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Mahatma Gandhi

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 6, 2019 | Original: July 30, 2010

Revered the world over for his nonviolent philosophy of passive resistance, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was known to his many followers as Mahatma, or “the great-souled one.” He began his activism as an Indian immigrant in South Africa in the early 1900s, and in the years following World War I became the leading figure in India’s struggle to gain independence from Great Britain. Known for his ascetic lifestyle–he often dressed only in a loincloth and shawl–and devout Hindu faith, Gandhi was imprisoned several times during his pursuit of non-cooperation, and undertook a number of hunger strikes to protest the oppression of India’s poorest classes, among other injustices. After Partition in 1947, he continued to work toward peace between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was shot to death in Delhi in January 1948 by a Hindu fundamentalist.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, in the present-day Indian state of Gujarat. His father was the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar; his deeply religious mother was a devoted practitioner of Vaishnavism (worship of the Hindu god Vishnu), influenced by Jainism, an ascetic religion governed by tenets of self-discipline and nonviolence. At the age of 19, Mohandas left home to study law in London at the Inner Temple, one of the city’s four law colleges. Upon returning to India in mid-1891, he set up a law practice in Bombay, but met with little success. He soon accepted a position with an Indian firm that sent him to its office in South Africa. Along with his wife, Kasturbai, and their children, Gandhi remained in South Africa for nearly 20 years.

Did you know? In the famous Salt March of April-May 1930, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from Ahmadabad to the Arabian Sea. The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself.

Gandhi was appalled by the discrimination he experienced as an Indian immigrant in South Africa. When a European magistrate in Durban asked him to take off his turban, he refused and left the courtroom. On a train voyage to Pretoria, he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and beaten up by a white stagecoach driver after refusing to give up his seat for a European passenger. That train journey served as a turning point for Gandhi, and he soon began developing and teaching the concept of satyagraha (“truth and firmness”), or passive resistance, as a way of non-cooperation with authorities.

The Birth of Passive Resistance

In 1906, after the Transvaal government passed an ordinance regarding the registration of its Indian population, Gandhi led a campaign of civil disobedience that would last for the next eight years. During its final phase in 1913, hundreds of Indians living in South Africa, including women, went to jail, and thousands of striking Indian miners were imprisoned, flogged and even shot. Finally, under pressure from the British and Indian governments, the government of South Africa accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts, which included important concessions such as the recognition of Indian marriages and the abolition of the existing poll tax for Indians.

In July 1914, Gandhi left South Africa to return to India. He supported the British war effort in World War I but remained critical of colonial authorities for measures he felt were unjust. In 1919, Gandhi launched an organized campaign of passive resistance in response to Parliament’s passage of the Rowlatt Acts, which gave colonial authorities emergency powers to suppress subversive activities. He backed off after violence broke out–including the massacre by British-led soldiers of some 400 Indians attending a meeting at Amritsar–but only temporarily, and by 1920 he was the most visible figure in the movement for Indian independence.

6 Things You Might Not Know About Gandhi

The iconic Indian activist, known for his principle of nonviolent resistance, had humble beginnings and left an outsized legacy.

When Gandhi’s Salt March Rattled British Colonial Rule

In March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi and his followers set off on a brisk 241‑mile march to the Arabian Sea town of Dandi to lay Indian claim to the nation's own salt.

Assassination of Gandhi

Passive Resistance For some 50 years, Gandhi, born on October 2, 1869, and called “Mahatma” (“great‑souled” in Sanskrit), fought for India’s independence from Britain, practicing civil disobedience and peaceful protests that included fasting, boycotts and marches. He was an adherent of satyagraha (“truth‑force”), a passive political resistance he defined as “a weapon of the strongest […]

Leader of a Movement

As part of his nonviolent non-cooperation campaign for home rule, Gandhi stressed the importance of economic independence for India. He particularly advocated the manufacture of khaddar, or homespun cloth, in order to replace imported textiles from Britain. Gandhi’s eloquence and embrace of an ascetic lifestyle based on prayer, fasting and meditation earned him the reverence of his followers, who called him Mahatma (Sanskrit for “the great-souled one”). Invested with all the authority of the Indian National Congress (INC or Congress Party), Gandhi turned the independence movement into a massive organization, leading boycotts of British manufacturers and institutions representing British influence in India, including legislatures and schools.

After sporadic violence broke out, Gandhi announced the end of the resistance movement, to the dismay of his followers. British authorities arrested Gandhi in March 1922 and tried him for sedition; he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released in 1924 after undergoing an operation for appendicitis. He refrained from active participation in politics for the next several years, but in 1930 launched a new civil disobedience campaign against the colonial government’s tax on salt, which greatly affected Indian’s poorest citizens.

A Divided Movement

In 1931, after British authorities made some concessions, Gandhi again called off the resistance movement and agreed to represent the Congress Party at the Round Table Conference in London. Meanwhile, some of his party colleagues–particularly Mohammed Ali Jinnah, a leading voice for India’s Muslim minority–grew frustrated with Gandhi’s methods, and what they saw as a lack of concrete gains. Arrested upon his return by a newly aggressive colonial government, Gandhi began a series of hunger strikes in protest of the treatment of India’s so-called “untouchables” (the poorer classes), whom he renamed Harijans, or “children of God.” The fasting caused an uproar among his followers and resulted in swift reforms by the Hindu community and the government.

In 1934, Gandhi announced his retirement from politics in, as well as his resignation from the Congress Party, in order to concentrate his efforts on working within rural communities. Drawn back into the political fray by the outbreak of World War II , Gandhi again took control of the INC, demanding a British withdrawal from India in return for Indian cooperation with the war effort. Instead, British forces imprisoned the entire Congress leadership, bringing Anglo-Indian relations to a new low point.

Partition and Death of Gandhi

After the Labor Party took power in Britain in 1947, negotiations over Indian home rule began between the British, the Congress Party and the Muslim League (now led by Jinnah). Later that year, Britain granted India its independence but split the country into two dominions: India and Pakistan. Gandhi strongly opposed Partition, but he agreed to it in hopes that after independence Hindus and Muslims could achieve peace internally. Amid the massive riots that followed Partition, Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to live peacefully together, and undertook a hunger strike until riots in Calcutta ceased.

In January 1948, Gandhi carried out yet another fast, this time to bring about peace in the city of Delhi. On January 30, 12 days after that fast ended, Gandhi was on his way to an evening prayer meeting in Delhi when he was shot to death by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic enraged by Mahatma’s efforts to negotiate with Jinnah and other Muslims. The next day, roughly 1 million people followed the procession as Gandhi’s body was carried in state through the streets of the city and cremated on the banks of the holy Jumna River.

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Biography Online

Mahatma Gandhi Biography

Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent Indian political leader who was a leading figure in the campaign for Indian independence. He employed non-violent principles and peaceful disobedience as a means to achieve his goal. He was assassinated in 1948, shortly after achieving his life goal of Indian independence. In India, he is known as ‘Father of the Nation’.

“When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it–always.”

Short Biography of Mahatma Gandhi

Around this time, he also studied the Bible and was struck by the teachings of Jesus Christ  – especially the emphasis on humility and forgiveness. He remained committed to the Bible and Bhagavad Gita throughout his life, though he was critical of aspects of both religions.

Gandhi in South Africa

On completing his degree in Law, Gandhi returned to India, where he was soon sent to South Africa to practise law. In South Africa, Gandhi was struck by the level of racial discrimination and injustice often experienced by Indians. In 1893, he was thrown off a train at the railway station in Pietermaritzburg after a white man complained about Gandhi travelling in first class. This experience was a pivotal moment for Gandhi and he began to represent other Indias who experienced discrimination. As a lawyer he was in high demand and soon he became the unofficial leader for Indians in South Africa. It was in South Africa that Gandhi first experimented with campaigns of civil disobedience and protest; he called his non-violent protests satyagraha . Despite being imprisoned for short periods of time, he also supported the British under certain conditions. During the Boer war, he served as a medic and stretcher-bearer. He felt that by doing his patriotic duty it would make the government more amenable to demands for fair treatment. Gandhi was at the Battle of Spion serving as a medic. An interesting historical anecdote, is that at this battle was also Winston Churchill and Louis Botha (future head of South Africa) He was decorated by the British for his efforts during the Boer War and Zulu rebellion.

Gandhi and Indian Independence

After 21 years in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement campaigning for home rule or Swaraj .

Gandhi also encouraged his followers to practise inner discipline to get ready for independence. Gandhi said the Indians had to prove they were deserving of independence. This is in contrast to independence leaders such as Aurobindo Ghose , who argued that Indian independence was not about whether India would offer better or worse government, but that it was the right for India to have self-government.

Gandhi also clashed with others in the Indian independence movement such as Subhas Chandra Bose who advocated direct action to overthrow the British.

Gandhi frequently called off strikes and non-violent protest if he heard people were rioting or violence was involved.

In 1930, Gandhi led a famous march to the sea in protest at the new Salt Acts. In the sea, they made their own salt, in violation of British regulations. Many hundreds were arrested and Indian jails were full of Indian independence followers.

“With this I’m shaking the foundations of the British Empire.”

– Gandhi – after holding up a cup of salt at the end of the salt march.

However, whilst the campaign was at its peak some Indian protesters killed some British civilians, and as a result, Gandhi called off the independence movement saying that India was not ready. This broke the heart of many Indians committed to independence. It led to radicals like Bhagat Singh carrying on the campaign for independence, which was particularly strong in Bengal.

In 1931, Gandhi was invited to London to begin talks with the British government on greater self-government for India, but remaining a British colony. During his three month stay, he declined the government’s offer of a free hotel room, preferring to stay with the poor in the East End of London. During the talks, Gandhi opposed the British suggestions of dividing India along communal lines as he felt this would divide a nation which was ethnically mixed. However, at the summit, the British also invited other leaders of India, such as BR Ambedkar and representatives of the Sikhs and Muslims. Although the dominant personality of Indian independence, he could not always speak for the entire nation.

Gandhi’s humour and wit

During this trip, he visited King George in Buckingham Palace, one apocryphal story which illustrates Gandhi’s wit was the question by the king – what do you think of Western civilisation? To which Gandhi replied

“It would be a good idea.”

Gandhi wore a traditional Indian dress, even whilst visiting the king. It led Winston Churchill to make the disparaging remark about the half naked fakir. When Gandhi was asked if was sufficiently dressed to meet the king, Gandhi replied

“The king was wearing clothes enough for both of us.”

Gandhi once said he if did not have a sense of humour he would have committed suicide along time ago.

Gandhi and the Partition of India

After the war, Britain indicated that they would give India independence. However, with the support of the Muslims led by Jinnah, the British planned to partition India into two: India and Pakistan. Ideologically Gandhi was opposed to partition. He worked vigorously to show that Muslims and Hindus could live together peacefully. At his prayer meetings, Muslim prayers were read out alongside Hindu and Christian prayers. However, Gandhi agreed to the partition and spent the day of Independence in prayer mourning the partition. Even Gandhi’s fasts and appeals were insufficient to prevent the wave of sectarian violence and killing that followed the partition.

Away from the politics of Indian independence, Gandhi was harshly critical of the Hindu Caste system. In particular, he inveighed against the ‘untouchable’ caste, who were treated abysmally by society. He launched many campaigns to change the status of untouchables. Although his campaigns were met with much resistance, they did go a long way to changing century-old prejudices.

At the age of 78, Gandhi undertook another fast to try and prevent the sectarian killing. After 5 days, the leaders agreed to stop killing. But ten days later Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu Brahmin opposed to Gandhi’s support for Muslims and the untouchables.

Gandhi and Religion

Gandhi was a seeker of the truth.

“In the attitude of silence the soul finds the path in a clearer light, and what is elusive and deceptive resolves itself into crystal clearness. Our life is a long and arduous quest after Truth.”

Gandhi said his great aim in life was to have a vision of God. He sought to worship God and promote religious understanding. He sought inspiration from many different religions: Jainism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and incorporated them into his own philosophy.

On several occasions, he used religious practices and fasting as part of his political approach. Gandhi felt that personal example could influence public opinion.

“When every hope is gone, ‘when helpers fail and comforts flee,’ I find that help arrives somehow, from I know not where. Supplication, worship, prayer are no superstition; they are acts more real than the acts of eating, drinking, sitting or walking. It is no exaggeration to say that they alone are real, all else is unreal.”

– Gandhi Autobiography – The Story of My Experiments with Truth

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan . “ Biography of Mahatma Gandhi” , Oxford, UK.  www.biographyonline.net 12th Jan 2011. Last updated 1 Feb 2020.

The Essential Gandhi

The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas at Amazon

Gandhi: An Autobiography – The Story of My Experiments With Truth at Amazon

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He stood out in his time in history. Non violence as he practised it was part of his spiritual learning usedvas a political tool. How can one say he wasn’t a good lawyer or he wasn’t a good leader when he had such a following and he was part of the negotiations thar brought about Indian Independance? I just dipped into this ti find out about the salt march.:)

• February 09, 2019 9:31 AM
• By Lakmali Gunawardena

mahatma gandhi was a good person but he wasn’t all good because when he freed the indian empire the partition grew between the muslims and they fought .this didn’t happen much when the british empire was in control because muslims and hindus had a common enemy to unite against.

I am not saying the british empire was a good thing.

• January 01, 2019 3:24 PM
• By marcus carpenter

Dear very nice information Gandhi ji always inspired us thanks a lot.

