Case Study Research Method in Psychology
Saul McLeod, PhD
Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester
Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.
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Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
Associate Editor for Simply Psychology
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education
Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.
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Case studies are in-depth investigations of a person, group, event, or community. Typically, data is gathered from various sources using several methods (e.g., observations & interviews).
The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e., the patient’s personal history). In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual.
The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual’s past (i.e., retrospective), as well as to significant events that are currently occurring in his or her everyday life.
The case study is not a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies.
Freud (1909a, 1909b) conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.
This makes it clear that the case study is a method that should only be used by a psychologist, therapist, or psychiatrist, i.e., someone with a professional qualification.
There is an ethical issue of competence. Only someone qualified to diagnose and treat a person can conduct a formal case study relating to atypical (i.e., abnormal) behavior or atypical development.
Famous Case Studies
- Anna O – One of the most famous case studies, documenting psychoanalyst Josef Breuer’s treatment of “Anna O” (real name Bertha Pappenheim) for hysteria in the late 1800s using early psychoanalytic theory.
- Little Hans – A child psychoanalysis case study published by Sigmund Freud in 1909 analyzing his five-year-old patient Herbert Graf’s house phobia as related to the Oedipus complex.
- Bruce/Brenda – Gender identity case of the boy (Bruce) whose botched circumcision led psychologist John Money to advise gender reassignment and raise him as a girl (Brenda) in the 1960s.
- Genie Wiley – Linguistics/psychological development case of the victim of extreme isolation abuse who was studied in 1970s California for effects of early language deprivation on acquiring speech later in life.
- Phineas Gage – One of the most famous neuropsychology case studies analyzes personality changes in railroad worker Phineas Gage after an 1848 brain injury involving a tamping iron piercing his skull.
Clinical Case Studies
- Studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy approaches with an individual patient
- Assessing and treating mental illnesses like depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD
- Neuropsychological cases investigating brain injuries or disorders
Child Psychology Case Studies
- Studying psychological development from birth through adolescence
- Cases of learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD
- Effects of trauma, abuse, deprivation on development
Types of Case Studies
- Explanatory case studies : Used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. Helpful for doing qualitative analysis to explain presumed causal links.
- Exploratory case studies : Used to explore situations where an intervention being evaluated has no clear set of outcomes. It helps define questions and hypotheses for future research.
- Descriptive case studies : Describe an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred. It is helpful for illustrating certain topics within an evaluation.
- Multiple-case studies : Used to explore differences between cases and replicate findings across cases. Helpful for comparing and contrasting specific cases.
- Intrinsic : Used to gain a better understanding of a particular case. Helpful for capturing the complexity of a single case.
- Collective : Used to explore a general phenomenon using multiple case studies. Helpful for jointly studying a group of cases in order to inquire into the phenomenon.
Where Do You Find Data for a Case Study?
There are several places to find data for a case study. The key is to gather data from multiple sources to get a complete picture of the case and corroborate facts or findings through triangulation of evidence. Most of this information is likely qualitative (i.e., verbal description rather than measurement), but the psychologist might also collect numerical data.
1. Primary sources
- Interviews – Interviewing key people related to the case to get their perspectives and insights. The interview is an extremely effective procedure for obtaining information about an individual, and it may be used to collect comments from the person’s friends, parents, employer, workmates, and others who have a good knowledge of the person, as well as to obtain facts from the person him or herself.
- Observations – Observing behaviors, interactions, processes, etc., related to the case as they unfold in real-time.
- Documents & Records – Reviewing private documents, diaries, public records, correspondence, meeting minutes, etc., relevant to the case.
2. Secondary sources
- News/Media – News coverage of events related to the case study.
- Academic articles – Journal articles, dissertations etc. that discuss the case.
- Government reports – Official data and records related to the case context.
- Books/films – Books, documentaries or films discussing the case.
3. Archival records
Searching historical archives, museum collections and databases to find relevant documents, visual/audio records related to the case history and context.
Public archives like newspapers, organizational records, photographic collections could all include potentially relevant pieces of information to shed light on attitudes, cultural perspectives, common practices and historical contexts related to psychology.
4. Organizational records
Organizational records offer the advantage of often having large datasets collected over time that can reveal or confirm psychological insights.
Of course, privacy and ethical concerns regarding confidential data must be navigated carefully.
However, with proper protocols, organizational records can provide invaluable context and empirical depth to qualitative case studies exploring the intersection of psychology and organizations.
