in a good position to offer better insights on the subject matter from an informed position. Bailin et al. (1999), for example, posit that domain-specific knowledge is indispensable in academic critique because the kinds of analysis, evaluation and the use of evidence often vary from discipline to discipline. However, it is important to emphasise that critical thinking and analysis is not simply related to subject knowledge. At postgraduate level the expectations are much higher. You will be required to engage in greater depth with a range of literature, as well as methodologies and approaches used in a variety of research. Now, whilst expectation may vary across disciplines, the fundamentals remain the same.

Activity 4 Reflecting on your understanding and perceptions of critical thinking

Return to your notes from Activity 1 (in this session) and consider the following questions:

• To what extent do you think the activities you listed involved critical thinking and/or analysis?
• Has your perception of what constitutes critical thinking shifted in any way?
• If it has, can you explain why?
• If not, which ‘school of thought’ does your understanding align with, and why?

3 Core Critical Thinking Skills Every Thinker Should Have

Critically thinking about critical thinking skills..

Posted March 13, 2020 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

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I recently received an email from an educator friend, asking me to briefly describe the skills necessary for critical thinking. They were happy to fill in the blanks themselves from outside reading but wanted to know what specific skills they should focus on teaching their students. I took this as a good opportunity to dedicate a post here to such discussion, in order to provide my friend and any other interested parties with an overview.

To understand critical thinking skills and how they factor into critical thinking, one first needs a definition of the latter. Critical thinking (CT) is a metacognitive process, consisting of a number of skills and dispositions, that when used through self-regulatory reflective judgment, increases the chances of producing a logical conclusion to an argument or solution to a problem (Dwyer, 2017; Dwyer, Hogan & Stewart, 2014). On the surface, this definition clarifies two issues. First, critical thinking is metacognitive—simply, it requires the individual to think about thinking; second, its main components are reflective judgment, dispositions, and skills.

Below the surface, this description requires clarification; hence the impetus for this entry—what is meant by reflective judgment, disposition towards CT, and CT skills? Reflective judgment (i.e. an individuals' understanding of the nature, limits, and certainty of knowing and how this can affect their judgments [King & Kitchener, 1994]) and disposition towards CT (i.e. an inclination, tendency or willingness to perform a given thinking skill [Dwyer, 2017; Facione, Facione & Giancarlo, 1997; Ku, 2009; Norris, 1992; Siegel, 1999; Valenzuela, Nieto & Saiz, 2011]) have both already been covered in my posts; so, consistent with the aim of this piece, let’s discuss CT skills.

CT skills allow individuals to transcend lower-order, memorization-based learning strategies to gain a more complex understanding of the information or problems they encounter (Halpern, 2014). Though debate is ongoing over the definition of CT, one list stands out as a reasonable consensus conceptualization of CT skills. In 1988, a committee of 46 experts in the field of CT gathered to discuss CT conceptualisations, resulting in the Delphi Report; within which was overwhelmingly agreement (i.e. 95% consensus) that analysis , evaluation and inference were the core skills necessary for CT (Facione, 1990). Indeed, over 30 years later, these three CT skills remain the most commonly cited.

1. Analysis

Analysis is a core CT skill used to identify and examine the structure of an argument, the propositions within an argument and the role they play (e.g. the main conclusion, the premises and reasons provided to support the conclusion, objections to the conclusion and inferential relationships among propositions), as well as the sources of the propositions (e.g. personal experience, common belief, and research).

When it comes to analysing the basis for a standpoint, the structure of the argument can be extracted for subsequent evaluation (e.g. from dialogue and text). This can be accomplished through looking for propositions that either support or refute the central claim or other reasons and objections. Through analysis, the argument’s hierarchical structure begins to appear. Notably, argument mapping can aid the visual representation of this hierarchical structure and is supported by research as having positive effects on critical thinking (Butchart et al., 2009; Dwyer, 2011; Dwyer, Hogan & Stewart, 2012; van Gelder, Bisset & Cumming, 2004).

2. Evaluation

Evaluation is a core CT skill that is used in the assessment of propositions and claims (identified through the previous analysis ) with respect to their credibility; relevance; balance, bias (and potential omissions); as well as the logical strength amongst propositions (i.e. the strength of the inferential relationships). Such assessment allows for informed judgment regarding the overall strength or weakness of an argument (Dwyer, 2017; Facione, 1990). If an argument (or its propositions) is not credible, relevant, logical, and unbiased, you should consider excluding it or discussing its weaknesses as an objection.