• October 01, 2018 1:40 PM

FATHER OF NATION

• June 03, 2018 8:34 AM

Gandhi was a lawyer who did not make a good impression as a lawyer. His success and influence was mediocre in law religion and politics. He rose to prominence by chance. He was neither a good lawyer or a leader circumstances conspired at a time in history for him to stand out as an astute leader both in South Africa and in India. The British were unable to control the tidal wave of independence in all the countries they ruled at that time. Gandhi was astute enough to seize the opportunity and used non violence as a tool which had no teeth but caused sufficient concern for the British to negotiate and hand over territories which they had milked dry.

• February 09, 2018 2:30 PM
• By A S Cassim

By being “astute enough to seize the opportunity” and not being pushed down/ defeated by an Empire, would you agree this is actually the reason why Gandhi made a good impression as a leader? Also, despite his mediocre success and influence as you mentioned, would you agree the outcome of his accomplishments are clearly a demonstration he actually was relevant to law, religion and politics?

• November 23, 2018 12:45 AM

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. He was assassinated by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse.

(1869-1948)

Who Was Mahatma Gandhi?

Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of India’s non-violent independence movement against British rule and in South Africa who advocated for the civil rights of Indians. Born in Porbandar, India, Gandhi studied law and organized boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience. He was killed by a fanatic in 1948.

Early Life and Education

Indian nationalist leader Gandhi (born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India, which was then part of the British Empire.

Gandhi’s father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as a chief minister in Porbandar and other states in western India. His mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman who fasted regularly.

Young Gandhi was a shy, unremarkable student who was so timid that he slept with the lights on even as a teenager. In the ensuing years, the teenager rebelled by smoking, eating meat and stealing change from household servants.

Although Gandhi was interested in becoming a doctor, his father hoped he would also become a government minister and steered him to enter the legal profession. In 1888, 18-year-old Gandhi sailed for London, England, to study law. The young Indian struggled with the transition to Western culture.

Upon returning to India in 1891, Gandhi learned that his mother had died just weeks earlier. He struggled to gain his footing as a lawyer. In his first courtroom case, a nervous Gandhi blanked when the time came to cross-examine a witness. He immediately fled the courtroom after reimbursing his client for his legal fees.

Gandhi’s Religion and Beliefs

Gandhi grew up worshiping the Hindu god Vishnu and following Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism.

During Gandhi’s first stay in London, from 1888 to 1891, he became more committed to a meatless diet, joining the executive committee of the London Vegetarian Society, and started to read a variety of sacred texts to learn more about world religions.

Living in South Africa, Gandhi continued to study world religions. “The religious spirit within me became a living force,” he wrote of his time there. He immersed himself in sacred Hindu spiritual texts and adopted a life of simplicity, austerity, fasting and celibacy that was free of material goods.

Gandhi in South Africa

After struggling to find work as a lawyer in India, Gandhi obtained a one-year contract to perform legal services in South Africa. In April 1893, he sailed for Durban in the South African state of Natal.

When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, he was quickly appalled by the discrimination and racial segregation faced by Indian immigrants at the hands of white British and Boer authorities. Upon his first appearance in a Durban courtroom, Gandhi was asked to remove his turban. He refused and left the court instead. The Natal Advertiser mocked him in print as “an unwelcome visitor.”

Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

A seminal moment occurred on June 7, 1893, during a train trip to Pretoria, South Africa, when a white man objected to Gandhi’s presence in the first-class railway compartment, although he had a ticket. Refusing to move to the back of the train, Gandhi was forcibly removed and thrown off the train at a station in Pietermaritzburg.

Gandhi’s act of civil disobedience awoke in him a determination to devote himself to fighting the “deep disease of color prejudice.” He vowed that night to “try, if possible, to root out the disease and suffer hardships in the process.”

From that night forward, the small, unassuming man would grow into a giant force for civil rights. Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination.

Gandhi prepared to return to India at the end of his year-long contract until he learned, at his farewell party, of a bill before the Natal Legislative Assembly that would deprive Indians of the right to vote. Fellow immigrants convinced Gandhi to stay and lead the fight against the legislation. Although Gandhi could not prevent the law’s passage, he drew international attention to the injustice.

After a brief trip to India in late 1896 and early 1897, Gandhi returned to South Africa with his wife and children. Gandhi ran a thriving legal practice, and at the outbreak of the Boer War, he raised an all-Indian ambulance corps of 1,100 volunteers to support the British cause, arguing that if Indians expected to have full rights of citizenship in the British Empire, they also needed to shoulder their responsibilities.

In 1906, Gandhi organized his first mass civil-disobedience campaign, which he called “Satyagraha” (“truth and firmness”), in reaction to the South African Transvaal government’s new restrictions on the rights of Indians, including the refusal to recognize Hindu marriages.

After years of protests, the government imprisoned hundreds of Indians in 1913, including Gandhi. Under pressure, the South African government accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts that included recognition of Hindu marriages and the abolition of a poll tax for Indians.

Return to India

When Gandhi sailed from South Africa in 1914 to return home, Smuts wrote, “The saint has left our shores, I sincerely hope forever.” At the outbreak of World War I , Gandhi spent several months in London.

In 1915 Gandhi founded an ashram in Ahmedabad, India, that was open to all castes. Wearing a simple loincloth and shawl, Gandhi lived an austere life devoted to prayer, fasting and meditation. He became known as “Mahatma,” which means “great soul.”

Opposition to British Rule in India

In 1919, with India still under the firm control of the British, Gandhi had a political reawakening when the newly enacted Rowlatt Act authorized British authorities to imprison people suspected of sedition without trial. In response, Gandhi called for a Satyagraha campaign of peaceful protests and strikes.

Violence broke out instead, which culminated on April 13, 1919, in the Massacre of Amritsar. Troops led by British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a crowd of unarmed demonstrators and killed nearly 400 people.

No longer able to pledge allegiance to the British government, Gandhi returned the medals he earned for his military service in South Africa and opposed Britain’s mandatory military draft of Indians to serve in World War I.

Gandhi became a leading figure in the Indian home-rule movement. Calling for mass boycotts, he urged government officials to stop working for the Crown, students to stop attending government schools, soldiers to leave their posts and citizens to stop paying taxes and purchasing British goods.

Rather than buy British-manufactured clothes, he began to use a portable spinning wheel to produce his own cloth. The spinning wheel soon became a symbol of Indian independence and self-reliance.

Gandhi assumed the leadership of the Indian National Congress and advocated a policy of non-violence and non-cooperation to achieve home rule.

After British authorities arrested Gandhi in 1922, he pleaded guilty to three counts of sedition. Although sentenced to a six-year imprisonment, Gandhi was released in February 1924 after appendicitis surgery.

He discovered upon his release that relations between India’s Hindus and Muslims devolved during his time in jail. When violence between the two religious groups flared again, Gandhi began a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924 to urge unity. He remained away from active politics during much of the latter 1920s.

Gandhi and the Salt March

Gandhi returned to active politics in 1930 to protest Britain’s Salt Acts, which not only prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt—a dietary staple—but imposed a heavy tax that hit the country’s poorest particularly hard. Gandhi planned a new Satyagraha campaign, The Salt March , that entailed a 390-kilometer/240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, where he would collect salt in symbolic defiance of the government monopoly.

“My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India,” he wrote days before the march to the British viceroy, Lord Irwin.

Wearing a homespun white shawl and sandals and carrying a walking stick, Gandhi set out from his religious retreat in Sabarmati on March 12, 1930, with a few dozen followers. By the time he arrived 24 days later in the coastal town of Dandi, the ranks of the marchers swelled, and Gandhi broke the law by making salt from evaporated seawater.

The Salt March sparked similar protests, and mass civil disobedience swept across India. Approximately 60,000 Indians were jailed for breaking the Salt Acts, including Gandhi, who was imprisoned in May 1930.

Still, the protests against the Salt Acts elevated Gandhi into a transcendent figure around the world. He was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1930.

Gandhi was released from prison in January 1931, and two months later he made an agreement with Lord Irwin to end the Salt Satyagraha in exchange for concessions that included the release of thousands of political prisoners. The agreement, however, largely kept the Salt Acts intact. But it did give those who lived on the coasts the right to harvest salt from the sea.

Hoping that the agreement would be a stepping-stone to home rule, Gandhi attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform in August 1931 as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference, however, proved fruitless.

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Protesting "Untouchables" Segregation

Gandhi returned to India to find himself imprisoned once again in January 1932 during a crackdown by India’s new viceroy, Lord Willingdon. He embarked on a six-day fast to protest the British decision to segregate the “untouchables,” those on the lowest rung of India’s caste system, by allotting them separate electorates. The public outcry forced the British to amend the proposal.

After his eventual release, Gandhi left the Indian National Congress in 1934, and leadership passed to his protégé Jawaharlal Nehru . He again stepped away from politics to focus on education, poverty and the problems afflicting India’s rural areas.

India’s Independence from Great Britain

As Great Britain found itself engulfed in World War II in 1942, Gandhi launched the “Quit India” movement that called for the immediate British withdrawal from the country. In August 1942, the British arrested Gandhi, his wife and other leaders of the Indian National Congress and detained them in the Aga Khan Palace in present-day Pune.

“I have not become the King’s First Minister in order to preside at the liquidation of the British Empire,” Prime Minister Winston Churchill told Parliament in support of the crackdown.

With his health failing, Gandhi was released after a 19-month detainment in 1944.

After the Labour Party defeated Churchill’s Conservatives in the British general election of 1945, it began negotiations for Indian independence with the Indian National Congress and Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s Muslim League. Gandhi played an active role in the negotiations, but he could not prevail in his hope for a unified India. Instead, the final plan called for the partition of the subcontinent along religious lines into two independent states—predominantly Hindu India and predominantly Muslim Pakistan.

Violence between Hindus and Muslims flared even before independence took effect on August 15, 1947. Afterwards, the killings multiplied. Gandhi toured riot-torn areas in an appeal for peace and fasted in an attempt to end the bloodshed. Some Hindus, however, increasingly viewed Gandhi as a traitor for expressing sympathy toward Muslims.

Gandhi’s Wife and Kids

At the age of 13, Gandhi wed Kasturba Makanji, a merchant’s daughter, in an arranged marriage. She died in Gandhi’s arms in February 1944 at the age of 74.

In 1885, Gandhi endured the passing of his father and shortly after that the death of his young baby.

In 1888, Gandhi’s wife gave birth to the first of four surviving sons. A second son was born in India 1893. Kasturba gave birth to two more sons while living in South Africa, one in 1897 and one in 1900.

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

On January 30, 1948, 78-year-old Gandhi was shot and killed by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, who was upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims.

Weakened from repeated hunger strikes, Gandhi clung to his two grandnieces as they led him from his living quarters in New Delhi’s Birla House to a late-afternoon prayer meeting. Godse knelt before the Mahatma before pulling out a semiautomatic pistol and shooting him three times at point-blank range. The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence.

Godse and a co-conspirator were executed by hanging in November 1949. Additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison.

Even after Gandhi’s assassination, his commitment to nonviolence and his belief in simple living — making his own clothes, eating a vegetarian diet and using fasts for self-purification as well as a means of protest — have been a beacon of hope for oppressed and marginalized people throughout the world.

Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today. Gandhi’s actions inspired future human rights movements around the globe, including those of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States and Nelson Mandela in South Africa.

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QUICK FACTS

• Name: Mahatma Gandhi
• Birth Year: 1869
• Birth date: October 2, 1869
• Birth City: Porbandar, Kathiawar
• Birth Country: India
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Until Gandhi was assassinated in 1948, his life and teachings inspired activists including Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• Civil Rights
• Astrological Sign: Libra
• University College London
• Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat
• Nacionalities
• Interesting Facts
• As a young man, Mahatma Gandhi was a poor student and was terrified of public speaking.
• Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination.
• Gandhi was assassinated by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, who was upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims.
• Gandhi's non-violent civil disobedience inspired future world leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• Death Year: 1948
• Death date: January 30, 1948
• Death City: New Delhi
• Death Country: India

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CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Mahatma Gandhi Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/mahatma-gandhi
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
• Last Updated: September 4, 2019
• Original Published Date: April 3, 2014
• An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.
• Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary.
• Religions are different roads converging to the same point. What does it matter that we take different roads, so long as we reach the same goal? In reality, there are as many religions as there are individuals.
• The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
• To call woman the weaker sex is a libel; it is man's injustice to woman.
• Truth alone will endure, all the rest will be swept away before the tide of time.
• A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.
• There are many things to do. Let each one of us choose our task and stick to it through thick and thin. Let us not think of the vastness. But let us pick up that portion which we can handle best.
• An error does not become truth by reason of multiplied propagation, nor does truth become error because nobody sees it.
• For one man cannot do right in one department of life whilst he is occupied in doing wrong in any other department. Life is one indivisible whole.
• If we are to reach real peace in this world and if we are to carry on a real war against war, we shall have to begin with children.

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Mahatma Gandhi's Movements during Freedom Struggle

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Modern History

Table of Contents

Arrival of Gandhi in India

• Champaran Satyagraha 1917
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1918
• Kheda Satyagraha 1918
• Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Act 1919
• Non-Cooperation Movement 1921-22
• Civil Disobedience Movement 1930-34
• Quit India Movement 1942

Prelims : History of India and Indian National Movement.

Mains : Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues

Mahatma Gandhi Movements: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat. He earned a degree in law from England in 1891. Before entering Indian politics in 1915, he was in South Africa from 1893 to 1914. In the course of his struggle in South Africa, he developed his political philosophy based on non-violence and Satyagraha to give a new direction to the mass movement.

The emergence of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian politics marked the beginning of a new phase in the Indian national movement, the phase of mass movements. This made Gandhi become the most important figure in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. His efforts were well known in South Africa, not just among the educated but also among the common people.

• Gandhiji spent a year travelling around British India, getting to know the land and its people on the advice of Gopal Krishna Gokhale . In February 1916, he made his first major public appearance at the inauguration of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) .
• Gandhiji’s speech at Banaras revealed that Indian nationalism was an elite phenomenon, and he wished tomake Indian nationalism more properly representative of the Indian people as a whole.