- Organizational/industrial psychology research : Organizational records like employee surveys, turnover/retention data, policies, incident reports etc. may provide insight into topics like job satisfaction, workplace culture and dynamics, leadership issues, employee behaviors etc.
- Clinical psychology : Therapists/hospitals may grant access to anonymized medical records to study aspects like assessments, diagnoses, treatment plans etc. This could shed light on clinical practices.
- School psychology : Studies could utilize anonymized student records like test scores, grades, disciplinary issues, and counseling referrals to study child development, learning barriers, effectiveness of support programs, and more.
How do I Write a Case Study in Psychology?
Follow specified case study guidelines provided by a journal or your psychology tutor. General components of clinical case studies include: background, symptoms, assessments, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Interpreting the information means the researcher decides what to include or leave out. A good case study should always clarify which information is the factual description and which is an inference or the researcher’s opinion.
1. Introduction
- Provide background on the case context and why it is of interest, presenting background information like demographics, relevant history, and presenting problem.
- Compare briefly to similar published cases if applicable. Clearly state the focus/importance of the case.
2. Case Presentation
- Describe the presenting problem in detail, including symptoms, duration,and impact on daily life.
- Include client demographics like age and gender, information about social relationships, and mental health history.
- Describe all physical, emotional, and/or sensory symptoms reported by the client.
- Use patient quotes to describe the initial complaint verbatim. Follow with full-sentence summaries of relevant history details gathered, including key components that led to a working diagnosis.
- Summarize clinical exam results, namely orthopedic/neurological tests, imaging, lab tests, etc. Note actual results rather than subjective conclusions. Provide images if clearly reproducible/anonymized.
- Clearly state the working diagnosis or clinical impression before transitioning to management.
3. Management and Outcome
- Indicate the total duration of care and number of treatments given over what timeframe. Use specific names/descriptions for any therapies/interventions applied.
- Present the results of the intervention,including any quantitative or qualitative data collected.
- For outcomes, utilize visual analog scales for pain, medication usage logs, etc., if possible. Include patient self-reports of improvement/worsening of symptoms. Note the reason for discharge/end of care.
4. Discussion
- Analyze the case, exploring contributing factors, limitations of the study, and connections to existing research.
- Analyze the effectiveness of the intervention,considering factors like participant adherence, limitations of the study, and potential alternative explanations for the results.
- Identify any questions raised in the case analysis and relate insights to established theories and current research if applicable. Avoid definitive claims about physiological explanations.
- Offer clinical implications, and suggest future research directions.
5. Additional Items
- Thank specific assistants for writing support only. No patient acknowledgments.
- References should directly support any key claims or quotes included.
- Use tables/figures/images only if substantially informative. Include permissions and legends/explanatory notes.
- Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information.
- Provides insight for further research.
- Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations.
Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’.
Because of their in-depth, multi-sided approach, case studies often shed light on aspects of human thinking and behavior that would be unethical or impractical to study in other ways.
Research that only looks into the measurable aspects of human behavior is not likely to give us insights into the subjective dimension of experience, which is important to psychoanalytic and humanistic psychologists.
Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person’s life are related to each other.
The method is, therefore, important for psychologists who adopt a holistic point of view (i.e., humanistic psychologists ).
Limitations
- Lacking scientific rigor and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population.
- Researchers’ own subjective feelings may influence the case study (researcher bias).
- Difficult to replicate.
- Time-consuming and expensive.
- The volume of data, together with the time restrictions in place, impacted the depth of analysis that was possible within the available resources.
Because a case study deals with only one person/event/group, we can never be sure if the case study investigated is representative of the wider body of “similar” instances. This means the conclusions drawn from a particular case may not be transferable to other settings.
Because case studies are based on the analysis of qualitative (i.e., descriptive) data , a lot depends on the psychologist’s interpretation of the information she has acquired.
This means that there is a lot of scope for Anna O , and it could be that the subjective opinions of the psychologist intrude in the assessment of what the data means.
For example, Freud has been criticized for producing case studies in which the information was sometimes distorted to fit particular behavioral theories (e.g., Little Hans ).
This is also true of Money’s interpretation of the Bruce/Brenda case study (Diamond, 1997) when he ignored evidence that went against his theory.
Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1895). Studies on hysteria . Standard Edition 2: London.
Curtiss, S. (1981). Genie: The case of a modern wild child .
Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, K. (1997). Sex Reassignment at Birth: Long-term Review and Clinical Implications. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 151(3), 298-304
Freud, S. (1909a). Analysis of a phobia of a five year old boy. In The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pages 169-306
Freud, S. (1909b). Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose (Der “Rattenmann”). Jb. psychoanal. psychopathol. Forsch ., I, p. 357-421; GW, VII, p. 379-463; Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis, SE , 10: 151-318.