Evaluating the credibility of claims and arguments involves progressing beyond merely identifying the source of propositions in an argument, to actually examining the "trustworthiness" of those identified sources (e.g. personal experiences, common beliefs/opinions, expert/authority opinion and scientific evidence). This is particularly important because some sources are more credible than others. Evaluation also implies deep consideration of the relevance of claims within an argument, which is accomplished by assessing the contextual relevance of claims and premises—that is, the pertinence or applicability of one proposition to another.

With respect to balance, bias (and potential omissions), it's important to consider the "slant" of an argument—if it seems imbalanced in favour of one line of thinking, then it’s quite possible that the argument has omitted key, opposing points that should also be considered. Imbalance may also imply some level of bias in the argument—another factor that should also be assessed.

However, just because an argument is balanced does not mean that it isn’t biased. It may very well be the case that the "opposing views" presented have been "cherry-picked" because they are easily disputed (akin to building a strawman ); thus, making supporting reasons appear stronger than they may actually be—and this is just one example of how a balanced argument may, in fact, be biased. The take-home message regarding balance, bias, and potential omissions should be that, in any argument, you should construct an understanding of the author or speaker’s motivations and consider how these might influence the structure and contents of the argument.

Finally, evaluating the logical strength of an argument is accomplished through monitoring both the logical relationships amongst propositions and the claims they infer. Assessment of logical strength can actually be aided through subsequent inference, as a means of double-checking the logical strength. For example, this can be checked by asking whether or not a particular proposition can actually be inferred based on the propositions that precede it. A useful means of developing this sub-skill is through practicing syllogistic reasoning .

3. Inference

Similar to other educational concepts like synthesis (e.g., see Bloom et al., 1956; Dwyer, 2011; 2017), the final core CT skill, inference , involves the “gathering” of credible, relevant and logical evidence based on the previous analysis and evaluation, for the purpose of drawing a reasonable conclusion (Dwyer, 2017; Facione, 1990). Drawing a conclusion always implies some act of synthesis (i.e. the ability to put parts of information together to form a new whole; see Dwyer, 2011). However, inference is a unique form of synthesis in that it involves the formulation of a set of conclusions derived from a series of arguments or a body of evidence. This inference may imply accepting a conclusion pointed to by an author in light of the evidence they present, or "conjecturing an alternative," equally logical, conclusion or argument based on the available evidence (Facione, 1990). The ability to infer a conclusion in this manner can be completed through formal logic strategies, informal logic strategies (or both) in order to derive intermediate conclusions, as well as central claims.

Another important aspect of inference involves the querying of available evidence, for example, by recognising the need for additional information, gathering it and judging the plausibility of utilising such information for the purpose of drawing a conclusion. Notably, in the context of querying evidence and conjecturing alternative conclusions, inference overlaps with evaluation to a certain degree in that both skills are used to judge the relevance and acceptability of a claim or argument. Furthermore, after inferring a conclusion, the resulting argument should be re-evaluated to ensure that it is reasonable to draw the conclusion that was derived.

Overall, the application of critical thinking skills is a process—one must analyse, evaluate and then infer; and this process can be repeated to ensure that a reasonable conclusion has been drawn. In an effort to simplify the description of this process, for the past few years, I’ve used the analogy of picking apples for baking . We begin by picking apples from a tree. Consider the tree as an analogy, in its own right, for an argument, which is often hierarchically structured like a tree-diagram. By picking apples, I mean identifying propositions and the role they play (i.e. analysis). Once we pick an apple, we evaluate it—we make sure it isn’t rotten (i.e. lacks credibility, is biased) and is suitable for baking (i.e. relevant and logically strong). Finally, we infer— we gather the apples in a basket and bring them home and group them together based on some rationale for construction— maybe four for a pie, three for a crumble and another four for a tart. By the end of the process, we have baked some apple-based goods, or developed a conclusion, solution or decision through critical thinking.

Of course, there is more to critical thinking than the application of skills—a critical thinker must also have the disposition to think critically and engage reflective judgment. However, without the appropriate skills—analysis, evaluation, and inference, it is not likely that CT will be applied. For example, though one might be willing to use CT skills and engage reflective judgment, they may not know how to do so. Conversely, though one might be aware of which CT skills to use in a given context and may have the capacity to perform well when using these skills, they may not be disposed to use them (Valenzuela, Nieto & Saiz, 2011). Though the core CT skills of analysis, evaluation, and inference are not the only important aspects of CT, they are essential for its application.

Bloom, B.S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook 1: Cognitive domain. New York: McKay.