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)

Champaran Satyagraha was the first attempt at mobilising the Indian masses by Gandhi on an invitation by Rajkumar Shukla in the context of indigo peasants of Champaran. This Gandhian Movement was the First Civil Disobedience in India.

• It was mainly due to the tinkathia system of indigo farmers , where peasants were forced to grow indigo on 3/20 part of their total land. 
• Gandhi intervened in the matter but was asked to leave the place by authorities. However, Gandhi refused to leave, thus disobeying the order. Eventually, Gandhi was able to convince the government about the illness of the tinkathia system and look into the matter. 
• The government appointed a committee to go into the matter and nominated Gandhi as a member. As a result, the tinkathia system was abolished, and in a compromise settlement, only 25 % of the money taken by peasants was compensated.
• Participants: Rajendra Prasad, Narhari Parekh, and J.B. Kripalani 

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)

Following the Champaran Satyagraha, the next step in mobilising the masses was the workers of Ahmedabad's urban centre. Ahmedabad Mill Strike was the result of the disagreement between the textile workers and the mill owners arose in March 1918 regarding the end of the plague bonus. 

• Mill owners paid bonuses of 75% of their salary to retain the workers during the outbreak of the plague in 1917. But, after the end of the plague, workers were demanding an increase of 50 % in wages while mill owners were advocating discontinuance of the bonus. As a result, a deadlock was created. 
• Gandhi intervened at the request of Anusuya Sarabhai and undertook a fast unto death. As a result, owners agreed to the 35% wage hike.
• This was the first movement where fasting , a means of self-suffering to create moral pressure, was used by Gandhi as a political weapon in India.

Kheda Satyagraha (1918)

Due to the failure of the monsoon, the peasants of the Kheda district were in distress. In 1918, they mobilised themselves, demanding revenue relief from the government due to the crop failure and rise in prices. Kheda Satyagraha was the First Non-Cooperation by Gandhi in the Indian National Movement.

• According to the government's famine code, cultivators were entitled to total remission if crop yield fell below 25% of the average. But the authorities rejected it. As a result, peasants turned to Gandhi.
• Gandhi intervened on behalf of the poor peasants, advising them to withhold payment and 'fight unto death against such a spirit of vindictiveness and tyranny.'
• The government ordered it to be restrained in the collection of revenues (collected only from those ryots who could afford to pay) and not to confiscate lands. Gandhi decided to withdraw from the struggle.
• Participants: Sardar Vallabhbhai Pate l , Narahari Parikh, and Indulal Yagnik.

Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Act (1919)

In 1917, a sedition committee was formed under Justice Sidney Rowlatt to curb revolutionary activities and investigate the ‘seditious conspiracy’. It recommended the Rowlatt Act (Anarchic and Revolutionary Offenses Act of 1919) ought to limit the liberty of the people passed by the Imperial Legislative Council. Gandhi launched the Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act . 

• The Rowlatt Act allowed political and revolutionary activists to be tried without judicial proceedings or even imprisoned without trial for two years. It also suspended the right to habeas corpus and the right to appeal. 
• Gandhiji called it the “Black Act '' and launched the satyagraha against the Act. It involved fasting, praying, disobeying laws, and risking arrest and imprisonment. The satyagraha brought Gandhi to the centre of the Indian national movement. 
• Gandhi also organised Satyagraha Sabha, his own organisation, to carry out the movement. However, due to the violence in some parts of India, Gandhi had to call off the Satyagraha. 
• Gandhi's ability to connect with the masses was demonstrated during this Satyagraha. Gandhian ideology and methods for the freedom struggle (Non-violence and Satyagraha) were introduced to the Indian masses. 

Non-Cooperation Movement (1921-22)

The horrific massacre at Jallianwala Bagh took place in the backdrop of protests against the Rowlatt Act. As a result, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.

• In September 1920, the Congress held a special session in Calcutta and resolved to accept Gandhi's proposal of non-cooperation with the British government until Khilafat and Punjab grievances were addressed and self-government was established.
• This Gandhian movement was merged with the Khilafat movement, which demanded that the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa retain control over the Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman empire. 
• Methods: Non-cooperation movement included the boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, and foreign goods and the return of government-conferred titles and awards.
• Withdrawal: Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation movement following the Chauri Chaura violent incident on 5 February 1922 , in which 23 police officers were killed. After the withdrawal, he focussed on the constructive programme of social reforms. 

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)

After the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement (also known as Salt Satyagraha ) is regarded as the second major mass movement and a significant advancement in broadening the social reach of India's freedom struggle. 

• Gandhi declared at the Calcutta Congress in 1928 that the British must grant India dominion status, or the country would erupt in a revolution for complete independence. The British paid no attention to this. As a result, INC in its Lahore session (1929) demanded ‘Punra Swaraj’ , and decided to celebrate 26th January as ‘ Independence Day’ . It also declared that a civil disobedience movement would be started under the leadership of Gandhi.
• Gandhi announced the 'Dandi March' against the unjust tax on salt as part of the movement. On April 6 1930 , he violated the salt regulations, thereby launching the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Induced by Gandhi's extraordinary endeavours at Dandi, defiance of the salt laws spread throughout the country. However, it was halted for a period after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. 
• When the movement was resumed after the failure of the Second Round Table conference, it began to dwindle towards the end of 1932. It was officially withdrawn in May 1934 .

Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement (August Kranti Movement) was the ‘third great wave’ of India’s struggle for freedom, launched on August 8, 1942 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. This Gandhian Movement was more of a rejection of British rule than a traditional Satyagraha, and it influenced the unprecedented and tumultuous events that occurred in Indian history over the next five years.

• It was the result of Indian disillusionment with British rule, with the immediate causes being the failure of the Cripps mission and the hardships caused by World War II . 
• On August 8, 1942, the All India Congress Committee met at Gowalia Tank in Bombay and passed the famous Quit India Resolution. On the same day, Gandhi issued his 'Do or Die' call. It demanded an end to British rule in India with immediate effect, the formation of a provisional government after the war and the declaration of free India .
• As a result, major leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested and imprisoned without trial by British officials. However, the protests continued across the country with huge mass participation. 
• Although it did not immediately achieve its goals, it contributed to the weakening of British rule and paved the way for the independence of India . 

PYQs on Gandhian Movements 

Q)  Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate (UPSC Mains 2019)

Q)  Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (UPSC Mains 2018)

Q)  With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2019)

• Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the abolition of the system of ‘indentured labour’.
• In Lord Chelmsford’s ‘War Conference’, Mahatma Gandhi did not support the resolution on recruiting Indians for World War.
• Consequent upon the breaking of the Salt Law by the Indian people, the Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 1 and 3 only

c) 2 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

Q)  Which one of the following is a very significant aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha? (UPSC Prelims 2018)

a) Active all-India participation of lawyers, students and women in the National Movement.

b) Active involvement of Dalit and Tribal communities of India in the National Movement.

c) Joining of peasant unrest to India’s National Movement.

d) Drastic decrease in the cultivation of plantation crops and commercial crops

Answer: (c)

Question 5: Quit India Movement was launched in response to (UPSC Prelims 2013)

a) Cabinet Mission Plan

b) Cripps Proposals

c) Simon Commission Report

d) Wavell Plan

FAQs on Gandhian Movements

What are the 7 major movements of gandhiji.

The seven major movements of Mahatma Gandhi included the Champaran Movement, the Ahmedabad Mill Strike, the Kheda Movement, the Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act, the Non-cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.

What was Gandhi's first movement in India?

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi's first Satyagraha movement in India and is regarded as a historically significant revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. During the British colonial period, a farmer's uprising occurred in the Champaran district of Bihar, India.

What are some of the challenges that Gandhian movements faced?

Gandhian movements faced challenges such as resistance from colonial authorities, lack of widespread support, internal divisions, and the difficulty of maintaining nonviolent discipline among participants. Additionally, economic and social realities often clashed with the idealistic principles of Gandhi's philosophy, making it challenging to achieve lasting change.

What was the impact of the Gandhian movements on the Indian independence struggle?

The Gandhian movements had a profound impact on the Indian independence struggle. Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha) and civil disobedience mobilised millions of Indians, uniting them in a peaceful but determined quest for freedom. His leadership inspired the Quit India Movement and other campaigns that eventually led to India gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1947, marking a historic achievement in the nation's history.

Where and when did Mahatma Gandhi make his first public appearance in India upon coming back from South Africa?

On February 4, 1916, in BHU, Gandhiji made his first public appearance since his return from South Africa. He spoke to the crowd in BHU, which was primarily made up of impressionable youngsters, princes, well-dressed individuals, etc.

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Mahatma Gandhi Biography: Family, Education, History, Movements, and Facts

Mahatma gandhi's life and methods of struggle impact people now also. the greatness of a man is realized when his life influences people to change for the better, and so was mahatma gandhi's life. after decades of his death, after reading about him, people drastically changed their lives for the better. let's have a look at mahatma gandhi's life, movements, famous quotations written by him, etc. find out about him this martyr's day.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or  Mahatma Gandhi was a renowned freedom activist and an authoritative or powerful political leader who played an essential role in India's struggle for Independence against British rule of India. He was also considered the father of the country. No doubt, he also improved the lives of India's poor people. His birthday is celebrated every year as Gandhi Jayanti. His ideology of truth and non-violence influenced many and was also adopted by Martin Luther and Nelson Mandela for their struggle movement.

Mahatma Gandhi Biography

In South Africa for about 20 years, Mahatma Gandhi protested against injustices and racial discrimination using the non-violent method of protests. His simplistic lifestyle won him, admirers, both in India and the outside world. He was popularly known as Bapu (Father).

Mahatma Gandhi: Early Life and Family Background

He was born on 2 October, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat. His father’s name was Karamchand Gandhi and his mother’s name was Putlibai. At the age of 13, Mahatma Gandhi was married to Kasturba which is an arranged marriage. They had four sons namely Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas. She supported all the endeavors of her husband until her death in 1944.

His father was Dewan or Chief Minister of Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in Western British India (Now Gujarat State). Mahatma Gandhi was the son of his father's fourth wife Putlibai, who belonged to an affluent Vaishnava family. Let us tell you that in his earlier days, he was deeply influenced by the stories of Shravana and Harishchandra as they reflected the importance of truth.

Mahatma Gandhi: Education 

When Gandhi was 9 years old he went to a local school at Rajkot and studied the basics of arithmetic, history, geography, and languages. At the age of 11, he went to a high school in Rajkot. Because of his wedding, at least about one year, his studies were disturbed and later he joined and completed his schooling. He joined Samaldas college in Bhavnagar in 1888 at Gujarat. Later, one of his family friends Mavji Dave Joshi pursued further studies i.e. law in London. Gandhiji was not satisfied with his studies at Samaldas College and so he became excited by the London proposal and managed to convince his mother and wife that he will not touch non-veg, wine, or women.

Off to London

In the year 1888, Mahatma Gandhi left for London to study law. Thereafter 10 days after arrival, he joined the Inner Temple, one of the four London law colleges, and studied and practiced law. In London, he also joined a Vegetarian Society and was introduced to Bhagavad Gita by some of his vegetarian friends. Later, Bhagavad Gita set an impression and influenced his life.

Top 55 Mahatma Gandhi Quotes for Inspiration and Motivation

Mahatma Gandhi: In South Africa

In May 1893 he went to South Africa to work as a lawyer. There he had a first-hand experience of racial discrimination when he was thrown out of the first-class apartment of the train despite holding the first-class ticket because it was reserved for white people only and no Indian or black was allowed to travel in the first class. This incident had a serious effect on him and he decided to protest against racial discrimination. He further observed that this type of incident was quite common against his fellow Indians who were derogatorily referred to as coolies.

READ|  When and Why British first landed on Indian Territory

On  22 May 1894  Gandhi established the  Natal Indian Congress (NIC)  and worked hard to improve the rights of Indians in South Africa. In a short period, Gandhi became a leader of the Indian community in South Africa.  Tirukkural ancient Indian literature, originally written in Tamil and later translated into various languages. Gandhiji was also influenced by this ancient book. He was influenced by the idea of Satyagraha which is a devotion to truth and in 1906 implemented a non-violent protest. He returned to India in 1915, after spending 21 years of his life in South Africa, and no doubt, there he fought for civil rights and at this time he was transformed into a new person.

Mahatma Gandhi: Role in the Indian Independence Movement

In 1915 , Gandhiji returned to India permanently and joined the Indian National Congress with Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his mentor.

Gandhi's first major achievement was in 1918 when he led the Champaran and Kheda agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. He also led Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Swaraj, and Quit-India movement against the British government.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Mahatma Gandhi: Satyagraha

Gandhi identified his overall method of non-violent action as Satyagraha. Gandhiji's Satyagraha influenced eminent personalities such as Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther in their struggle for freedom, equality, and social justice. Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha was based on true principles and non-violence.

"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever." - Mahatma Gandhi

READ|  Champaran Satyagraha of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi: Death

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was assassinated on  30 January 1948 by Nathuram Godse. Godse was a Hindu nationalist and a member of the Hindu Mahasabha. He accused Gandhi of favoring Pakistan and was opposed to the doctrine of non-violence.

Mahatma Gandhi: Literary works

Gandhi was a prolific writer. Some of his literary works are as follows:

• Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909. 

• He edited several newspapers which included Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and the English language; Indian Opinion, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly. 

• Gandhi also wrote his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth.

• His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule.

Gandhi Jayanti Quiz: GK Questions and Answers About Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi: Awards

• In  1930 , Gandhi was named the Man of the Year by Time Magazine.