Harlow J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39 , 389–393.
Harlow, J. M. (1868). Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head . Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. 2 (3), 327-347.
Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972). Man & Woman, Boy & Girl : The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Money, J., & Tucker, P. (1975). Sexual signatures: On being a man or a woman.
Further Information
- Case Study Approach
- Case Study Method
- Enhancing the Quality of Case Studies in Health Services Research
- “We do things together” A case study of “couplehood” in dementia
- Using mixed methods for evaluating an integrative approach to cancer care: a case study
Exploring Case Studies in AP Psychology
Curious about the world of AP Psychology and the role case studies play within it? From understanding the purpose and process of conducting case studies to exploring the different types and their benefits and limitations, this article dives deep into the world of case studies in AP Psychology.
Discover how case studies are selected, data is collected and analyzed, and how they can be applied in real-life scenarios. Get ready to uncover the fascinating insights that case studies can offer in the realm of psychology.
- Case studies are a common research method used in AP Psychology to explore psychological phenomena in real-life situations.
- They involve selecting a specific case, collecting and analyzing data, and identifying patterns and themes.
- The benefits of case studies include providing in-depth and detailed information, while limitations include potential bias and difficulty generalizing results.
- 1 What Is AP Psychology?
- 2.1 What Is the Purpose of Case Studies in AP Psychology?
- 3.1 Selecting a Case Study
- 3.2 Collecting Data
- 3.3 Analyzing Data
- 4.1 Clinical Case Studies
- 4.2 Developmental Case Studies
- 4.3 Experimental Case Studies
- 4.4 Comparative Case Studies
- 5 What Are the Benefits of Using Case Studies in AP Psychology?
- 6 What Are the Limitations of Case Studies in AP Psychology?
- 7 How Can Case Studies Be Applied in Real Life?
- 8.1 What are case studies in AP Psychology?
- 8.2 How are case studies used in AP Psychology?
- 8.3 What are the benefits of exploring case studies in AP Psychology?
- 8.4 What are the limitations of case studies in AP Psychology?
- 8.5 What are some famous case studies in AP Psychology?
- 8.6 How can case studies be used to evaluate theories in AP Psychology?
What Is AP Psychology?
AP Psychology is a course that delves into the study of human behavior and mental processes, focusing on various psychological theories and concepts.
It provides students with a comprehensive understanding of how individuals think, feel, and behave in different situations. By exploring topics such as memory, perception, cognition, and personality, AP Psychology equips learners with valuable insights into the complexities of the human mind.
Understanding the intricacies of psychology is crucial in interpreting human behavior and predicting responses to various stimuli. This course not only helps students gain theoretical knowledge but also enhances their critical thinking skills and analytical abilities.
What Are Case Studies in AP Psychology?
Case studies in AP Psychology are detailed investigations of individual subjects or small groups, aiming to analyze specific behaviors or conditions within the context of psychological theories.
These studies provide a deep dive into the intricacies of human behavior, shedding light on the complexities that underlie our actions. By looking into the unique experiences of individuals, researchers can uncover valuable insights that may not be evident in broader research studies. Case studies allow psychologists to examine real-world applications of theoretical concepts, offering a bridge between theory and practice. Their in-depth nature enables a more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing behavior, providing rich data for further analysis and interpretation.
What Is the Purpose of Case Studies in AP Psychology?
The purpose of conducting case studies in AP Psychology is to provide in-depth insights into individual behaviors, psychological conditions, and the application of theoretical frameworks in real-world contexts.
By focusing on specific individuals or groups, case studies allow psychologists to delve deep into the complexities of human behavior and cognition. These studies offer a unique opportunity to uncover the nuances of a particular case, shedding light on the intricacies of a person’s psyche and their responses to various stimuli.
Along with this, case studies serve as a valuable method for psychologists to observe rare or unusual phenomena, providing them with a platform to analyze and interpret these occurrences within a scientific framework.
How Are Case Studies Conducted in AP Psychology?
The process of conducting case studies in AP Psychology involves several key stages, including selecting a case, collecting relevant data, and analyzing the information to draw meaningful conclusions.
When selecting a case for a case study , researchers often look for individuals who exhibit unique characteristics or behaviors that can provide valuable insights.
Once a case is chosen, the next step involves gathering various types of data, such as interviews, observations, and psychological tests, to fully understand the individual’s experiences.