Butchart, S., Bigelow, J., Oppy, G., Korb, K., & Gold, I. (2009). Improving critical thinking using web-based argument mapping exercises with automated feedback. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 25, 2, 268-291.

Dwyer, C.P. (2011). The evaluation of argument mapping as a learning tool. Doctoral Thesis. National University of Ireland, Galway.

Dwyer, C.P. (2017). Critical thinking: Conceptual perspectives and practical guidelines.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Dwyer, C.P., Hogan, M.J., & Stewart, I. (2012). An evaluation of argument mapping as a method of enhancing critical thinking performance in e-learning environments. Metacognition and Learning, 7, 219-244.

Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills & Creativity, 12, 43–52.

Facione, P.A. (1990). The Delphi report: Committee on pre-college philosophy. Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press.

Facione, P.A., Facione, N.C., & Giancarlo, C.A. (1997). Setting expectations for student learning: New directions for higher education. Millbrae: California Academic Press.

Halpern, D.F. (2014). Thought & knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking (5th Ed.). UK: Psychology Press.

King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment: Understanding and promoting intellectual growth and critical thinking in adolescents and adults. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Ku, K.Y.L. (2009). Assessing students’ critical thinking performance: Urging for measurements using multi-response format. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4, 1, 70- 76.

Norris, S. P. (Ed.). (1992). The generalizability of critical thinking: Multiple perspectives on an educational ideal. New York: Teachers College Press.

Siegel, H. (1999). What (good) are thinking dispositions? Educational Theory, 49, 2, 207-221.

Valenzuela, J., Nieto, A.M., & Saiz, C. (2011). Critical thinking motivational scale: A contribution to the study of relationship between critical thinking and motivation. Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9, 2, 823-848.

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Christopher Dwyer, Ph.D., is a lecturer at the Technological University of the Shannon in Athlone, Ireland.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive exploration of diagnosis experience in saudi women.

1. Introduction

1.1. aim of the study, 1.2. research questions.

• What is the typical duration between the onset of symptoms and receiving a PCOS diagnosis among women in Saudi Arabia?
• How adequate is the information provided to women at the time of their PCOS diagnosis, and what are the common information gaps?
• What factors influence the satisfaction levels of women with their PCOS diagnosis experience?

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. study design, 2.2. sample and sampling technique, 2.2.1. sample, 2.2.2. sampling technique, 2.3. data collection tool, 2.3.1. development of the questionnaire, 2.3.2. structure of the questionnaire.

• Sociodemographic Data: ○ This section included questions on age, age at menarche, gender, weight, height, nationality, current residency, marital status, highest educational level, occupational status, household income (HHI), and comorbidities. These questions aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the participants’ backgrounds and to identify any sociodemographic factors that might influence their diagnostic experiences and satisfaction levels.
• PCOS Diagnosis Experience and Satisfaction: ○ This section focused on assessing the participants’ experiences with the PCOS diagnosis process and their satisfaction with the information and support they received. It included 14 questions adapted from a previously validated questionnaire. The questions covered various aspects of the diagnostic process, including the following: ▪ Time from symptom onset to seeking medical attention. ▪ Time from seeking medical attention to receiving a PCOS diagnosis. ▪ Number of visits to health professionals before diagnosis. ▪ Manner in which the diagnosis was conveyed. ▪ Adequacy of the information provided about PCOS, its management, and potential complications. ▪ Emotional support and counseling received after diagnosis. ▪ Overall satisfaction with the diagnostic experience.

2.4. Translation and Validation

2.5. data collection procedure, 2.6. ethical considerations, 2.7. statistical analysis, 4. discussion, 4.1. diagnostic timeline and process, 4.2. information provision and patient satisfaction, 4.3. factors influencing patient satisfaction, 4.4. infertility and pcos, 4.5. regional and healthcare system implications, 4.6. limitations and future research directions, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Alqntash, N.; AlZabin, A.; Almajed, E.; Alotaibi, K.; Alhindi, G.; Ali, S.I.; Bakhsh, H. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Exploration of Diagnosis Experience in Saudi Women. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 5305. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175305

Alqntash N, AlZabin A, Almajed E, Alotaibi K, Alhindi G, Ali SI, Bakhsh H. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Exploration of Diagnosis Experience in Saudi Women. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(17):5305. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175305

Alqntash, Norah, Alya AlZabin, Ebtesam Almajed, Kayan Alotaibi, Ghada Alhindi, Sayed Ibrahim Ali, and Hanadi Bakhsh. 2024. "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Exploration of Diagnosis Experience in Saudi Women" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5305. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175305

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