• In  2011 , Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time.

• He did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize despite being nominated five times between 1937 and 1948.

• The Government of India institutionalized the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders, and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle against apartheid was a recipient of the award.

"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony." - Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi: Film

Ben Kingsley portrayed Mahatma Gandhi in the  1982  film Gandhi, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Therefore, Mahatma Gandhi will be remembered forever as he spread the message of non-violence, truth, and faith in God, and also he fought for India's Independence. His methods inspired various leaders, and youth not only in India but also outside of India. In Indian history, he is considered the most prominent personality and as the simplest person who wears a dhoti. He spread the message of swaraj and taught Indians how to become independent.

• According to Britannica, "The United Nations declared Gandhi's birthday, October 2nd, as the International Day of Non-violence in 2007."
• While the world knows him as Mahatma Gandhi, a beacon of nonviolent resistance and Indian independence, his journey began with a more humble name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Born in 1869, Mohandas' life took a pivotal turn when he encountered the title that would forever shape his legacy: Mahatma.
• In 1883, at the tender age of 13, Mohandas Gandhi's life took a significant turn when he was arranged to marry Kasturba Makhanji, who was also 13 at the time.
• In 1930, the world watched with bated breath as India's independence movement gained momentum under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. His unwavering commitment to nonviolent resistance, his charisma, and his ability to mobilise millions made him the Person of the Year by the Time Magazine. 
• A lifelong vegetarian, Mr. Gandhi's meals centered on fresh vegetables, curd, fruits, seeds, and nuts.

READ| Journey of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to India

Get here current GK and GK quiz questions in English and Hindi for India , World, Sports and Competitive exam preparation. Download the Jagran Josh Current Affairs App .

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• Mahatma Gandhi Biography in English

Mahatma Gandhi Biography and Political Career

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , more popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi. His birthplace was in the small city of Porbandar in Gujarat (October 2, 1869 - January 30, 1948). Mahatma Gandhi's father's name was Karamchand Gandhi, and his mother's name was Putlibai Gandhi. He was a politician, social activist, Indian lawyer, and writer who became the prominent Leader of the nationwide surge movement against the British rule of India. He came to be known as the Father of The Nation. October 2, 2024, marks Gandhi Ji’s 155th birth anniversary , celebrated worldwide as International Day of Non-Violence, and Gandhi Jayanti in India.

Know About: The Famous Speeches of Mahatma Gandhi

Life History of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Ji was a living embodiment of non-violent protests (Satyagraha) to achieve independence from the British Empire's clutches and thereby achieve political and social progress. Gandhi Ji is considered ‘The Great Soul’ or ‘ The Mahatma ’ in the eyes of millions of his followers worldwide. His fame spread throughout the world during his lifetime and only increased after his demise. Mahatma Gandhi , thus, is the most renowned person on earth.

Mahatma Gandhi Family

Mahatma Gandhi's family played a significant role in his life and activism:

Father: Karamchand Gandhi was a respected government official in the Porbandar state. He was known for his integrity and dedication to his duties.

Mother: Putlibai Gandhi was a deeply religious woman who greatly influenced Gandhi's early life and values. Her spirituality and devotion had a profound impact on his principles.

Wife: Kasturba Gandhi, whom he married in 1883, was a steadfast partner in his activism. Despite initial challenges, Kasturba supported Gandhi's efforts and was actively involved in the struggle for independence.

Children: Gandhi and Kasturba had four children: Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas, and Devdas. Each child played a different roles in supporting Gandhi's work, though their lives were also marked by personal struggles and challenges.

Gandhi's family, particularly his wife and children, were integral to his work and shared in both his triumphs and hardships.

Education of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi's education was a major factor in his development into one of the finest persons in history. Although he attended a primary school in Porbandar and received awards and scholarships there, his approach to his education was ordinary. Gandhi joined Samaldas College in Bhavnagar after passing his matriculation exams at the University of Bombay in 1887.

Gandhiji's father insisted he become a lawyer even though he intended to be a doctor.  During those days, England was the centre of knowledge, and he had to leave Smaladas College to pursue his father's desire. He was adamant about travelling to England despite his mother's objections and his limited financial resources.

Finally, he left for England in September 1888, where he joined Inner Temple, one of the four London Law Schools. In 1890, he also took the matriculation exam at the University of London.

When he was in London, he took his studies seriously and joined a public speaking practice group. This helped him get over his nervousness so he could practise law. Gandhi had always been passionate about assisting impoverished and marginalised people.

Mahatma Gandhi During His Youth

Gandhi was the youngest child of his father's fourth wife. Mohandas Karamchand  Gandhi was the dewan Chief Minister of Porbandar, the then capital of a small municipality in western India (now Gujarat state) under the British constituency.

Gandhi's mother, Putlibai, was a pious religious woman. Mohandas grew up in Vaishnavism, a practice followed by the worship of the Hindu god Vishnu, along with a strong presence of Jainism, which has a strong sense of non-violence. Therefore, he took up the practice of Ahimsa (non-violence towards all living beings), fasting for self-purification, vegetarianism, and mutual tolerance between the sanctions of various castes and colours.

His adolescence was probably no stormier than most children of his age and class. Not until the age of 18 had Gandhi read a single newspaper. Neither as a budding barrister in India nor as a student in England nor had he shown much interest in politics. Indeed, he was overwhelmed by terrifying stage fright each time he stood up to read a speech at a social gathering or to defend a client in court.

In London, Gandhiji's vegetarianism missionary was a noteworthy occurrence. He became a member of the executive committee in joined the London Vegetarian Society. He also participated in several conferences and published papers in its journal. Gandhi met prominent Socialists, Fabians, and Theosophists like Edward Carpenter, George Bernard Shaw, and Annie Besant while dining at vegetarian restaurants in England.

Also Read:- Mahatma Gandhi Story

Political Career of Mahatma Gandhi

When we talk about Mahatma Gandhi’s political career, in July 1894, when he was barely 25, he blossomed overnight into a proficient campaigner. He drafted several petitions to the British government and the Natal Legislature signed by hundreds of his compatriots. He could not prevent the passage of the bill but succeeded in drawing the attention of the public and the press in Natal, India, and England to the Natal Indian's problems.

He still was persuaded to settle down in Durban to practice law and thus organised the Indian community. The Natal Indian Congress was founded in 1894, and he became the unwearying secretary. He infused a solidarity spirit in the heterogeneous Indian community through that standard political organisation. He gave ample statements to the Government, Legislature, and media regarding Indian Grievances.

Finally, he was exposed to discrimination based on his colour and race, which was pre-dominant against the Indian subjects of Queen Victoria in one of her colonies, South Africa.

Mahatma Gandhi spent almost 21 years in South Africa. But during that time, there was a lot of discrimination because of skin colour. Even on the train, he could not sit with white European people. But he refused to do so, got beaten up, and had to sit on the floor. So he decided to fight against these injustices and finally succeeded after a lot of struggle.

It was proof of his success as a publicist that such vital newspapers as The Statesman, Englishman of Calcutta (now Kolkata) and The Times of London editorially commented on the Natal Indians' grievances.

In 1896, Gandhi returned to India to fetch his wife, Kasturba (or Kasturbai), their two oldest children, and amass support for the Indians overseas. He met the prominent leaders and persuaded them to address the public meetings in the centre of the country's principal cities.

Unfortunately for him, some of his activities reached Natal and provoked its European population. Joseph Chamberlain, the colonial secretary in the British Cabinet, urged Natal's government to bring the guilty men to proper jurisdiction, but Gandhi refused to prosecute his assailants. He said he believed the court of law would not be used to satisfy someone's vendetta.

Political Teacher of Mahatma Gandhi

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the prominent political teachers and mentors of Mahatma Gandhi. Gokhale, a renowned Indian nationalist leader, played a significant role in shaping Gandhi's political ideology and approach to leadership. He emphasized the importance of nonviolence, constitutional methods, and constructive work in achieving social and political change. Gandhi referred to Gokhale as his political guru and credited him with influencing many of his principles and strategies in the Indian freedom struggle. Gokhale's teachings and guidance had a profound impact on Gandhi's development as a leader and advocate for India's independence.

Mahatma Gandhi Death Date and Place

Mahatma Gandhi's death was a tragic event and brought clouds of sorrow to millions of people. On the 29th of January, a man named Nathuram Godse came to Delhi with an automatic pistol. About 5 pm in the afternoon of the next day, he went to the Gardens of Birla house, and suddenly, a man from the crowd came out and bowed before him.

Then Godse fired three bullets at his chest and stomach, who was Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was in such a posture that he to the ground. During his death, he uttered: “Ram! Ram!” Although someone could have called the doctor in this critical situation during that time, no one thought of that, and Gandhiji died within half an hour.

Mahatma Gandhi Accomplishments

Mahatma Gandhi achieved several significant accomplishments throughout his life:

Nonviolent Resistance (Satyagraha) : Gandhi pioneered the principle of nonviolent resistance, which became a powerful tool in the struggle for civil rights and freedom. His approach influenced numerous global movements for social justice.

Indian Independence Movement : Gandhi's leadership in the Indian National Congress was crucial in mobilising mass support for India's independence from British rule. Major campaigns under his leadership included the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), the Salt March (1930), and the Quit India Movement (1942).

Social Reforms : Gandhi worked to address social issues within India, such as the caste system and untouchability. His efforts aimed to improve the status and rights of marginalised communities, including the "Harijans" or untouchables.

Promoting Unity and Harmony : Gandhi advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and sought to bridge communal divides, particularly during the tumultuous period leading up to and following India's independence.

Influence on Global Movements : Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence and civil disobedience inspired leaders and movements worldwide, including Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and various other figures in the global struggle for human rights and social justice.

Gandhi's legacy continues to influence contemporary social and political movements, demonstrating the enduring power of his principles.

Read About:- Speech on Mahatma Gandhi in English

How Shaheed Day is Celebrated at Gandhiji’s Samadhi (Raj Ghat)?

As Gandhiji died on January 30, the government of India declared this day as ‘Shaheed Diwas’.

On this day, the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, and the Defence Minister every year gather at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi at the Raj Ghat memorial in Delhi to pay tribute to Indian martyrs and Mahatma Gandhi, followed by a two-minute silence.

On this day, many schools host events where students perform plays and sing patriotic songs. Martyrs' Day is also observed on March 23 to honour the lives and sacrifices of Sukhdev Thapar, Shivaram Rajguru, and Bhagat Singh.

Gandhi believed it was his duty to defend India's rights. Mahatma Gandhi had a significant role in attaining India's independence from the British. He had an impact on many individuals and locations outside India. Gandhi also influenced Martin Luther King, and as a result, African Americans now have equal rights. Peacefully winning India's independence, he altered the course of history worldwide.

FAQs on Mahatma Gandhi Biography in English

1. What was people's reaction after Nathuram Godse killed Mahatma Gandhi?

When Nathuram Godse killed Mahatma Gandhi, people shouted to kill Nathuram. After killing Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse tried to kill himself but could not do so since the police seized his weapons and took him to jail. After that, Gandhiji's body was laid in the garden with a white cloth covering his face. All the lights were turned off in honour of him. Then on the radio, honourable Prime Minister Pandit Nehru Ji declared sadly that the Nation's Father was no more.

2. How did vegetarianism impact Mahatma Gandhi’s time in London?

During the three years he spent in England, he was in a great dilemma with personal and moral issues rather than academic ambitions.

The sudden transition from Porbandar's half-rural atmosphere to London's cosmopolitan life was not an easy task for him. And he struggled powerfully and painfully to adapt himself to Western food, dress, and etiquette, and he felt awkward.

His vegetarianism became a continual source of embarrassment and was like a curse to him; his friends warned him that it would disrupt his studies, health, and well-being. Fortunately, he came across a vegetarian restaurant and a book providing a well-defined defence of vegetarianism.

His missionary zeal for vegetarianism helped draw the pitifully shy youth out of his shell and gave him a new and robust personality. He also became a member of the London Vegetarian Society executive committee, contributing articles to its journal and attending conferences.

3. Who was the first person to write a biography of Mahatma Gandhi (Father of The Nation)?

Christian missionary Joseph Doke had written the first biography of Bapu. The best part is that Gandhiji had still not acquired the status of Mahatma when this biography was written.

4. Who was Gandhiji’s favourite writer?

Gandhiji’s favourite writer was Leo Tolstoy.

5. What is Mahatma Gandhi’s date of birth?

Mahatma Gandhi's date of birth is October 2, 1869. We celebrate every year on October 2nd as Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti.

6. Which are the famous Mahatma Gandhi books?

Mahatma Gandhi authored several influential books and writings that have left a lasting impact on the world. Some of his famous books include:

Autobiography

Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule

Satyagraha in South Africa

Young India

The Essential Gandhi

These books reflect Gandhi's deep commitment to nonviolence, truth, and social justice, making them essential reads for those interested in his life and principles.

7. How did Mahatma Gandhi history influence his approach to the Indian independence movement?

Mahatma Gandhi history, including his experiences with racial discrimination in South Africa and his deeply religious upbringing, profoundly shaped his approach to the Indian independence movement. His time in South Africa led him to develop the philosophy of Satyagraha, emphasising nonviolent resistance. This principle became central to his strategies in India, where he used peaceful protests and civil disobedience to mobilize mass support and challenge British rule. Gandhi’s personal experiences and values thus played a crucial role in defining his methods and goals for India’s liberation.

8. When is Mahatma Gandhi Birthday?

Mahatma Gandhi birthday is on October 2nd. This date is celebrated annually as Gandhi Jayanti in India and is observed as the International Day of Non-Violence worldwide.