Following data collection, researchers meticulously analyze the gathered information, searching for patterns, themes, and discrepancies that can offer a deeper understanding of the case. This analytical phase is crucial in uncovering underlying factors and exploring potential hypotheses that may contribute to the case under study.
Selecting a Case Study
The initial step in conducting a case study in AP Psychology is selecting a suitable subject or group that exemplifies the behavior or condition of interest, ensuring the relevance and depth of the study.
The Exploring Case Studies in AP Psychology provides valuable resources and projects for further understanding and application of case studies in psychology.
When choosing a case study, one must consider the relevance of the subject to the research question or hypothesis. The case should offer insights that contribute meaningfully to the field of psychology. It is crucial to ensure the representativeness of the selected case, reflecting the broader population or phenomenon being studied.
Ethical considerations play a significant role in case selection. Researchers must prioritize the well-being and privacy of the case study subject, adhering to professional guidelines and obtaining informed consent.
Collecting Data
Data collection in AP Psychology case studies involves gathering information through various methods such as observations, interviews, and existing records to build a comprehensive understanding of the subject’s behavior or condition.
Observations play a crucial role in unraveling subtle nuances of behavior, providing firsthand insights into actions and reactions exhibited by the individual under study.
Interviews, on the other hand, offer a personalized touch, allowing researchers to delve into the mind of the subject, uncovering motivations, thoughts, and emotions.
Utilizing existing records adds a historical dimension, tracing patterns over time and providing context to current behaviors.
Analyzing Data
Analyzing data in AP Psychology case studies involves interpreting collected information, identifying patterns, and applying relevant psychological theories to derive meaningful insights and conclusions.
One crucial aspect of data analysis in AP Psychology case studies is the ability to delve deep into the gathered information to uncover underlying trends and connections. This process requires keen observation skills and a nuanced understanding of human behavior and cognition. By analyzing these patterns, researchers can discern valuable insights that can shed light on the workings of the mind and behavior.
The application of psychological theories plays a vital role in making sense of the data gathered during case studies. These theories provide a framework through which researchers can interpret findings and make informed hypotheses about the psychological processes at play.
What Are the Different Types of Case Studies in AP Psychology?
In AP Psychology, various types of case studies are employed, including clinical, developmental, experimental, and comparative studies, each focusing on distinct aspects of human behavior and psychological phenomena.
Clinical case studies delve into individual patients’ experiences and psychological conditions, providing deep insights into rare or unique cases.
Developmental case studies track changes in behavior and cognitive abilities across the lifespan, offering a longitudinal perspective on mental growth.
Experimental case studies involve controlled interventions to understand cause-and-effect relationships in psychology.
Comparative case studies analyze differences and similarities across different groups, cultures, or contexts, highlighting the impact of environment on behavior.
Clinical Case Studies
Clinical case studies in AP Psychology involve the in-depth analysis of individual patients’ psychological conditions, treatment approaches, and outcomes, providing valuable insights into clinical psychology practices.
These studies offer a window into the complexities of mental health disorders, enabling psychologists to tailor interventions based on a patient’s unique needs and circumstances. Conducting patient assessments helps in understanding the root causes of psychological distress, guiding the selection of appropriate therapeutic interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacological treatments, or mindfulness practices.
Following the implementation of these interventions, outcome evaluations play a crucial role in assessing the efficacy of the chosen treatment modalities and tracking progress over time. By examining patient responses and improvements, clinicians can refine their approach and optimize the chances of successful outcomes.
Developmental Case Studies
Developmental case studies in AP Psychology focus on the psychological growth and changes experienced by individuals across different life stages, aiming to understand developmental processes and milestones.
These studies delve into the intricate interplay of biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors that shape an individual’s developmental trajectory .
By examining age-related changes, researchers gain insight into the complexities of cognitive development and how environmental influences can impact one’s psychological well-being.
Understanding these fundamental aspects of human growth is crucial in informing interventions, shaping educational practices, and facilitating healthy lifespan changes throughout one’s life.
Experimental Case Studies
Experimental case studies in AP Psychology involve controlled investigations to test hypotheses, explore cause-and-effect relationships, and validate psychological theories through empirical research methods.
These studies aim to delve deep into specific psychological phenomena by manipulating variables in a controlled setting to observe and measure their effects.
The methodology typically includes random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups to ensure unbiased results, with meticulous data collection and analysis procedures to draw meaningful conclusions.
Hypothesis testing plays a crucial role in experimental case studies, as researchers work to either support or reject their predictions based on the gathered evidence.