9. What role did Mahatma Gandhi family play in his activism and personal life?

Mahatma Gandhi's family played a crucial role in both his activism and personal life. His wife, Kasturba Gandhi, was a steadfast supporter of his efforts and actively participated in his campaigns for social change. His mother, Putlibai, deeply influenced his spiritual values and commitment to his principles. Additionally, his children, despite their personal challenges, supported his work and contributed to the broader independence movement, embodying the values he promoted.

10. What was the first Mahatma Gandhi Biography In English?

The first biography of Mahatma Gandhi was written by his close associate, Mahatma Gandhi himself. Published in 1927, the book is titled "The Story of My Experiments with Truth." It provides a detailed account of Gandhi's life, his philosophy, and his experiences, reflecting his journey and the development of his principles.

Tuhin World

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) was a key leader in India’s struggle for independence against British rule. He is renowned for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, advocating civil disobedience as a powerful force for social and political change. Gandhi’s efforts played a pivotal role in India gaining independence in 1947. He is often referred to as the “Father of the Nation” in India.

Early Life and Education

Mahatma Gandhi’s early life and education laid the foundation for his transformative journey as a leader of India’s struggle for independence. Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, a coastal town in the state of Gujarat, India, Gandhi was named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. His birth into a modest family of the Vaishya, or business caste, was characterized by a strong influence of religious and moral values.

Gandhi’s father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan, or chief minister, of Porbandar. Despite his official position, Karamchand was known for his simplicity and integrity. These traits left a lasting impression on the young Gandhi, instilling in him a sense of duty and a commitment to truthfulness from an early age. Gandhi’s mother, Putlibai, was deeply religious and played a significant role in shaping his spiritual development.

Growing up in a devout Hindu household, Gandhi was exposed to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, and other religious texts. The concept of ahimsa, or nonviolence, was ingrained in his upbringing, setting the stage for the principles that would later define his philosophy of resistance. His early exposure to the Jain principle of ‘live and let live’ also contributed to the formation of his nonviolent worldview.

In 1876, at the age of six, Gandhi entered primary school. A reserved and somewhat timid child, he struggled with the early years of formal education. His difficulties in expressing himself verbally and his fear of public speaking marked the beginning of a personal journey to overcome these challenges, ultimately leading him to become one of the most influential communicators in history.

At the age of thirteen, Gandhi was married to Kasturba Makhanji, also known as Ba. This early marriage was a common practice in his community, and Gandhi and Kasturba would go on to have four children together. This aspect of Gandhi’s life reflected the traditions and societal norms prevalent in 19th-century India.

In 1888, at the age of 18, Gandhi left India to pursue legal studies in London. This marked a significant departure from his cultural and familial environment, exposing him to Western thought and lifestyle. Studying law was not merely a career choice for Gandhi; it was a means to gain a deeper understanding of justice and to empower himself to address the injustices he would later encounter.

His time in London was transformative, not only academically but also culturally and spiritually. Gandhi embraced vegetarianism and delved into various religious and philosophical texts, including the Bible and works by Tolstoy and Thoreau. It was during this period that he developed a keen interest in social and political issues, setting the stage for his future activism.

After completing his legal studies, Gandhi faced a dilemma. He was offered a position to practice law in London, but he chose a different path. In 1893, Gandhi accepted an offer to work in South Africa, setting the stage for a pivotal chapter in his life. Little did he know that his experiences in South Africa would shape his philosophy of resistance and pave the way for his leadership in India’s struggle for independence.

Gandhi’s experiences in South Africa were marked by the harsh realities of racial discrimination. His confrontation with the deeply entrenched prejudices against Indians, particularly in the province of Natal, became a catalyst for his activism. The incident on a train journey from Durban to Pretoria, where he was ejected from a first-class compartment due to his skin color, became a turning point. This injustice fueled Gandhi’s resolve to fight against racial discrimination through nonviolent means.

In 1894, Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress in South Africa, aimed at addressing the rights and grievances of the Indian community. Over the next two decades, he led numerous campaigns against discriminatory laws such as the Asiatic Registration Act, which required all Indians to register and carry passes. These early struggles in South Africa laid the groundwork for the development of his philosophy of Satyagraha, or truth-force.

The concept of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and nonviolence in confronting injustice. It was not merely a political strategy but a way of life for Gandhi. This philosophy, influenced by his deep spiritual convictions, formed the core of his approach to social and political change.

Gandhi’s early activism in South Africa brought him into contact with a diverse array of people, both Indian and non-Indian, who would become instrumental in shaping his understanding of humanity and justice. The struggles in South Africa also honed his skills as a leader and strategist, setting the stage for his return to India in 1915 as a seasoned activist and leader.

South Africa Years

Mahatma Gandhi’s years in South Africa were transformative, laying the groundwork for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and shaping his identity as a leader. Arriving in South Africa in 1893 to work as a lawyer, Gandhi’s initial experiences were marked by the harsh realities of racial discrimination, sparking a personal and political awakening.

Gandhi’s first significant confrontation with discrimination occurred during a train journey from Durban to Pretoria in 1893. Despite holding a first-class ticket, he was ejected from the compartment due to his Indian heritage. This incident became a catalyst for his activism, prompting him to challenge the unjust treatment of Indians in South Africa.

In response to the discriminatory laws targeting the Indian community, Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894. This organization became a platform for advocating the rights of Indians and opposing oppressive legislation. One of the early campaigns led by Gandhi was against the Asiatic Registration Act of 1906, which required all Indians, including women and children, to register and carry passes at all times. This marked the beginning of Gandhi’s engagement in civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s approach to activism in South Africa was rooted in his evolving philosophy of Satyagraha. The term, meaning “truth-force” or “soul-force,” encapsulated his belief in the transformative power of nonviolence and the pursuit of truth. Satyagraha became more than a political tool; it was a way of life for Gandhi, emphasizing moral courage, self-discipline, and a commitment to justice.

The year 1906 proved to be a pivotal moment in Gandhi’s South African journey. In protest against the oppressive Asiatic Registration Act, he organized a gathering of Indians in Johannesburg. During this meeting, he introduced the practice of taking a collective vow to resist unjust laws through nonviolent means. This marked the formal inception of Satyagraha as a method of protest.

Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence was further tested during the Bambatha Rebellion in 1906. The British colonial authorities called on Indians to assist in suppressing the Zulu uprising, a request that Gandhi initially supported. However, as the violence escalated, he realized the contradiction between advocating nonviolence and participating in armed conflict. This realization deepened his commitment to the principles of Satyagraha.

The years in South Africa also saw Gandhi’s emergence as a leader who transcended narrow communal boundaries. He recognized the need for unity among different racial and religious groups facing oppression. Gandhi’s efforts extended beyond the Indian community, as he sought alliances with other marginalized groups, including black South Africans. His engagement with various communities laid the foundation for his later endeavors to bridge religious and ethnic divides in India.

Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha gained international attention during the Indian community’s struggle against the repressive Transvaal Asiatic Ordinance in 1908. Through nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, Gandhi and his followers protested the imposition of fingerprinting and registration. The campaign garnered support not only within South Africa but also from sympathizers worldwide, marking Gandhi’s emergence as a global figure.

As Gandhi’s influence grew, he faced challenges and opposition from both the British authorities and some members of the Indian community. His commitment to nonviolence and truth often clashed with the prevailing attitudes and expectations. However, Gandhi’s unwavering conviction and personal sacrifices, including imprisonment, solidified his position as a symbol of resistance.

The culmination of Gandhi’s efforts in South Africa was the conclusion of negotiations with the British government in 1914. The agreement, known as the Gandhi–Smuts Agreement, marked a significant victory for the Indian community, securing certain rights and recognition. Having achieved his objectives, Gandhi decided to return to India in 1915, bringing with him the lessons and principles forged during his years in South Africa.

Philosophy of Nonviolence (Ahimsa)

Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence, or Ahimsa, stands as one of the most influential and enduring contributions to the principles of social and political change. Rooted in ancient Indian philosophies, particularly Jainism and Hinduism, Gandhi elevated Ahimsa to a guiding force in his life and activism. This philosophy went beyond mere abstention from physical violence; it encompassed a profound commitment to truth, love, and the pursuit of justice.

Ahimsa, in its broadest sense, is the principle of avoiding harm or violence to any living being, both in thought and action. For Gandhi, it was not just a moral principle but a dynamic force capable of transforming individuals and societies. His interpretation of Ahimsa went beyond the passive avoidance of violence; it involved active engagement in the pursuit of justice through nonviolent means.

The roots of Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence can be traced back to his childhood and upbringing. Growing up in a devout Hindu household, he was exposed to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, which extolled the virtues of selfless action and the renunciation of the fruits of one’s actions. The Gita also emphasized the concept of Dharma, or righteous duty, which played a pivotal role in shaping Gandhi’s understanding of ethical behavior.

Gandhi’s engagement with Jainism, particularly its emphasis on nonviolence and the interconnectedness of all life, further deepened his commitment to Ahimsa. The Jain principle of ‘live and let live’ resonated with him, laying the groundwork for the expansive scope of his philosophy. Gandhi’s interpretation of Ahimsa was not limited to personal conduct; it extended to social, economic, and political realms.

The practical application of Gandhi’s philosophy began during his years in South Africa, where he confronted racial discrimination and injustice. The incident on a train in 1893, when he was forcibly removed from a first-class compartment due to his Indian heritage, marked a turning point. Instead of responding with violence or hatred, Gandhi chose to resist the injustice through nonviolent means. This event planted the seed of his philosophy of Satyagraha, which became synonymous with his broader commitment to Ahimsa.

Satyagraha, meaning “truth-force” or “soul-force,” was Gandhi’s method of nonviolent resistance. It involved the pursuit of truth through nonviolence, emphasizing the transformative power of love and compassion. Central to Satyagraha was the idea that the opponent is not an enemy to be defeated but a person with whom one seeks understanding and reconciliation.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence manifested in various campaigns and movements, each designed to challenge oppressive systems and bring about positive change. The Champaran and Kheda movements in India, where he championed the cause of indigo farmers and peasants affected by crop failure, respectively, showcased his commitment to social justice through nonviolent action. In both cases, he urged the people to resist injustice peacefully, promoting the idea that the power of truth and nonviolence could overcome the might of oppressive regimes.

The Salt March of 1930 became an iconic demonstration of Gandhi’s philosophy in action. In protest against the British monopoly on salt, Gandhi led a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, symbolically producing salt from seawater. The act, while seemingly minor, highlighted the broader issues of colonial exploitation and economic injustice. The Salt March exemplified the power of nonviolent resistance to mobilize people, capture global attention, and inspire similar movements worldwide.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence extended beyond the political sphere to encompass personal and interpersonal relationships. His commitment to Ahimsa influenced his lifestyle choices, including vegetarianism, and his advocacy for simplicity and self-sufficiency. Gandhi believed that individuals should strive to align their lives with the principles of nonviolence, fostering harmony with both humanity and the natural world.

The concept of “Sarvodaya,” meaning the welfare of all, was another expression of Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence. He envisioned a society where the well-being of every individual was considered, emphasizing social and economic equality. The pursuit of Sarvodaya required a rejection of violence and exploitation in all its forms, urging people to live in harmony and mutual respect.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence faced challenges and criticisms, both from within and outside the independence movement. Some questioned the efficacy of nonviolence in the face of brutal repression, while others argued that it was an impractical ideal. Gandhi acknowledged the difficulties but remained steadfast in his belief that nonviolence was not a sign of weakness but a potent force capable of transforming societies.

The Quit India movement of 1942 marked another crucial moment for Gandhi’s philosophy. As the call for immediate independence echoed, he emphasized nonviolent non-cooperation as the means to achieve it. The movement faced severe repression from the British authorities, leading to the arrest of Gandhi and many other Congress leaders. The sacrifices made during this period underscored the resilience and enduring power of nonviolence as a force for change.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence was not limited to political activism; it sought to address the root causes of conflict and injustice. His efforts to unite Hindus and Muslims, as well as his advocacy for the rights of the untouchables (Dalits), demonstrated a commitment to social harmony and inclusivity. Gandhi believed that true nonviolence required addressing the underlying prejudices and inequalities within society.

In the aftermath of India’s independence in 1947, Gandhi continued to advocate for communal harmony and worked towards preventing the violence that accompanied the partition. His commitment to nonviolence was tested in the face of deep-rooted religious animosities, and he resorted to fasting as a means of urging people to embrace peace and unity.

On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi’s conciliatory stance towards Muslims. Gandhi’s death was a tragic irony, as the apostle of nonviolence fell victim to violence. However, his legacy endured, inspiring subsequent generations of leaders and movements committed to nonviolent resistance.

Return to India and Nationalist Movement

Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India in 1915 marked a pivotal moment in the country’s struggle for independence and set the stage for his leadership in the nationalist movement. Having honed his skills and philosophy of nonviolence in South Africa, Gandhi brought a unique perspective and a steadfast commitment to Satyagraha, or truth-force, to the Indian political landscape. His return coincided with a time of heightened nationalist fervor, and Gandhi quickly emerged as a central figure in shaping the course of India’s fight against British colonial rule.

Upon his return, Gandhi was greeted by a country grappling with socio-economic challenges and aspirations for self-governance. The First World War had created economic hardships, and the demands for greater Indian participation in governance were growing louder. Gandhi’s initial foray into Indian politics involved addressing the issues of indigo farmers in Champaran and peasants in Kheda, where he applied his philosophy of nonviolent resistance to champion the causes of the oppressed.

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 saw Gandhi leading a campaign against the exploitative practices of British indigo planters. Through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience, he sought justice for the indigo farmers who were burdened with unfair taxation. The success of this movement not only improved the conditions of the farmers but also showcased the potential of nonviolent resistance in achieving social and economic justice.

Gandhi’s involvement in the Kheda Satyagraha later in 1918 further solidified his position as a leader committed to the welfare of the common people. In Kheda, he supported the peasants who were facing crop failures due to floods. Advocating for the waiver of land revenue, he used nonviolent means to draw attention to the plight of the farmers. The British administration, under the influence of his principled resistance, eventually relented, granting relief to the affected peasants.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 became a turning point that galvanized the Indian populace against British rule. The brutal killing of hundreds of unarmed civilians by British troops in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, shocked the nation and intensified the demand for self-rule. Gandhi, deeply disturbed by the massacre, called for a nationwide protest and non-cooperation with the British government.

The Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi in 1920 aimed at boycotting British institutions, courts, schools, and products. It represented a significant departure from conventional forms of political agitation, emphasizing nonviolence and non-cooperation as the means to achieve political objectives. Millions of Indians participated in the movement, making it a powerful expression of the collective will for independence.

However, in 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement faced an abrupt end when a violent incident occurred in the town of Chauri Chaura. A group of protestors turned violent, resulting in the death of police officers. In response to the escalation of violence, Gandhi, true to his commitment to nonviolence, decided to call off the movement, acknowledging that the people were not yet fully prepared for the path of nonviolent resistance.

The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a period of reflection and strategic reevaluation for Gandhi. During this time, he delved into constructive programs aimed at socio-economic upliftment. He advocated for self-reliance, Khadi (hand-spun cloth), and the removal of untouchability. The emphasis on constructive work was not only a response to the setbacks in political agitation but also a reflection of Gandhi’s belief that true independence required the transformation of individuals and society.

In 1930, Gandhi launched one of the most iconic episodes of the nationalist movement—the Salt March. In protest against the British monopoly on salt, he embarked on a 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to the Arabian Sea, symbolically producing salt from seawater. The Salt March captured the imagination of the nation and the world, becoming a symbol of nonviolent resistance against unjust colonial laws.

The civil disobedience that accompanied the Salt March marked the beginning of the broader Civil Disobedience Movement. Indians across the country defied the salt laws, boycotted British goods, and refused to pay taxes. The movement, characterized by its nonviolent nature, aimed to exert economic and political pressure on the British government. Although it led to mass arrests, including that of Gandhi, and widespread repression, it significantly intensified the demand for independence.

The Round Table Conferences in London, held in 1930-1932, provided a platform for negotiations between Indian leaders and the British government. Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress, attended the conferences with the hope of finding a constitutional solution for India’s future. However, the discussions failed to produce a consensus, and the gap between the Indian National Congress and the British government widened.

The Quit India movement of 1942 marked another crucial chapter in the nationalist movement. Frustrated by the failure of negotiations and inspired by the global context of World War II, Gandhi called for the immediate withdrawal of British colonial rule. The movement received widespread support, with millions participating in strikes, protests, and acts of civil disobedience. The British response was harsh, leading to the arrest of Gandhi and other Congress leaders.

The Quit India movement, while facing severe repression, demonstrated the resilience of the Indian people’s desire for freedom. It also highlighted the changing dynamics of global politics, with the British government recognizing the need for post-war reforms. The post-war period witnessed a weakened British Empire and a recognition that continued colonial rule was unsustainable.

India’s independence in 1947 was a culmination of decades of struggle, sacrifice, and determination. The partition of India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan, brought about communal tensions and mass migrations. Gandhi, deeply distressed by the communal violence, undertook fasts and walked through riot-torn areas, urging people to embrace peace and unity. His efforts were a testament to his commitment to inter-religious harmony and his belief in nonviolence as a means of resolving conflicts.

On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi’s conciliatory stance towards Muslims. His death was a tragic end to a life dedicated to nonviolence and the pursuit of truth. However, Gandhi’s legacy endured, influencing global movements for civil rights and inspiring leaders committed to justice through peaceful means.

Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha

Mahatma Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas during the early years of his return to India marked the beginning of his leadership in the country’s struggle for independence. These two movements were pivotal in shaping Gandhi’s approach to nonviolent resistance and establishing the foundations of Satyagraha as a potent force for social and economic justice.

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi’s first major campaign in India. It unfolded in the Champaran district of Bihar, where indigo farmers faced oppressive conditions imposed by British indigo planters. The farmers were compelled to cultivate indigo on a portion of their land, a crop that yielded significant profits for the planters but left the farmers in abject poverty.

Gandhi’s involvement in Champaran was a response to the plight of these farmers, who were burdened with exorbitant taxes and forced labor. The British authorities had imposed the ‘Tinkathia’ system, requiring a certain portion of land to be dedicated to indigo cultivation. This system left the farmers with minimal land for their own sustenance, and they were often forced to grow indigo against their will.

Upon arriving in Champaran, Gandhi immersed himself in understanding the grievances of the indigo farmers. His approach was not confrontational but investigative, seeking to comprehend the issues at the grassroots level. He held meetings with the farmers, heard their stories, and documented the injustices they faced.

The Champaran Satyagraha, unlike conventional agitations, was characterized by its nonviolent and cooperative nature. Gandhi emphasized the importance of truth and nonviolence in confronting oppression. He urged the farmers to withhold payment of taxes and to resist the unjust demands peacefully. This approach was a precursor to Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha, where the pursuit of truth through nonviolent means became a powerful tool for social and political change.

Gandhi’s call for nonviolent resistance in Champaran resonated with the masses. The farmers, inspired by his leadership and philosophy, began to withhold payments to the planters. The British authorities responded with arrests and legal action against Gandhi, but he remained steadfast in his commitment to nonviolence and the pursuit of justice.

The success of the Champaran Satyagraha was multi-faceted. Through negotiations and legal battles, Gandhi was able to secure concessions for the indigo farmers. The ‘Tinkathia’ system was abolished, and the farmers gained more control over their land. The Champaran movement showcased the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance in challenging oppressive policies and was a harbinger of Gandhi’s future campaigns.

Following the triumph in Champaran, Gandhi turned his attention to the Kheda district in Gujarat. The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was prompted by the economic distress faced by peasants due to crop failures and a devastating famine. The British administration, insensitive to the plight of the farmers, insisted on the collection of land revenue, exacerbating the suffering of the already distressed population.

In Kheda, Gandhi applied the lessons learned from Champaran, emphasizing nonviolent resistance and the power of collective action. He called for a boycott of the payment of land revenue as a form of protest against the unjust policies of the British government. The movement gained momentum as peasants, both Hindu and Muslim, united under the banner of nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s approach in Kheda was characterized by constructive work alongside the Satyagraha. He encouraged villagers to focus on self-reliance, urging them to cultivate their own food and adopt measures to withstand the economic hardships imposed by the British policies. This emphasis on constructive work became a recurring theme in Gandhi’s philosophy, reflecting his belief that true independence required socio-economic transformation at the grassroots level.

The British administration, faced with the resilience of the Kheda Satyagrahis, entered into negotiations with Gandhi. Despite the severe economic conditions, the peasants stood firm in their commitment to nonviolence. Eventually, a settlement known as the ‘Kheda Pact’ was reached. The British agreed to suspend the collection of land revenue in Kheda for a year, providing much-needed relief to the distressed farmers.

The Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas were instrumental in shaping Gandhi’s evolving philosophy of nonviolent resistance. These movements were not merely protests against specific grievances; they were experiments in the application of Satyagraha as a method of social and economic change. Gandhi’s emphasis on nonviolence, truth, and the empowerment of the oppressed became defining features of his leadership style.

The success of Champaran and Kheda also demonstrated the potential of nonviolent resistance in awakening the collective conscience of the masses. The movements were not driven by a desire for revenge or retaliation; rather, they sought to transform the oppressor by appealing to a shared sense of humanity and justice. This approach marked a departure from conventional forms of political agitation, setting Gandhi apart as a leader committed to principles that transcended mere political objectives.

The Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas laid the groundwork for Gandhi’s subsequent involvement in larger national movements. The lessons learned from these early campaigns informed his strategies during the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India movement. The emphasis on nonviolence, constructive work, and the pursuit of truth became integral components of the broader struggle for India’s independence.

Non-Cooperation Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a watershed moment in India’s struggle for independence. This movement marked a departure from conventional forms of political agitation, as it advocated nonviolent non-cooperation with British authorities as a means to achieve political objectives. The Non-Cooperation Movement, with its emphasis on nonviolence, mass participation, and constructive work, reshaped the dynamics of India’s fight against colonial rule.

The backdrop of the Non-Cooperation Movement was a nation disillusioned by the aftermath of World War I and seeking avenues for greater participation in governance. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed civilians in Amritsar, had intensified the demand for self-rule. The oppressive Rowlatt Act, enacted by the British government, further fueled resentment and discontent among Indians.

Mahatma Gandhi, who had already established himself as a leader during the Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas, recognized the need for a more expansive and inclusive movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement was conceived as a response to the growing discontent and the desire for Indians to assert their rights. Gandhi believed that nonviolent non-cooperation would be a potent weapon to express popular discontent and compel the British government to address Indian demands for self-governance.

Launched on August 1, 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement had a broad agenda. It called for the non-cooperation with British institutions, including educational, legislative, and administrative bodies. Indians were urged to boycott government schools, colleges, and offices. The movement also advocated the surrender of titles and honors bestowed by the British government, encouraging Indians to resign from government jobs and the army.

One of the central elements of the Non-Cooperation Movement was the boycott of foreign goods. Indians were asked to discard foreign-made clothes, especially British textiles, and embrace Khadi—the hand-spun, handwoven fabric symbolizing self-reliance and resistance to economic exploitation. The spinning wheel, or charkha, became an iconic symbol of the movement, representing the economic independence and self-sufficiency that Gandhi envisioned.

The call for nonviolent non-cooperation resonated across the length and breadth of the country. The movement garnered widespread support from various sections of society, cutting across religious, caste, and economic lines. The participation of women in large numbers also added a new dimension to the struggle for independence. The involvement of all segments of society reflected the inclusive nature of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The mass participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement was particularly evident in the large-scale protests and demonstrations that swept across India. Millions took to the streets, expressing their refusal to cooperate with the British authorities. The movement provided a platform for ordinary Indians to voice their grievances and aspirations for self-rule. It demonstrated the power of collective nonviolent action in challenging the might of the British Empire.

One of the notable aspects of the Non-Cooperation Movement was its emphasis on nonviolence. Gandhi, committed to the philosophy of Satyagraha, believed that true freedom could only be achieved through nonviolent means. The movement aimed at transforming not just the political landscape but also the hearts and minds of the people. Nonviolence was not merely a tactical choice but a moral and spiritual imperative.

The movement faced its share of challenges and opposition. The British government responded with repression, arrests, and punitive measures. Despite the peaceful nature of the protests, instances of violence did occur in some places, and clashes with the authorities took place. Gandhi, true to his commitment to nonviolence, would call off the movement if it deviated from its nonviolent principles.

One of the defining moments of the Non-Cooperation Movement was the incident at Chauri Chaura in 1922. A peaceful protest in the town turned violent, resulting in the death of police officers. Distraught by the violence, Gandhi decided to suspend the movement, realizing that the people were not yet fully prepared for the path of nonviolent resistance. This decision demonstrated Gandhi’s unwavering commitment to nonviolence and his refusal to compromise on its principles.

The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a period of reflection and strategic reevaluation for Gandhi. During this time, he focused on constructive programs aimed at socio-economic upliftment. The emphasis on Khadi, village industries, and self-reliance became integral components of Gandhi’s vision for an independent India. The constructive work aimed at transforming the lives of ordinary Indians and fostering a sense of self-respect and dignity.

While the Non-Cooperation Movement did not achieve its immediate political objectives, it had far-reaching consequences. The widespread participation in the movement brought Indians together across different regions and communities, fostering a sense of national unity. It laid the groundwork for future mass movements and instilled a spirit of self-confidence and empowerment among the people.

The Non-Cooperation Movement also left a lasting impact on the international stage. The sight of millions of Indians peacefully resisting colonial rule captured the attention of the global community. It inspired movements for independence and civil rights in various parts of the world. The principles of nonviolence and non-cooperation, championed by Gandhi, became a source of inspiration for leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.

The Non-Cooperation Movement, though suspended, paved the way for subsequent phases of the independence struggle. It laid the foundation for the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India movement, both of which would further test the resilience of nonviolent resistance against British colonialism. The lessons learned from the Non-Cooperation Movement remained embedded in the ethos of India’s struggle for freedom.

Salt March and Civil Disobedience

The Salt March and the subsequent Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in the early 1930s, stand as powerful episodes in India’s struggle for independence. These movements were characterized by their commitment to nonviolent resistance and their ability to mobilize mass participation. The Salt March, in particular, became an iconic symbol of defiance against British colonial rule, while the Civil Disobedience Movement expanded the scope of nonviolent protest, challenging oppressive laws and policies.

The Salt March, which commenced on March 12, 1930, was a response to the British monopoly on salt production and distribution. Salt was a basic commodity, and the British levied a heavy tax on its production and sale, disproportionately affecting the poorest sections of Indian society. Gandhi saw the salt tax as a symbol of economic exploitation and a clear instance of an unjust law that could be challenged through nonviolent means.

Gandhi, along with a small group of followers, embarked on a 240-mile journey from Sabarmati Ashram to the Arabian Sea in the coastal town of Dandi. The march itself was a deliberate and strategic act of civil disobedience, symbolizing the defiance of British laws. Along the way, the group grew in numbers as people joined the march, transforming it into a mass movement.

The Salt March was a visual spectacle that captured the imagination of the nation and the world. Gandhi, dressed in his simple loincloth and shawl, led a diverse group of marchers, including men and women from various backgrounds and regions. The march drew attention to the injustices faced by ordinary Indians and exemplified the power of nonviolent resistance.