Comparative Case Studies
Comparative case studies in AP Psychology involve examining similarities and differences between individuals or groups to identify common patterns, cultural influences, and cross-cultural variations in behavior and psychological processes.
These studies offer valuable insights into how environmental and societal factors impact human behavior, shedding light on how culture shapes our thoughts, emotions, and actions. By analyzing diverse cultural contexts, psychologists can uncover universal principles that apply across different populations and understand the nuances that contribute to behavioral differences.
Cultural psychology plays a crucial role in this comparative analysis, emphasizing the importance of studying behavior within its cultural framework to grasp the full complexity of human experience.
What Are the Benefits of Using Case Studies in AP Psychology?
The utilization of case studies in AP Psychology offers numerous advantages, including providing detailed insights into individual behaviors, facilitating the application of theoretical concepts, and enhancing the understanding of complex psychological phenomena.
Through the in-depth examination of specific cases, students are not only able to grasp the intricacies of human behavior but also see how theoretical frameworks can be applied in real-life scenarios. Case studies serve as practical examples that bridge the gap between theory and practice, allowing learners to analyze and interpret complex psychological phenomena in a meaningful way.
What Are the Limitations of Case Studies in AP Psychology?
Despite their advantages, case studies in AP Psychology have limitations such as limited generalizability, potential bias, and ethical considerations that restrict the scope and applicability of findings beyond individual cases.
One of the primary challenges associated with case studies in AP Psychology is the issue of generalizability. Since case studies focus on a specific individual or group, it can be challenging to apply the findings to a broader population. This lack of generalizability limits the extent to which conclusions drawn from the study can be applied to the larger context.
Bias is another significant concern when conducting case studies. Researchers must be wary of their own biases influencing the interpretation of data or selecting information that aligns with preconceived notions. This can lead to skewed results and affect the validity of the study.
Moreover, ethical constraints play a crucial role in shaping the design and implementation of case studies. Researchers must navigate delicate ethical boundaries, such as ensuring confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and avoiding harm to participants. Adhering to these ethical guidelines adds complexity and can limit the type of studies that can be conducted within the field of AP Psychology.
How Can Case Studies Be Applied in Real Life?
The application of case studies in real life scenarios allows for the practical implementation of psychological theories, problem-solving strategies, and behavioral interventions to address complex issues and improve individual well-being.
Through the analysis of real-world cases , psychologists can gain valuable insights into how different factors interact and influence an individual’s mental health or behavior. By examining the specific circumstances of each case, professionals can tailor their therapy planning to meet the unique needs of their clients, fostering more effective outcomes. Case studies also play a crucial role in the development of intervention strategies, providing concrete examples of successful approaches that can be applied to similar situations in practice.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are case studies in ap psychology.
Case studies in AP Psychology are in-depth investigations of a particular individual or group, used to understand psychological phenomena and theories. They involve collecting and analyzing data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and psychological tests.
How are case studies used in AP Psychology?
Case studies are used in AP Psychology to illustrate and apply psychological theories and concepts, as well as to provide real-life examples of psychological phenomena. They also allow researchers to explore rare or unique cases that may not be replicated in a laboratory setting.
What are the benefits of exploring case studies in AP Psychology?
Exploring case studies in AP Psychology allows students to see how psychological theories and concepts apply to real-life situations, which can enhance their understanding and critical thinking skills. It also allows them to see how individuals may differ in their experiences and behaviors.
What are the limitations of case studies in AP Psychology?
One limitation of case studies is that they may not be generalizable to the larger population, as they only involve a small sample size. They also rely heavily on the researcher’s interpretation and may be biased. Additionally, ethical concerns may arise when studying sensitive or personal topics.
What are some famous case studies in AP Psychology?
Some famous case studies in AP Psychology include Phineas Gage, who suffered a traumatic brain injury and had personality changes, and Little Albert, who was conditioned to fear a white rat. These case studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of psychological concepts.
How can case studies be used to evaluate theories in AP Psychology?
Case studies can be used to evaluate theories in AP Psychology by providing evidence for or against the theory. They can also help researchers identify new variables or factors to consider and may inspire further research on the topic. However, case studies should not be used as the sole basis for evaluating a theory.
Nicholas Reed is a theoretical psychologist who explores the philosophical underpinnings of psychological theories and practices. His writings examine the assumptions, values, and questions at the heart of psychology, encouraging a deeper understanding of the discipline’s broader implications for knowledge and society. Nicholas’s articles are for those intrigued by the conceptual and existential dimensions of psychology.
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