Upon reaching Dandi on April 6, 1930, Gandhi and his followers ceremoniously defied the salt laws by picking up salt from the shores of the Arabian Sea. This symbolic act was replicated across the country as people began to make salt in violation of the British monopoly. The campaign urged Indians to reject British-made salt, boycott foreign goods, and participate in mass civil disobedience.

The Salt March and the subsequent salt-making protests had a profound impact on the Indian psyche. It united people from different walks of life, transcending barriers of caste, religion, and region. The British response was one of repression, with arrests and police action, but the movement continued to gather momentum.

The international community, too, took notice of the Salt March. The march and the civil disobedience campaign garnered sympathy and support from around the world. The simple act of making salt became a powerful symbol of resistance against colonial oppression, inspiring similar movements for civil rights and independence in other parts of the world.

The success of the Salt March lay not only in its ability to mobilize mass participation but also in its impact on the British administration. The campaign exposed the vulnerability of the colonial system to nonviolent resistance. The defiance of the salt laws, coupled with the widespread boycott of British goods, led to a significant economic impact. The British government, facing global scrutiny and internal dissent, was compelled to negotiate with Indian leaders.

The Round Table Conferences held in London between 1930 and 1932 provided a platform for discussions between Indian leaders and the British government. However, the negotiations did not yield substantial results, and the impasse intensified the demand for a more radical form of protest. The failure of the conferences laid the groundwork for the next phase of the independence movement—the Civil Disobedience Movement.

In 1932, Gandhi, along with other leaders, launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, which aimed to challenge specific laws and policies through nonviolent resistance. The movement urged Indians to refuse to obey certain laws, withhold taxes, and participate in acts of civil disobedience. Unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement of the early 1920s, the Civil Disobedience Movement targeted specific laws and policies rather than rejecting all cooperation with the British administration.

One of the prominent aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the widespread defiance of the salt laws, reminiscent of the Salt March. Indians across the country violated the salt laws by making salt or buying contraband salt, leading to mass arrests. The movement also targeted other unjust laws, including those related to land revenue, forest laws, and taxes.

The Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed the active participation of various sections of society, including women. Women played a crucial role in the movement, breaking social norms and actively participating in acts of civil disobedience. The movement also emphasized the importance of constructive work, with an emphasis on Khadi and the promotion of village industries.

One of the most notable incidents during the Civil Disobedience Movement was the historic Dharasana Salt Satyagraha of 1930. Led by Sarojini Naidu and other leaders, a group of nonviolent protesters marched towards the Dharasana salt works in Gujarat. Despite facing brutal police baton charges, the marchers remained nonviolent, highlighting the moral force of their resistance. The incident drew global attention and intensified the pressure on the British government.

The Civil Disobedience Movement, like its predecessor, faced repression from the British authorities. Thousands were arrested, including prominent leaders. The movement also brought about internal debates within the Indian National Congress, with differing views on the extent of civil disobedience and the use of nonviolent methods. Despite these challenges, the movement continued to challenge the legitimacy of British rule.

In 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India. The pact marked a temporary truce, with the British agreeing to release political prisoners and Indians agreeing to suspend civil disobedience. Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference in London but returned dissatisfied with the lack of progress.

The years following the Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed a shift in the dynamics of the independence movement. The Poona Pact of 1932 addressed the issue of separate electorates for Dalits, a cause championed by B.R. Ambedkar. The government of India Act of 1935 introduced limited constitutional reforms, expanding provincial autonomy.

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 halted political negotiations and increased repression in India. In 1942, against the backdrop of the global conflict, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India movement, a mass protest demanding an end to British rule. The movement faced severe repression, and many leaders, including Gandhi, were arrested.

Round Table Conferences and Negotiations

Mahatma Gandhi’s role during the Round Table Conferences in the early 1930s marked a crucial phase in India’s quest for independence. These conferences, held in London, aimed to discuss constitutional reforms and the political future of India. Gandhi’s participation, especially in the Second Round Table Conference, brought attention to the complexities of India’s diverse political landscape and the challenges of reconciling conflicting demands for self-rule.

The Round Table Conferences were initiated by the British government as a response to the demands for constitutional reforms and increased Indian participation in decision-making processes. The failure of the Simon Commission, perceived as a British initiative without Indian representation, had intensified the call for a more inclusive approach. The three conferences, held in 1930-1932, sought to address key issues such as the structure of government, distribution of power, and the question of separate electorates.

The First Round Table Conference, held from November 1930 to January 1931, saw the absence of the Indian National Congress, the leading political force in India at the time. Gandhi and the Congress chose to boycott the conference, expressing dissatisfaction with the lack of a clear agenda for self-rule. Despite this, representatives from various communities and princely states attended, discussing issues related to communal representation and constitutional reforms.

The Second Round Table Conference, convened from September to December 1931, witnessed the active participation of Mahatma Gandhi. The decision to invite Gandhi was a recognition of his significant influence in Indian politics and his ability to mobilize mass support. The conference aimed to build consensus on constitutional reforms, especially regarding communal representation, but deep-seated differences persisted.

Gandhi’s approach to the Second Round Table Conference was rooted in his commitment to nonviolence and the pursuit of truth. Prior to his departure for London, he negotiated with the British government and signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931. The pact included the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement, the release of political prisoners, and an agreement to attend the conference. Gandhi’s interactions with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and other British leaders aimed to find common ground while upholding the principles of nonviolence.

During the conference, Gandhi presented the Congress’s viewpoint, advocating for a united India with dominion status and self-rule. He emphasized the need for a fair and just representation of all communities in the political structure. However, the central point of contention remained the issue of separate electorates, especially for Muslims. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, staunchly defended separate electorates as a means to protect the political rights of Muslims.

The communal divide on the question of separate electorates posed a significant challenge to the proceedings. Despite efforts at negotiation and dialogue, a consensus proved elusive. Gandhi’s commitment to a united India clashed with the demands for communal representation, setting the stage for continued debates on the nature of political representation in a diverse and pluralistic society.

The failure to reach an agreement at the Second Round Table Conference highlighted the complexities of Indian politics and the deep-seated divisions on key issues. The communal question, exacerbated by competing demands for separate electorates, hindered progress toward a unified constitutional framework. The British government, faced with the lack of a comprehensive agreement, issued the White Paper in 1933, outlining proposals for constitutional reforms based on the discussions.

The Third Round Table Conference, held in November 1932, aimed to revisit the constitutional proposals and seek a final agreement. However, the absence of the Congress, which chose to boycott the conference once again, limited the effectiveness of the discussions. The Congress’s decision reflected ongoing dissatisfaction with the proposed reforms and the failure to address key issues.

Despite the challenges and limited success of the Round Table Conferences, Gandhi’s participation had far-reaching implications. His commitment to nonviolence, truth, and the pursuit of justice remained central to his interactions with British leaders. The principles of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, emphasizing nonviolence and dialogue, set the tone for the negotiations during the conferences.

Gandhi’s engagement with the British leadership also showcased the power of moral force in political negotiations. His interactions with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and others aimed to convey the moral imperative of India’s demand for self-rule. Gandhi’s insistence on a united India, free from communal divisions, reflected his vision of a pluralistic and inclusive nation.

The Round Table Conferences, while falling short of achieving a comprehensive agreement, contributed to the evolving discourse on India’s political future. The issues discussed laid the groundwork for the Government of India Act of 1935, which introduced some constitutional reforms, including provincial autonomy and a federal structure. However, the communal question remained unresolved, and the act did not fully meet the aspirations of various political groups.

Quit India Movement

The Quit India Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, stands as one of the pivotal chapters in India’s struggle for independence. This mass protest marked a significant shift in the approach towards achieving freedom, with Gandhi calling for the immediate withdrawal of British colonial rule from India. The Quit India Movement, characterized by its nonviolent resistance and the active participation of millions of Indians, played a crucial role in hastening the end of British colonialism in India.

The backdrop of the Quit India Movement was the escalating turmoil of World War II. The war had drained the resources of the British Empire, and India, as a key colony, was expected to contribute significantly to the war effort. The British government, under pressure, sought Indian cooperation but was hesitant to grant India the self-governance it had been demanding for decades.

In this context, Mahatma Gandhi, frustrated by the lack of progress in negotiations with the British and inspired by the spirit of national unity, decided to launch the Quit India Movement. The demand for an immediate end to British rule became the rallying cry, and the movement aimed to achieve this goal through nonviolent means.

On August 8, 1942, Gandhi delivered the famous “Quit India” speech at the Gowalia Tank Maidan (now August Kranti Maidan) in Mumbai. In this historic address, he called on the Indian people to “Do or Die” in the cause of freedom. The speech outlined the reasons for launching the movement and emphasized the imperative of nonviolence in the struggle against British rule.

The Quit India Movement witnessed widespread participation from people across different regions, communities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The call for nonviolent resistance echoed throughout the country, leading to mass demonstrations, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience. The movement gained momentum as people from various walks of life joined hands in the quest for immediate independence.

The British response to the Quit India Movement was swift and severe. Within hours of Gandhi’s speech, prominent leaders, including Gandhi himself, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and others, were arrested. The British authorities sought to crush the movement through mass arrests, censorship, and the use of force. However, the repression only fueled the determination of the Indian people to demand their right to self-rule.

One of the notable aspects of the Quit India Movement was the role of young leaders and students. Many young Indians, inspired by the call to “Do or Die,” actively participated in protests and demonstrations. Students played a crucial role in organizing strikes, rallies, and acts of civil disobedience. The youth, driven by a fervent desire for freedom, became a dynamic force within the movement.

The movement also witnessed the emergence of underground activities and parallel governments in some regions. With the established leadership in jail, local leaders and activists took charge, organizing protests, maintaining communication networks, and challenging the British administration. The underground resistance demonstrated the resilience of the Indian people in the face of adversity.

Despite the mass participation and the spirit of nonviolent resistance, the Quit India Movement faced challenges. The British government, intent on suppressing the movement, employed repressive measures, including curfews, arrests, and the use of force. The absence of key leaders, imprisoned at the outset of the movement, presented organizational challenges. The internal divisions among Indian political groups also posed obstacles to presenting a united front.

The Quit India Movement coincided with the global context of World War II, and the British government, preoccupied with the war effort, faced challenges in dealing with the intensifying unrest in India. The movement, coupled with the naval mutiny by Indian sailors, contributed to an atmosphere of widespread discontent.

As the movement gained momentum, the British government began to reassess its stance. Realizing the growing unpopularity of colonial rule and the need to focus on post-war reconstruction, the British authorities sought a way to defuse the situation. In 1942, the Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, was sent to India with proposals for constitutional reforms. However, these proposals were met with skepticism and were ultimately rejected by both the Congress and the Muslim League.

The Quit India Movement, despite facing challenges and repression, left an indelible impact on the Indian political landscape. It demonstrated the power of mass mobilization and nonviolent resistance in challenging the might of the British Empire. The movement also brought to the forefront the aspirations of the Indian people for immediate independence, transcending the earlier demands for constitutional reforms.

As World War II progressed, the global situation prompted the British government to reassess its colonial policies. The need for Indian support during the war and the realization that maintaining control over India was increasingly untenable led to a shift in British attitudes. In 1945, the Labour government in Britain, led by Prime Minister Clement Attlee, began the process of decolonization.

The naval mutiny of 1946, known as the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, further underscored the disaffection among Indian forces. The mutiny, characterized by strikes and protests by Indian sailors, was a significant factor in convincing the British government that its hold on India was no longer sustainable.

The Quit India Movement, with its emphasis on immediate independence and nonviolent resistance, played a crucial role in shaping the narrative of India’s journey towards freedom. While the movement did not lead directly to the immediate exit of the British, it accelerated the process of decolonization and contributed to the eventual transfer of power in 1947.

Legacy and Global Influence

Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy and global influence extend far beyond the boundaries of India. As a symbol of nonviolent resistance, moral leadership, and the pursuit of justice, Gandhi’s impact has reverberated across the world, inspiring movements for civil rights, freedom, and social change. His principles of truth, nonviolence (Ahimsa), and the pursuit of Swaraj (self-rule) have left an enduring mark on the collective consciousness of humanity.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence, or Ahimsa, was a cornerstone of his approach to social and political change. Rooted in ancient Indian traditions, Ahimsa advocates for resolving conflicts through peaceful means and emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living beings. Gandhi applied Ahimsa not only as a strategic tool in the struggle against British colonialism but also as a way of life. His commitment to nonviolence extended to personal conduct, interpersonal relations, and societal transformation.

The global influence of Gandhi’s philosophy is perhaps most evident in the civil rights movement in the United States . Figures like Martin Luther King Jr. drew inspiration from Gandhi’s teachings on nonviolence and applied them to the fight against racial segregation and discrimination. King, deeply moved by Gandhi’s principles, adopted nonviolent resistance as a guiding principle in the struggle for African American civil rights. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, and other pivotal moments in the U.S. civil rights movement were deeply influenced by the Gandhian philosophy of nonviolence.

In a letter to his followers, King wrote, “While the Montgomery boycott was going on, India’s Gandhi was the guiding light of our technique of nonviolent social change.” The impact of Gandhi’s philosophy resonated not only with King but also with a generation of civil rights activists who recognized the moral force embedded in nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s influence also reached South Africa, where he spent a significant portion of his early adulthood. His experiences there, particularly during the struggle against discriminatory laws, shaped his commitment to nonviolence and his dedication to fighting injustice. Nelson Mandela , who would later lead South Africa out of apartheid, acknowledged Gandhi as a source of inspiration. Mandela’s commitment to reconciliation, forgiveness, and peaceful transition reflected the Gandhian values that had left an indelible mark on his worldview.

Beyond the realms of politics, Gandhi’s principles found resonance in various social justice movements and advocacy for human rights. His emphasis on the dignity of every individual, regardless of caste, creed, or color, provided a moral compass for those striving to create a more just and equitable world. The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa and the global movements for equality and justice owe a debt to Gandhi’s teachings on human dignity and equality.

Gandhi’s influence also extended to environmental and sustainable living movements. His advocacy for simple living, self-reliance, and the use of local resources found echoes in the global environmental consciousness. The emphasis on Swadeshi (self-sufficiency) and sustainable practices became central tenets of the environmental movements that emerged in the latter half of the 20th century.

In the realm of international diplomacy, Gandhi’s legacy continued to inspire leaders and movements seeking peaceful resolutions to conflicts. The Dalai Lama , the spiritual leader of Tibet, has expressed admiration for Gandhi’s philosophy, particularly his approach to conflict resolution through nonviolent means. The idea of resolving disputes through dialogue, understanding, and empathy has found resonance in various peace-building efforts globally.

The principles of Satyagraha, a term coined by Gandhi to describe the power of truth and nonviolent resistance, have influenced movements for democracy and human rights around the world. In Eastern Europe, during the late 20th century, activists against oppressive regimes drew inspiration from Gandhi’s methods. The Solidarity movement in Poland, for instance, embraced nonviolence as a means to challenge authoritarian rule.

In contemporary times, Gandhi’s legacy is invoked in movements advocating for social justice, democratic values, and freedom. His teachings are a source of strength for those confronting oppressive regimes, advocating for minority rights, and seeking to address systemic inequalities. The global resonance of slogans like “Be the change you wish to see in the world” reflects the enduring relevance of Gandhi’s ideas in shaping ethical leadership and personal responsibility.

In the realm of education, Gandhi’s philosophy has found its way into curricula, inspiring students to engage with ideas of justice, nonviolence, and social responsibility. His autobiography, “The Story of My Experiments with Truth,” continues to be a widely read and studied work that introduces new generations to his philosophy and life.

While Gandhi’s legacy has left an indelible mark, it is important to acknowledge the complexity of his ideas and their interpretation. Gandhi’s views on certain social issues, including caste and gender, have been critiqued for being conservative. The Gandhian approach to these issues is a subject of ongoing debate and reflection, underscoring the need to critically engage with historical figures and their ideas.

The global celebration of October 2nd as the International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations is a testament to the enduring impact of Gandhi’s legacy. On this day, the world honors his commitment to nonviolence as a powerful means to address social, political, and economic challenges.

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Mahatma Gandhi Biography, Family, Education, History and Legacy

Mahatma Gandhi, known as the Father of the Nation, played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence from British rule. Check here Mahatma Gandhi Biography, Family, Education, History and Legacy.

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Mahatma Gandhi, known as the “Father of the Nation,” played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. His philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha, and his emphasis on civil disobedience transformed the freedom movement and inspired countless others worldwide. This article explores Gandhi’s life, his principles, and his lasting impact on India’s socio-political landscape.

Mahatma Gandhi Biography

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also honored as Mahatma Gandhi was a preeminent figure in India’s struggle for Independence from British rule through his ideology of non-violence. He was a renowned freedom activist and the most influential political leader of India. He was also known as Father of India, (Bapu) and Mahatma (Great Soul). Mahatma Gandhi also worked for India’s poor people and depressed classes. Martin Luther and Nelson Mandela were also influenced by his ideology of truth and non-violence.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Birth Date

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2 nd October in Porbandar, Gujarat. This date is observed as International Day for non-violence and Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti is also celebrated on 2 nd October. His father’s name was Karamchand Gandhi who was the dewan of Porbandar and his mother’s name was Putlibai. He was married at an early age his wife’s name was Kastubai Makhanji Kapadia and has 4 sons Harilal, Devdas, Manilal, and Ramdas. Know More about Mahatma Gandhi’s Biography, Ideology, Major Movements, and Books in this Article.

Mahatma Gandhi Education

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi received his primary education in Rajkot where his father had relocated as dewan to the ruler Thakur Sahib.
• At the age of 11 years, he went to Alfred High School in Rajkot. Gandhiji at the age of 18, graduated from a high school in Ahmedabad.
• To study law he went to London University to become a barrister. He returned to India in 1891 at the age of 22 after his mother passed away.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Contribution in South Africa

In 1893, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi travelled to South Africa due to his client case named Dada Abdullah where he witnessed apartheid (racial discrimination against blacks and Indians). After he witnessed such an issue he decided to stay in South Africa to bring the Indian workers together and enable them to fight for their rights.

Moderate Phase of Resistance (1894 -1906): He set up the Natal Indian Congress along with a newspaper named ‘Indian Opinion’ to unite different sections of Indians.

Passive Resistance Phase (1906-1914): In this phase, Gandhiji used the method of Civil Disobedience which he called Satyagraha. In this process, he also set up Tolstoy Farm for the family of satyagrahis. He with his followers was jailed for their resistance.

Eventually, through several phases of negotiations, an agreement was reached, by which the government agreed to accept the major demands of the Indians and promised to treat the issue of Immigration in a lenient manner.

Mahatma Gandhi in India 1915

On the solicitation of Gokhale, conveyed by CF Andrews (Deenbandhu), Gandhiji got back to India to assist with the Indian battle for freedom. The last period of Indian Public development is known as the Gandhian period.

Mahatma Gandhi became the most prominent leader of the Indian National Movement . He employed his principles of nonviolence and Satyagraha against the British. Gandhi made the nationalist movement in India a mass movement.

Mahatma Gandhi soon after his return from South Africa joined the INC (Congress) and was introduced to Indian issues and politics and Gopal Krishna Gokhale became his political Guru.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Early Movements

Gandhiji after returning from Africa in 1915 and joining the Indian National Congress , his political guru was Gopal Krishna Gokhale. In 1916 at Ahmedabad, he established Sabarmati Ashram so that his followers could practice truth and nonviolence.

1. Champaran Satyagraha 1917

Champaran Satyagraha  was the first civil disobedience movement organised by Mahatma Gandhi. Rajkumar Shukla asked Gandhiji to look into the problems of the indigo planters in Bihar. The European planter been forcing the farmers to grow Indigo on 3/20 of the total land called the Tinkatiya system against which Gandhiji launched passive resistance or civil disobedience.

Prominent leaders such as Rajendra Prasad, and Anugrah Narayan Sinha stepped forward with Gandhiji to fight for the indigo farmers. Gandhiji was able to convince the Britishers to abolish the system and the peasants were compensated for the illegal dues extracted from them.

2. Kheda Satyagraha 1918

Kheda Satyagraha was the first non-cooperation movement organised by Mahatma Gandhi. Due to the drought of Kheda, Gujarat in 1918, the people of Kheda were unable to pay high taxes levied by the British due to the failure of crops and the plague epidemic.

Peasants were supported by Gandhi who asked them to withhold revenue. During the Kheda Satyagraha , young leaders such as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik became followers of Mahatma Gandhi. The government finally agreed to form an agreement with the peasants and hence the taxes were suspended for the years 1919 and 1920 and all confiscated properties were returned.

3. Ahmedabad Mill Strike, 1918

Ahmedabad Mill Strike : Gandhiji did his first hunger strike during this movement. He intervened in the dispute between Mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus. The demand for workers was a rise of 50% in their wages while the employees were willing to concede only a 20% bonus.

Workers under the leadership of Anusuiya Sarabai asked Mahatma Gandhiji for his support, who asked the workers to go on strike without being violent and Gandhiji went on fast until death. Mill owners at last agreed to submit the issue to the tribunal and with the hike of 35% wage the strike was withdrawn.

Mahatma Gandhi in Indian National Movement

1. khilafat movement 1919.

At the time of World War I , Gandhi sought cooperation from the Muslims in his fight against the British by supporting the Ottoman Empire which had been defeated in the world war. The British passed the Rowlatt Act to block the movement by the Indian nationalists. Mahatma Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha against the act.

It was Rowlatt Satyagraha that gave Gandhiji the recognition of a national leader. Rowlett Satyagraha was against the unjust law passed by the British in the name of the Rowlatt Act. The  Jalliawala Bagh Massacre took place on April 13th, 1919 Gandhiji seeing the violence spread called off the Rowlatt Satyagraha on the 18th of April.

2. Non-Cooperation Movement 1920

Mahatma Gandhi advised the leaders of Congress to begin the Non-Cooperation Movement in support of the Khilafat Movement . At the Nagpur congress session in 1920, the non-cooperation program was adopted.

The incidence of Chauri Chaura took place in 1922, which became the reason why Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-cooperation movement. After the end of the non-cooperation movement, Gandhi focused on his social reform work and was not very active in the political sphere.

3. Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930

Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break the salt law as the law gave the state the Monopoly on the manufacturing and sale of salt.

Gandhi along with his 78 followers started his march from his ashram in Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat where they broke the salt law of the government by gathering natural salt and boiling seawater to produce salt which also marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement .

4. Gandhi Irwin Pact 1931

Mahatma Gandhi accepted the truce offered by Irwin and called off the civil disobedience movement and accepted to attend the second-round table conference in London as the representative of INC. After returning from London, he relaunched the civil disobedience movement but by 1934 it had lost its momentum.

Read More: Gandhi Irwin Pact

5. Incidences after Civil Disobedience Movement

Communal Award , 1932: The Communal Award was created by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald on 16 August 1932. It was introduced following the Round Table Conference (1930–1922) and expanded the separate electorate to depressed Classes and other minorities. It is also known as the MacDonald Award. The main purpose of the communal award was to maintain a separate electorate for Muslims, Sikhs and Europeans.

Poona Pact , 1932 : It was the pact reached between B.R Ambedkar and Gandhiji concerning the communal awards provided for the depressed class but, in the end for the upliftment of the marginalized communities of the Indian society both came on the same understandings.

Mahatma Gandhi Resigned INC, 1934 : He did not agree with INC’s positions on various matters but he returned to active politics in the Lucknow Session of Congress (1936) which was presided over by Jawahar Lal Nehru.

Quit India Movement 1942 : The outbreak of World War II in 1939 and the last and crucial phase of the national struggle in India came together with the failure of the Cripps Mission in 1942 which gave the immediate reason for the launch of the Quit India movement.

At the Bombay Session of the All-India Congress Committee on 8 th August 1942, Gandhiji launched the Quit India movement. Gandhiji demanded British leave India with immediate effect. He called for a mass movement that was followed by non-violence. Most of the major leaders of Congress including Mahatma Gandhi were arrested.

Mahatma Gandhi Ideologies

Mahatma Gandhi developed a set of religious and social ideas initially during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914 and later during the freedom struggle movement in India. He developed these ideologies from various sources that inspired him including Bhagavad Geeta, Jainism, Buddhism, Bible and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

These ideologies have been further developed by followers of Mahatma Gandhi most notably, in India by Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan, outside of India by Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and others. Major Gandhian ideologies are as follows.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Important Books

Here is a list of some important books written by Mahatma Gandhiji given below:

Mahatma Gandhi Slogans

He gave various slogans during his freedom struggle such as,

• Nonviolence is a weapon of strong
• Be the change that you want to see in the world
• In a gentle way, you can shake the world

Mahatma Gandhi Assassination

Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist opposed to Gandhi’s principles of nonviolence and religious tolerance. Godse shot Gandhi at Birla House in New Delhi, ending the life of a key leader in India’s independence movement. Gandhi’s death shocked the world, leading to national mourning and reinforcing his legacy of peace and nonviolent resistance, which continues to inspire global movements for justice and human rights.

76th Mahatma Gandhi Death

January 30th commemorates the 76th death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the revered father of the nation, assassinated by Nathuram Godse in 1948. Known as “Bapu,” Gandhi’s pivotal role in India’s freedom movement showcased the power of non-violence. This day, also observed as Martyrs’ Day or Shaheed Diwas, pays homage not only to Gandhi but to all martyrs sacrificing for their country. On that fateful day in 1948, Godse fatally shot Gandhi as he headed to a prayer meeting.

Gandhi’s influence in promoting peace and non-violence during movements like the Salt Satyagraha and Quit India Movement remains significant. The day is marked by nationwide prayers, government officials, and citizens gathering at memorials to honour freedom fighters. Rituals include a two-minute silence to reflect on the sacrifices made by martyrs.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Legacy

Gandhi’s principles of nonviolence and civil disobedience left an indelible mark on global movements for social justice. Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela drew inspiration from his teachings in their own struggles against oppression. Gandhi’s life and philosophy continue to resonate, reminding us of the power of peaceful resistance in the face of injustice.

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Mahatma Gandhi Biography FAQs

Where was mahatma gandhi born.

He was born in Porbandar in Gujarat on 2nd October 1869.

Which newspaper Gandhiji started in South Africa?

He started the newspaper ‘Indian Opinion’ in Johannesburg.

When did Gandhiji started civil disobedience in South Africa?

He started in in 1906 in Johannesburg which also gave birth to his ideology of ‘satyagraha’.

When did Gandhiji came to Indian first from South Africa?

He came to India in 1901 to attend the meeting of Indian National Congress, after which he went back to South Africa again.

When did Gandhiji founded Harijan Sevak Sangh?

He founded it in 1932 and also started a journal named Harijan which means ‘People of God’.

How did Mahatma Gandhi died on 30 January 1948?

On January 30, 1948, Nathuram Vinayak Godse assassinated Mahatma Gandhi in the compound of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), a large mansion in central New Delhi.

I, Sakshi Gupta, am a content writer to empower students aiming for UPSC, PSC, and other competitive exams. My objective is to provide clear, concise, and informative content that caters to your exam preparation needs. I strive to make my content not only informative but also engaging, keeping you motivated throughout your journey!

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